Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 245–257

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Electrical Power and Energy Systems

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijepes

Differential relaying scheme for tapped transmission line connecting

UPFC and wind farm
L.N. Tripathy, Manas Kumar Jena, S.R. Samantaray ⇑
School of Electrical Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper presents a differential relaying scheme for a tapped transmission line in presence of Unified
Received 1 April 2013 Power Flow Controller (UPFC) and wind-farm together. The process starts at retrieving the fault current
Received in revised form 22 January 2014 signal at the respective busses connecting the lines involving fault and pre-processing it using multi-res-
Accepted 25 February 2014
olution based Wavelet transform to derive third level approximate coefficients (CA3). Further the Dis-
crete Fourier Transform (DFT) is used to compute the RMS value of the signal from the reconstructed
signals expressed in terms of Wavelet approximate coefficients. Once the RMS value of the signal is esti-
Keywords:
mated the operating (tripping) and restraining signals are computed for fault detection and classification
Teed transmission line
Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)
in transmission lines including UPFC and wind-farm. The proposed scheme has been extensively tested
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) on faulted conditions with wide variations in operating parameters and the test results indicate that it
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) can reliably detect and classify faults including the ability to discriminate internal faults from external
Wind-farm faults in transmission lines with a response time of less than two cycles from fault inception.
Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
In order to optimize the operational aspects of generation,
transmission and distribution of electric power the transmission
networks are very often pushed to their physical limits. However,
to meet the electric market demand the utilities are forced to rely
on the already existing networks. Thus, with such increasing stress
on the existing transmission lines, the use of Flexible AC Transmis-
sion Systems (FACTS) devices [1] becomes an important and effec-
tive option. FACTs devices offer a versatile alternative to
conventional reinforcement methods [2]. Among them, the Unified
Power Flow Controller (UPFC) [3–5] is an important FACTS device
which is used extensively for improving the utilization of the exist-
ing transmission system. The UPFC offers new horizons in terms of
power system control with the potential to independently control
three important power system parameters, for instance bus volt-
age, line active power and line reactive power. While the use of
the UPFC improves the power transfer capability and stability of
a power system, certain other problems emerge in the field of
power system protection in particular the transmission line pro-
tection [6], affecting greatly the reach of the distance relay. Due
to presence of UPFC in a fault loop the voltage and current signals
at the relaying point is affected in steady state as well as in
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 9437305131; Fax: +91 674 2301983.
E-mail address: sbh_samant@yahoo.co.in (S.R. Samantaray).
transient state and thus, has significant impact on the performance
of existing protection schemes. When Static Synchronous Series
Compensator (SSSC) of the UPFC consumes active power, the
apparent resistance will increase and when SSSC consumes reac-
tive power, the apparent reactance will increase. Compared to
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), UPFC has greater
influence on the apparent resistance due to the active power
injection and consumption by both SSSC and STATCOM. For a
phase-to-phase fault, there is a tendency for the distance relay to
under-reach and also for the earth element to mal-operate. Fur-
ther, when SSSC injects reactive power into the system, it behaves
like a series capacitor and the apparent impedance decreases. On
the other hand, when SSSC consumes reactive power it appears like
series inductance and the apparent impedance increases [3].
Hence, depending upon the operating condition of UPFC during
the fault, the distance relay may under reach or over reach.
In recent years, integration of wind-farms to the grids at differ-
ent levels of voltage across the world has been increased and the
share of such farms in the transmission system also rising day by
day. Integration of wind-farms improves the reliability of the
power network. The challenges that power system encounter due
to integration of wind-farm is primarily due to uncontrollable
wind speed which results in variation of voltage, frequency and
output power. The frequency and voltage fluctuations due to speed
variation have been solved to a greater extent by power electron-
ics-based control arrangement provided in each generating unit

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.02.024
0142-0615/Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
246 L.N. Tripathy et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 245–257

