Composite System

Reliability
 Composite System (HLII) Reliability
Assessment
Objective

• Composite generating and transmission system evaluation is concerned with

the total problem of assessing the ability of the generation and transmission
system to supply adequate and suitable electrical energy to the major system
load points (Hierarchical level II - HL II)
• The problem of calculating reliability indices is equivalent to assessing the
expected value of a test function F(x), i.e., :

• All basic reliability indices can be represented by this expression, by using

suitable definitions of the test function.
N.Mahiban Lindsay,AP,Hindustan University
 Composite System (HLII) Reliability
Assessment
Applications in power system planning

• Expansion - selection of new generation, transmission, subtransmission

configurations;
• Operation - selection of operating scenarios;
• Maintenance - scheduling of generation and transmission equipment
Basic models

• G&T Equipment : Markovian or not; Two or multi-states.


Up 
Down

N.Mahiban Lindsay,AP,Hindustan University

 Composite System (HLII) Reliability
Assessment
Basic models

• Load : Chronological or not; • System : AC or DC network

Markovian or not; Correlated or not. representation.

N.Mahiban Lindsay,AP,Hindustan University

 Composite System (HLII) Reliability
Assessment
Reliability Measures (Conventional)

 System indices (sometimes appearing under different names)

• LOLP = Loss of load probability
• LOLE = Loss of load expectation (h/year)
• EPNS = Expected power not supplied (MW)
• EENS = Expected energy not supplied (MWh/year)
• LOLF = Loss of load frequency (occ./year)
• LOLD = Loss of load duration (h)
• LOLC = Loss of load cost (US$/year)
• etc.
 Load point indices
• LOLP, LOLE, etc.

N.Mahiban Lindsay,AP,Hindustan University

 Composite System (HLII) Reliability
Assessment
Reliability Measures (Well-Being)

 System indices
•Prob {H} = Probability of healthy state
•Prob {M} = Probability of marginal state Success
•Prob {R} = Probability of at risk state (LOLP) Healthy
•Freq {H} = Frequency of healthy state (occ./year)
•Freq {M} = Frequency of marginal state (occ./year)
•Freq {R} = Frequency of at risk state (LOLF) (occ./year) Marginal
•Dur {H} = Duration of healthy state (h)
•Dur {M} = Duration of marginal state (h)
•Dur {R} = Duration of at risk state (LOLD) (h) At Risk
 Load point indices
•Prob {H}, Freq {H}, etc.
N.Mahiban Lindsay,AP,Hindustan University
 Cost-Benefit Considerations

• COST of providing quality and continuity of service

< should be related to the >

• WORTH or BENEFIT of having that quality and continuity

N.Mahiban Lindsay,AP,Hindustan University

 Cost-Benefit Considerations

• Due to the complex and integrated nature of a power

system, failures in any part of the system can cause
interruptions which range from inconveniencing a small
number of local residents to a major and widespread
catastrophic disruption of supply.
•The economic impact of these outages is not necessarily
restricted to loss of revenue by the utility or loss of energy
utilization by the customer but, in order to estimate the true
costs, should also include indirect costs imposed on
customers, society, and the environment due to the outage.
N.Mahiban Lindsay,AP,Hindustan University
Figure shows how the reliability of a product/system is related to
the investment cost, i.e., increased investment is required in order
to improve reliability. This clearly shows the general trend that the
incremental cost  C to achieve a given increase in reliability R
increases as the reliability level increases. Alternatively, a given
increase in investment produces a decreasing increment in reliability
as the reliability is increased. In either case, high reliability is
expensive to achieve.

Incremental cost of reliability

N.Mahiban Lindsay,AP,Hindustan University

 Cost-Benefit Considerations
The basic concept of reliability cost/reliability worth evaluation is relatively simple
and can be presented by the curves of the figure shown below. These curves
show that the investment cost generally increases with higher reliability. On the
other hand, the customer costs associated with failures decrease as the reliability
increases.

Utility and customer costs

N.Mahiban Lindsay,AP,Hindustan University

 Cost-Benefit Considerations

The total costs are the sum of these two individual costs.
This total cost exhibits a minimum, and so an “optimum”
or target level of reliability is achieved. Two difficulties
usually arise in the total cost assessment.
Firstly, the calculated indices are usually derived only
from approximate models. Secondly, there are significant
problems in assessing customer perceptions of system
failure costs.
N.Mahiban Lindsay,AP,Hindustan University
 Reliability Indices

• SAIFI =System Average Interruption Frequency Index (int/yr. cust)= Total

number of customer interruptions / Total number of customers served

• SAIDI = System Average Interruption Duration Index (h/yr. cust) = Customer

interruption durations / Total number of customers served

• CAIFI = Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index (int./yr. cust) = Total

number of customer interruptions / Total number of customers interrupted

• CAIDI = Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (h/y. cust.) =

Customer interruption durations/ Total number of customer interruptions =
SAIDI/SAIFI

• CTAIDI = Customer Total Average Interruption Duration Index (h/ y. cust)=

Customer interruption durations / Total number of customers interrupted
N.Mahiban Lindsay,AP,Hindustan University
 Reliability Indices (2)

• ENS = Energy Not Supplied = (kwh/y.) = Total energy

not supplied = UE = Unserved Energy

• AENS = Average Energy Not Supplied = (kwh/y. Cust.) =

Total energy not supplied / Total number of customers
served

• LOLP = Loss of Load Probability =The probability that

the total production in system cannot meet the load
demand

N.Mahiban Lindsay,AP,Hindustan University