of the wind-farm. The output power of a generating unit has a non- Decomposition, system studied, proposed method, results analysis,
linear relationship with the wind speed and when the speed is be- Discussion and conclusions.
yond the limit, the farm cannot contribute to the grid. Due to
under/over voltage conditions a group of turbines may trip while
2. Wavelet transform based decomposition
others may remain in operation. The transmission system that con-
nects such farms will be exposed to such a continuously changing
Wavelet transform is a powerful tool for fault transient analysis
environment. Thus, the protection becomes a serious concern for
and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) [16,17] is a special case of
the transmission system integrated with wind-farms [7]. Further,
WT that provides a compact representation of a signal in time and
when both UPFC [8] and wind-farms are integrated together in
frequency domain that can be computed efficiently. It provides
the transmission line the protection become more critical and
multi-resolution analysis of the signal i.e. analyzes the signal at dif-
the performance of the conventional relaying scheme is greatly
ferent frequencies giving different resolutions. It allows long time
affected.
interval window for more precise low-frequency information and
Due to growth of power system size and complexity, the multi
short time interval window for high-frequency information. It does
terminal based tapped transmission lines are increasingly used.
not use time–frequency region, rather it uses a time-scale region.
However, different teed configurations pose special difficulties
Wavelet transform decomposes a signal into a set of basis func-
and bring new challenges to the transmission line protection. Com-
tions, known as wavelets. Wavelets are obtained from a single pro-
bined effect of multi terminal based tapped transmission line along
totype wavelet called mother wavelet by dilations and shifting. The
with UPFC and wind-farms together makes the protection require-
continuous wavelet transform of a signal x(t) is given by
ments more demanding and challenging over conventional relaying
Z 1
schemes. The conventional distance relaying schemes are based on 1 ðt  bÞ
tripping decision using single end data and thus, fails to provide CWTðx; b; aÞ ¼ pffiffiffi xðtÞw dt ð1Þ
a 1 a
unit protection for complex transmission networks including FACTs
and wind-farms. Some of the protection schemes for transmission where wa;b ðtÞ ¼ w ðtbÞ
a
is the mother wavelet, a = dilation parameter
line using current differential principle have been proposed to solve (Scale factor), b = translation parameter.
the problems associated with tapped transmission lines [9–11]. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) transforms [19–21] is a dis-
However, none of these schemes could provide reliable protection crete time signal to a discrete wavelet representation. It converts
as they might fail either in detecting high resistance faults or differ- an input series x0, x1, . . ., xn into one high-pass wavelet coefficient
entiating internal faults from external ones. In [12], the protection series and one low-pass wavelet coefficient series (of length n/2
scheme of simple tapped transmission line is presented. However, each) given by:
this research work does not address the protection issues for FACTs
X
k1
based transmission lines with wind integration. Looking at the Hi ¼ x2in  sn ðzÞ ð2Þ
aforementioned problems, there is a strong motivation to build a n¼0
new differential relaying scheme for protection of the complex
transmission network including UPFC and wind-farm. X
k1
The wide-area protection scheme needs a robust and reliable Gi ¼ x2in  t n ðzÞ ð3Þ
communication platform. Communications requirements needed n¼0

for power system protection are more stringent [13] and channel
where sn(Z) and tn(Z) are called wavelet filters, k is the length of the
delay is one of the major concern. Modern day high speed commu-
filter, and i = 0,. . ., [n/2]1.
nication networks, typically use Synchronized Optical Network
Features are extracted by pre-processing the current signal of
(SONET) or Synchronized Digital Hierarchies (SDH) standard for
each phase at different substations using wavelet transform. The
communication with transmission rates of the order of 274.2 Mbps
db4 (Daubechies-4) mother wavelet is selected as it is well suited
or 155.5 Mb/s, respectively. They permit ‘‘network protection ‘‘that
for power system fault and transient analysis. In the proposed
is, during failure of a communication link, communication services
scheme a sampling frequency of 20 kHz (400 samples per cycle
are restored by reconfiguring flow of information in alternate
in 50 Hz system) is considered. The signal is decomposed into three
paths. A typical example is self healing ring architecture used with
levels of decomposition resulting in ‘‘a-1 (0–10 kHz) and d-1 (10–
SONET [13]. In such networks, synchronization by delay equalizers
20 kHz)’’ at level 1, ‘‘a-2 (0–5 kHz) and d-2 (5–10 kHz)’’ at level 2,
become difficult due to channel asymmetry. Due to channel asym-
and ‘‘a-3 (0–2.5 kHz) and d-3 (2.5–5 kHz)’’ at level 3 as shown in
metry, communication delays for transmission and reception paths
Fig. 1. The approximate coefficient ‘‘a-3’’ contains fundamentals
are not identical. Thus, the current samples are time stamped by a
(50 Hz), third (150 Hz), fifth (250 Hz) and seventh (350 Hz) har-
global positioning system (GPS) which enables retrieving signals
monic components of the faulted current signals. The third level
with same time-stamp and thus, providing immunity to channel
reconstructed current signal (A-3) of each phase at each substation
delays, asymmetry, etc. Further, dynamic estimate of the channel
are derived from approximate coefficient (a-3) of respective phases
delay can be easily maintained by subtracting the GPS time stamp
at each substation. The RMS values of the fundamental current sig-
at the sending end from the receiving end time stamp. This permits
nal is extracted from reconstructed current signal (A-3) using Dis-
back up operation even during GPS failure modes. The proposed
crete Fourier Transform (DFT) and are used to compute operating
scheme can reliably work on the communication platform , which
and restraining functions for effective and reliable relaying
is highly suitable for wide-area protection schemes [13,14].
decision.
The proposed differential relaying scheme is based on pre-pro-
cessing the faulted current signals using Wavelet transform [15–
17] and approximate coefficients are reconstructed to compute 3. System studied
the operating and restraining signals for final decision making
using Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) [18] . The scheme is exten- The studied 500 kV, 50 Hz power system is illustrated in Fig. 2.
sively tested on various fault conditions with wide variations in In this system there are three substations and the UPFC is located
operating conditions and provides effective protection measure at midpoint of the transmission line (distributed model). and the
with a speed response of 1.65 cycles from fault inception. The wind-farm is connected as substation-2. Hence, the system con-
following sections deal with Wavelet Transform based sists of three sources (wind farm as one of the source), UPFC and
 L.N. Tripathy et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 245–257 247

d1(n)
X(n) H0
(10-20KHz)
(0-20KHz)
d2(n)
H0
(5-10KHz)
d3(n)
G0 H0 (2.5-5KHz)

a1(n)
G0
(0-10KHz) a3(n)

a2(n) (0-2.5KHz)
G0
(0-5KHz) Used for
reconstruction

Fig. 1. Three level wavelet decomposition tree.

Bus-1 500KV Bus-2

Transmission line
200 k.m 200 k.m
Wind Farm
UPFC
(DFIG)

Substation-1 Internal Faults 70 k.m Substation-2

Bus-3

t
ul
Relay

Fa
al
rn
te
Ex
Substation-3

Fig. 2. Simulated teed transmission system.

associated components. The transmission line parameters and
source parameters are given below
Transmission line parameter:
R1 = 0.01537(X/km): Positive sequence resistance
R0 = 0.04612(X/km): Zero sequence resistance
L1 = 0.8858  103(H/km):Positive sequence inductance
L0 = 2.654  103(H/km): Zero sequence inductance
C1 = 13.06  109(F/km): Positive sequence capacitance
Source parameter:
V1 = 500 kV\ d1° (substation-1), 50 Hz, short-circuit level
1500 MVA, d1 = 12°
V2 = 500 kV\ d2° (substation-2), 50 Hz, 60 MW
Wind-farm is connected through a 575 V/500 kV, 70 MVA trans-
former, d2 = 8°
V3 = 500 kV\ d3° (substation-3 voltage), 50 Hz, short-circuit
level 1500 MVA, d3 = 0°
The 100-MVA UPFC is installed in the middle of the transmis-
sion line of length 400 km (at 200 km from relaying end). The
most common operating mode of the UPFC is automatic power
flow control mode. In this mode of operation, series injection
voltage is dynamically adjusted to maintain the power flow in
the line to the reference settings. Thus, in this proposed scheme,
automatic power flow control mode of UPFC is considered [3].
UPFC consists of two 48-pulse voltage source inverters which
are connected through two 2500 lF common DC capacitors. The
first inverter known as STATCOM connects into the transmission
system through a 500/20 kV D/Y shunt transformer and injects
or consumes reactive power to the transmission system to regu-
late the voltage at the connecting point. Another inverter known
as static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) connects into the
system through a 20 kV/60 kV Y/Y series transformer to inject an
almost sinusoidal voltage of variable magnitude and angle in ser-
ies with the transmission line to regulate the power flow through
the line. The details of the UPFC modelling and its controller are
derived from [3].
The wind-farm consists of 40 numbers of wind turbines each of
capacity 1.5 MW, totalling 60 MW connected to the 500 kV system
through a 575 V/500 kV, 70 MVA transformer at substation-2. Wind
turbines use a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) consisting of
a wound rotor induction generator and an AC/DC/AC IGBT-based
PWM converter. The stator winding is connected directly to the
50 Hz grid while the rotor is fed at variable frequency through the
AC/DC/AC converter. The DFIG technology allows extracting maxi-
mum energy from the wind for low wind speeds by optimizing
the turbine speed, while minimizing mechanical stresses on the
turbine during gusts of wind. The optimum turbine speed produc-
ing maximum mechanical energy for a given wind speed is propor-
tional to the wind speed. For wind speeds lower than 10 m/s the
rotor is running at sub- synchronous speed. At high wind speed it
is running at hyper synchronous speed. The details of the DFIG
based wind-farm modeling and its controller are derived from [7] .
The proposed study is tested on wide variations in fault param-
eters as well as operating conditions of the power network and are
given as follows:
 Variation in fault resistance (Rf) from 0 to 150 X.
 Variation in fault location: 30%, 50%,70% and 90% of the line
from substation-1.
 Variation in fault inception angle(FIA): 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°.
 Different types of fault: a–g, b–g, c–g, a–b, b–c, c–a, ab–g, bc–g,
ca–g, a–b–c.
 UPFC series injected voltage (Vse) varied for 0–15% of the nor-
mal voltage.
 Variation in wind speed: 5 m/s, 10 m/s, 15 m/s, 20 m/s, 25 m/s.
 Reverse power flow.
 Variation in source impedance.
248 L.N. Tripathy et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 245–257

4. Proposed method Iop ¼ ðIa1  Ia2  Ia3 Þ ð4Þ

Fig. 3 illustrates the schematic of the proposed relaying scheme. Ires ¼ ðIa1 þ Ia2 þ Ia3 Þ=3 ð5Þ
The system consists of two 500 kV Substation with 1500 MVA
short-circuit level, connected to a wind farm of 60 MW where Ia1, Ia2, Ia3 are the fundamental values of reconstructed cur-
(1.5 MW  40) capacity through a teed transmission line and rent signals of a-phase of substation-1, 2 and 3, respectively. The
transformer. The current signals from each substation are retrieved spectral energies (expressed in the fundamental current square)
using Current Transformer (CT) and brought to the signal process- of Iop and Ires are computed using the moving average window of
ing unit through Analogue to Digital converter (ADC). The third le- half cycle length to obtain the operating signal (Eopf) and restraining
vel reconstructed current signal (A-3) of each phase at each signal (Eref) and are given by:
substation are derived from approximate coefficient (a-3) of the X2
respective phases at each substation using DWT. The RMS values Eopf ¼ Iop ð6Þ
of the fundamental current signal is extracted from the recon- N

structed current signal (A-3) using DFT and are used to compute
X
the operating (Eopf) and restraining quantity (Eref) to achieve an Eref ¼ I2res ð7Þ
effective relaying decision. N
The fundamental operating and restraining quantity for the dif-
ferential relay are found out as follows: where N is the number of samples in the sliding window.

500KV
Bus-1 Bus-2
Transmission
line
200 k.m 200 k.m Wind
UPFC Farm
(DFIG)

Substation-1 70 k.m Substation-2

COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION

Bus-3
CHANNEL
CHANNEL
CHANNEL

Substation-3

EXTRACTION OF THIRD LEVEL APPROXIMATE COEFFICIENT OF

CURRENT SIGNALS(a-3) FROM INSTANTANEOUS CURRENT
SIGNALS USING DWT

EXTRACTION OF RECONSTRUCTED CURRENT SIGNALS (A-3)

FROM THIRD LEVEL APPROXIMATE COEFFICIENT OF CURRENT
SIGNALS(a-3)

EXTRACTION OF RMS VALUE OF FUNDAMENTAL CURRENT

SIGNALS FROM A-3 USING DFT

CALCULATION OF OPERATING(Eopf) AND RESTRAINING

QUANTITY(Eref)

COMPARISION BETWEEN OPERATING AND RESTRAINING

QUANTITY

FINAL RELAYING DECISION

Fig. 3. Proposed relaying scheme.

 L.N. Tripathy et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 245–257
The discrimination between internal and external fault can be
achieved by comparing the operating signal with the restraining
one as follow:
Eopf P gEref Alarm=Trip Signal
Eopf < gEref No  operation
where g is known as scale factor (threshold) which is set to provide
the relay with minimum pick-up current. The precise value of g,
which is most suitable for a particular circuit, can be determined
based on the parameters and operating conditions of the system.
In our purposed scheme the value of scale factor g is considered
as ‘3’. The selection of threshold depends upon the configuration
of the system and its operating conditions. The threshold has been
selected after series of observations including extreme operating
conditions and found to work effectively under such circumstances.
This includes wide variations in UPFC control parameters, wind
speed, fault locations, fault resistance, internal and external fault
situations. Further, the threshold selected is at the lowest end for
obtaining reliable performance considering wide variations in oper-
ating conditions.
5. Simulation results and discussion
Sim-Power Systems (SIMULINK) is used to model the studied
power system equipped with UPFC and connected to the wind-
farms through a tapped transmission line. The performance of
the proposed differential relaying scheme is observed under the
following faulted conditions as follow.
5.1. Internal fault
Different types of internal faults are simulated on the transmis-
sion line and the proposed differential scheme is validated . The
snapshot of the fault currents are shown in Fig. 4a for fault current
with UPFC alone connected to transmission line for A–G fault
100 km from substation-1 and Fig. 4b for fault current with
wind-farm alone connected to transmission line for A–G fault
100 km from substation-1. It is observed that the fault current sig-
nal is more distorted in case of wind-farm integration compared to
only UPFC in the line. Further, the voltage at the Shunt inverter ter-
minal of the UPFC for A–G fault before UPFC (100 km from substa-
tion-1) is shown in Fig. 4c and the voltage at the series inverter
terminal of UPFC for A–G fault before UPFC (100 km from substa-
tion-1) is shown in Fig. 4d. The series inverter terminal voltage in-
creases after the fault inception compared to pre-fault situation as
the series inverter tries to feed the fault occurring on the transmis-
sion line. Figs. 4e–4h show the reconstructed third level current
4
Fault current with UPFC alone connected to transmission line
x 10
1.5
1 A-G Fault at 0.3 Second
(6000 Sample)
Magnitude of I a
0.5
-0.5
-1
0.2 0.25
Fig. 4a. Fault current with UPFC alone connected to transmission line for A–G fault 100 km from substation-1.
249
signals and it is observed that the faulted phase get affected due
to inception of a–g, a–b, a–b–g, a–b–c faults (created on the trans-
mission line at a distance of 100 km from substation-1 with fault
resistance of 1 X and fault inception angle of 0°, initiated at 0.3 s
i.e. sample no-6000), respectively. Fig. 4i shows the operating
quantity of the proposed relay which is at higher level compared
to the restraining quantity in case of internal faults and allows
the relay to issue the tripping signal.
5.2. Effect of the inception angle
Fig. 5 shows the variation of spectral energies (Eopf, Eref) with re-
spect to different fault inception angles for a A–G fault at 30% of the
line from substation-1. It is observed that fault inception angle has
marginal impact on Eopf and Eref. Thus, the fault inception angle
does not affect the performance of the proposed differential relay-
ing scheme.
5.3. Effect of the fault resistance
Faults with high resistance generally affect the performance of
the conventional relaying scheme. Many algorithms related to teed
transmission line connecting both UPFC and wind-farm fails to de-
tect faults with high resistance. In order to test the effect of the
change in fault resistance (RF), the validation is carried out for an
A–G fault at 30% from the Substation-1 with zero fault inception
angle with different values of RF (RF = 0–150°X). Fig. 6 confirms
that the magnitude of both Eref and Eopf are changing as RF is
increasing from 0 to 150 X. However, Eopf stays at much higher le-
vel compared to Eref for each fault resistance and thus, makes the
relaying scheme reliable against in-zone internal faults. It has been
found that the impact of high resistance fault (RF = 0–150 X) has no
significant effect on the performance of the proposed relaying
scheme.
5.4. Effect of wind speed
The output power of a wind farm has a nonlinear relationship
with the wind speed which greatly affect the conventional relaying
scheme. The purposed relaying scheme is tested under different
wind speed (varies from 5 m/s to 25 m/s) at faulted condition. It
is observed that the operating and restraining quantities vary with
respect to wind speed as shown in Fig. 7. However, during internal
fault condition the operating quantity is always greater than the
restraining quantity and thus, making the relay reliable.
0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time in Second
250 L.N. Tripathy et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 245–257

Fault current with Wind-Farm alone connected to Transmission line

4
x 10
1.5

Magnitude of I a
Fault inception at 0.3 Second
(6000 Samples)
0.5

-0.5

-1
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time in Second

Fig. 4b. Fault current with wind-farm alone connected to transmission line for A–G fault 100 km from substation-1.

Shunt Inverter terminal voltage for A-G fault before UPFC in perunit
3
Va
Vb A-G fault at 6000 Sample
Voltage Magnitude

2
Vc

-1

-2
5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000
Sample

Fig. 4c. Shunt inverter terminal voltage of UPFC for A–G fault before UPFC (100 km from substation-1).

Series Inverter terminal voltage for A-G fault before UPFC in perunit
1
Va A-G Fault at
Voltage Magnitude in PU

6000 Sample
Vb
0.5 Vc

-0.5

-1
5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000
Sample

Fig. 4d. Series inverter terminal voltage of UPFC for A–G fault before UPFC (100 km from substation-1).

5.5. Discrimination between internal and external faults 5.6. Effect of variation in source impedance

In order to check the reliability and stability of the proposed
relaying scheme, a LL–G internal and external fault (AC–G) is cre-
ated on the transmission line. Faults outside the zone of protection
are defined as external faults as mentioned in Fig. 2. It is observed
that the operating quantity suddenly jumps and stays well above
the restraining quantity after the inception of fault as shown in
Fig. 8 and thus, the relaying scheme becomes more dependable.
The same fault was created at external relay zone (Fig. 9) and it
is observed that both operating and restraining quantities increase
however, the operating quantity remains well below the restrain-
ing quantity and thus, the proposed scheme becomes selective.
In order to study the impact of variation in source impedance
on the proposed relaying scheme, the fault conditions are simu-
lated for different values of source impedance and the result is
shown in Fig. 10. For a particular type of fault (A–G fault at a dis-
tance of 100 km from substation-1) the source impedance are var-
ied and the operating and restraining quantities are compared. It is
observed that with increase in source impedance of substation-1
for a A–G fault at a distance 100 km from substation-1, both oper-
ating and restraining quantities vary marginally but the operating
quantity is always greater than the restraining quantity and the re-
lay becomes more dependable.
 L.N. Tripathy et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 245–257 251

Fault current of different phases for A-G Fault

7000
Current in a-phase
Current in b-phase
6000 Current in c-phase

Magnitude of fault Current

5000

4000

Fault Inception at 6000 Samples

3000 or 0.3 Second

2000

1000

0
4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Samples

Fig. 4e. Magnitude of different phase currents for a–g fault at a distance 100 km from substation-1.

Fault current of different phases for Internal a-b fault

9000

8000 Current in a-phase

Current in b-phase
Magnitude of fault Current

7000 Current in c-phase

6000

5000

4000 a-b fault at 6000 Samples

or 0.3 Second
3000

2000

1000

0
4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Samples

Fig. 4f. Magnitude of different phase currents for a–b fault at a distance 100 km from substation-1.

Fault current of different phases for Internal a-b-g fault

10000
Current in a-phase
9000 Current in b-phase
Current in c-phase
Magnitude of fault Current

8000
7000

6000
5000
a-b-g fault at 6000 Samples
or 0.3 Seconds
4000
3000

2000
1000

0
4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Samples

Fig. 4g. Magnitude of different phase currents for a–b–g fault at a distance 100 km from substation-1.
252 L.N. Tripathy et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 245–257

Fault current of different phases for Internal a-b-c fault

12000
Current in a-phase
Current in b-phase
10000 Current in c-phase

Magnitude of fault Current

8000

6000

a-b-c fault at 6000 Samples

4000 or 0.3 Second

2000

0
4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Samples

Fig. 4h. Magnitude of different phase currents for a–b–c fault at a distance 100 km from substation-1.

7
E opf and Eref for Internal a-g fault
x 10

3.5 Operating Current

Restraining current
Magnitude of E opf and E ref

2.5

2
Internal a-g fault at
1.5 6000 samples(0.3 Second)

0.5

0
4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Samples

Fig. 4i. Eopf and Eref for a–g fault at a distance 100 km from substation-1.

Effect of fault inception angle for internal A-G solid fault on E opf and E ref
7
x 10
3.5
Eopf
Eref
3
Magnitude of Eopf , E ref

2.5

1.5

0.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Fault Inception Angle (FIA) in degree

Fig. 5. Effect of fault inception angle on Eopf and Eref for internal A–G fault at a distance 100 km from substation-1.
 L.N. Tripathy et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 245–257 253

Effect of fault Resistance for internal A-G solid fault on E opf and E ref
7
x 10
3.5
Eopf
3 Eref

2.5

Eopf and E ref 2

1.5

0.5

0
0 50 100 150
Fault Resistance in Ohm

Fig. 6. Effect of fault resistance on Eopf and Eref for internal A–G fault at a distance 100 km from substation-1.

Effect of Wind Speed for internal A-G fault on E opf and E ref
7
x 10
4

3.5
Eopf
Eopf and E ref

3 Eref

2.5

1.5

1
5 10 15 20 25
Wind Speed in meter per second

Fig. 7. Effect of different wind speed on Eopf and Eref for internal A–G fault (fault resistance = 1 O) at a distance 100 km from substation-1.

7 Eopf and E ref for Internal a-c-g fault

x 10
7

Operating Current
6 Restraining current
Magnitude of Eopf , E ref

4
Internal a-c-g fault at 6000 samples
(0.3 Seconds)
3

0
4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Samples

Fig. 8. Variation of Eopf and Eref for internal AC-G fault (fault resistance = 1 O) at a distance 100 km from substation-1.
254 L.N. Tripathy et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 245–257

5 E opf and E ref for external a-c-g fault

x 10
8

7 Operating Current
Restraining current

Magnitude of Eopf , E ref 5

External a-c-g fault at 6000 Samples
4 (0.3 Seconds)

0
4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Samples

Fig. 9. Variation of Eopf and Eref for external AC-G fault(fault resistance = 1 X) at a distance 100 km from substation-1.

Effect of Source Impedance for internal A-G fault on E opf and E ref
7
x 10
5
Eopf
Eref
4.5

4
Eopf and E ref

3.5

2.5

1.5
4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6
Sending End Source Impedance 'Z' in Ohm

Fig. 10. Effect of source impedance on Eopf and Eref for internal A–G fault(fault resistance = 1 O) at a distance 100 km from substation-1.

Table 1
6. Performance assessment Types of fault verses decision output.

Types of fault a-Phase b-Phase c-Phase

The previous section deals with the development of a differen-
tial relaying scheme for transmission line protection in presence of a–g 1 0 0
b–g 0 1 0
UPFC and wind-farm. To assess the performance of the proposed
c–g 0 0 1
intelligent relaying scheme, three statistical metrices are consid- a–b 1 1 0
ered and defined as follows b–c 0 1 1
c–a 1 0 1
(i) Dependability: Dependability is defined as the measure of the a–b–g 1 1 0
b–c–g 0 1 1
certainty that the relays will operate correctly for all the c–a–g 1 0 1
faults for which they are designed to operate. a–b–c 1 1 1

Dependability ¼ Total number of fault cases predicted=

Total number of actual fault cases:
Table 2
(ii) Security: Security is defined as the measure of the certainty Dependability, security and yield comparisons for different types of faults.
that the relays will not operate incorrectly (mal-operate) Types of fault Dependability (%) Security (%) Yield (%)
for any other power system disturbance.
L–G 99.86 100 99.86
L–L 99.21 99.6 99.32
Security ¼ Total numberof external faults predicted as external fault= L–L–G 98.8 100 99.46
Total number of external faults L–L–L 99.78 99.46 99.6
 L.N. Tripathy et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 245–257 255

Table 3
Dependability comparison with variations in fault parameters.

Types of Dependability (%) RF = 1 X, Dependability (%) RF = 50 X, Dependability (%) RF = 100 X, Dependability (%) RF = 150 X,
fault FIA = 30° FIA = 45° FIA = 60° FIA = 90°
L–G 100 99.56 99.78 98.69
L–L 99.23 98.79 99.23 98.79
L–L–G 100 99.84 99.63 98.99
L–L–L 99.87 99.12 99.69 99.58

Table 4
Performance comparison between proposed differential scheme and distance relaying approach.

Types of Fault location (45% of total line length from Fault location (85% of total line length from Fault location (95% of total line length from
fault substation-1) substation-1) substation-1)
Dependability (%) Dependability (%) Dependability (%)
Distance relaying Differential scheme Distance relaying Differential scheme Distance relaying Differential scheme
(single_end (both_end information) (single_end (both_end information) (single_end (both_end information)
information) information) information)
L–G 99.42 99.86 52.16 99.42 15.62 99.88
L–L 98.56 99.98 46.28 99.42 18.24 98.13
L–L–G 99.62 99.87 39.78 98.99 17.42 98.96
L–L–L 98.96 99.59 45.46 99.86 14.52 99.74

(iii) Yield: Yield indicates how many fault cases are exactly pre-
dicted against the same fault situations (That means a-g
fault must be predicted a-g and so on)
Yield ¼ Total number of correct fault cases predicted=
Total numberof fault cases predicted:
The proposed relaying scheme is tested for different types of
internal and external faults. The final relaying decision logic ‘1’
indicates the internal fault condition at which the relay issues a
tripping signal, whereas the logic ‘0’ indicates no fault or external
fault condition at which the relay restrains. Table 1 depicts the pos-
sible digital output structure against each fault situation.
Table 2 summarizes the performance of the proposed relaying
scheme for different types of fault. The performance assessment
is carried out on total 400 fault cases (100 for each category of
fault), with wide variations in operating conditions. Dependability
of the proposed relaying scheme is found to be close to 99% in all
the test cases which is the most significant result compare to exist-
ing relaying schemes. The overall security is 99.5% as some cases of
L–L and L–L–L external faults which are predicted as internal fault
by the proposed relaying scheme. Yield of the scheme is close to
99.5% in all types of fault. Out of all the above performance indices
(i.e. dependability, security and yield), dependability is the most
important attribute of any relaying scheme. If there is a fault in
the line within the zone of protection, then the protection scheme
has to operate otherwise the relay should not operate. In order to
test the robustness of the proposed relaying scheme different types
of faults (L–G, L–L, L–L–G, L–L–L, Total 120 cases: 30 cases from
each fault category) are simulated with different values of fault

7
Eopf and E ref for Internal a-g fault
x 10
4
Operating Current
Eopf and E ref

3 Restraining current

2 Fault inception at 6000 Samples

0
4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Samples

Digital output
6
Eopf/Eref
Decision Output

5
Digital output
4 Issue of Tripping Signal
Fault at 6000 sample Threshold
3

1
4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Samples

Fig. 11. Response Time of the proposed relaying scheme for internal A–G fault(fault resistance = 1 O) at a distance 100 k.m from substation-1.
256 L.N. Tripathy et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 245–257
Eopf and E ref for Internal a-g fault under reverse power flow condition
6
x 10
10
8 Operating Current
Eopf and E ref
Restraining current
6
Fault inception at 6000 Samples
4
0
4000 5000
6
Decision Output
Eopf/Eref
5 Digital output
4 Fault at 6000 sample
3
2
1
4000 5000
Fig. 12. Response of Eopf and Eref for internal A–G fault (fault resistance = 1 X) at a distance 100 km from substation-1 under reverse power flow condition.
resistances RF and FIA. Table 3 depicts the test results under wide
variations in RF (1–150 X) and FIA (30–90°). It is observed that
the dependability becomes more than 98 % considering high resis-
tance faults (150 X) and FIA of 90°. This shows the effectiveness of
the proposed differential scheme for transmission line protection
including UPFC and wind-farms.
To compare the effectiveness of the proposed differential relay-
ing scheme with the conventional relaying scheme, different types
of faults (30 cases from each type of fault) are simulated at differ-
ent location of the transmission line and the performance results
are depicted in Table 4. It is observed that the distance relaying
scheme with mho characteristics [22] fails measurably (depend-
ability below 20%) for remote end faults compared to the proposed
differential relaying scheme (dependability close to 99%). This hap-
pens as the proposed scheme uses both end data providing abso-
lute unit protection for the studied transmission network.While
evaluating the speed of the proposed relay it is observed that the
relay is able to issue the tripping signal within 2 cycle from the
fault inception. Fig. 11 shows the response time of the proposed
relaying scheme and issue of tripping signal in case of an A–G fault
at 30% of the line from the substation-1 with zero fault inception
angle (at sample no = 6000). The relay issues the tripping signal
once Eopf exceeds the threshold. The threshold value of ‘3’ is se-
lected after series of observations including extreme operating
conditions and found to work effectively under such circum-
stances. This includes wide variations in, fault inception, fault loca-
tions, fault resistance, internal and external fault situations. Thus,
the threshold is selected on lowest values which can perform con-
sidering all operating conditions. It is observed from Fig. 11 that
the fault inception is at 6000th sample and the tripping signal is is-
sued at 6657th sample. Thus, the response time is 1.65 cycle (657
samples) from the fault inception (1 cycle being 400 samples),
which includes the processing time of both DWT and DFT. Further,
the same fault situation is repeated under reverse power flow con-
dition considering power angle of d1 = 8° and d2 = 20°. Fig. 12
shows the response of operating and restraining quantity for re-
verse power flow condition. It is observed from Fig. 12 that as soon
as the fault is incepted, the operating quantity starts increasing and
exceeds the threshold. Hence, the proposed scheme is reliable for
all possible types of fault including reverse power flow situation.
6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Sample
Digital output
Issue of Tripping Signal Threshold
6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Sample
7. Conclusions
A combined wavelet and DFT based differential relaying scheme
for transmission line protection including UPFC and wind-farm is
proposed. The scheme works on a set threshold of the computed
operating and restraining signals to issue or suppress the tripping
signal. The proposed differential scheme is validated for detecting
and classifying faults including wide variations in fault location,
fault resistance, fault inception angle, source impedance and re-
verse power flow including variations in UPFC and wind-farm
parameters. It is observed that the relaying scheme is highly effec-
tive in providing unit protection compared to distance relaying
scheme using single end data. The test results indicate that the
proposed relaying scheme is highly selective in discriminating
internal and external faults within two cycles from fault inception.
References
[1] Hingorani NG, Gyugyi L. Understanding FACTS concepts and technology of
flexible AC transmission systems. New York: IEEE Press; 2000.
[2] Dash PK, Pradhan AK, Panda G, Liew AC. Adaptive relay setting for flexible AC
transmission systems (FACTS). IEEE Trans Power Del 2000;15(1):38–43.
[3] Xiaoyao Zhou, Haifeng Wang, Aggarwal RK, Beaumont Phil. Performance
evaluation of a distance relay as applied to a transmission system With UPFC.
IEEE Trans Power Del 2006;21(3):1137–47.
[4] El-Zonkoly AM, Desouki H. Wavelet entropy based algorithm for fault
detection and classification in FACTS compensated transmission line. Int J
Electr Power Energy Syst 2011;33(8):1368–74.
[5] Ghorbani Amir, Mozafari Babak, Ranjbar Ali Mohammad. Digital distance
protection of transmission lines in the presence of SSSC. Int J Electr Power
Energy Syst 2012;43(1):712–9.
[6] Amir Ghorbani, Mojtaba Khederzadeh, Babak Mozafari. Impact of SVC on the
protection of transmission lines. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst
2012;42(1):702–9.
[7] Pradhan AK, Joos Geza. Adaptive distance relay setting for lines connecting
wind farms. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 2007;22(1).
[8] Dash PK, Pradhan AK, Panda G. Distance protection in the presence of unified
power flow controller. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2000;54(3):189–98.
[9] Ito H, Shuto I, Ayakawa H, Beaumont P, Okuno K. Development of an improved
multifunction high speed operating current differential relay for transmission
line protection. Int Conf DPSP IEE Conf 2001;479:511–4.
[10] koglin HJ, Albert M, Igel M, Lobos T, Waclawek Z. Differential protection of
multi-terminal lines without synchronization. IEEE Conf 2001;479:133–9.
[11] Forford Thorleif, Messing Lars, Stranne Gunnar. An analogue multi-terminal
line differential protection. Int Conf on DPSP, IEE Conf 2004;249:399–403.
 L.N. Tripathy et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 245–257
[12] Bhalja B. Maheshwari R.P. Wavelet Transform Based Differential Protection
Scheme for Tapped Transmission Line, Industrial Technology, 2006 ICIT 2006.
IEEE International Conference.
[13] Michel G et al. Digital communications for relay protection. <http://www.
pes-psrc.org/>.
[14] Adamaik MG, Apostolov AP, Begovic MM, Henville CF, Martin KE, Michel GL,
et al. Wide area protection–technology and infrastructures. IEEE Trans Power
Del 2006;21(2):601–9.
[15] Mallat SG. A Theory for multi-resolution signal decomposition: the wavelet
representation. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Machine Intell 1989;1(7):674–93.
[16] Dash PK, Samantray SR. Phase selection and fault section identification in
thyristor controlled series compensated line using discrete wavelet transform.
Int J Electr Power Energy Syst November 2004;26(9):725–32.
[17] Megahed I, Moussa AM, Bayoumy AE. Usage of wavelet transform in the
protection of series-compensated transmission lines. IEEE Trans Power Del Jul.
2006;21(3):1213–21.
257
[18] Nam Soon-Ryul, Park Jong-Young, Kang Sang-Hee, Kezunovic Mladen. Phasor
estimation in the presence of DC offset and CT saturation. IEEE Trans Power
Del October 2009;24(4).
[19] Duan JD, Zhang BH, Ha HX. A novel approach to faulted phase selection using
current traveling waves and wavelet analysis. Proc Int Conf Power Syst
Technol 2002;2:1146–50.
[20] Silveira PM, Seara R, Zurn HH. An approach using wavelet transform for fault
type identification in digital relaying. IEEE-PES Summer Meeting
1999;2:937–42.
[21] Hajjar Ammar A. A high speed noncommunication protection scheme for
power transmission lines based on wavelet transform. Int J Electr Power
Energy Syst, Electr Power Syst Res 2013;96(2013):194–200.
[22] Abdelaziz AY, Abdel Rahman M, Moussa MS. Distance protection for multi-
terminal transmission lines. 2nd International IEEE Conference on Electric
Power and Energy Conversion Systems (EPECS) 2011(2013):1–6.