Automatic Accident Detection System and Rescue

Automatic accident Detection System and Rescue
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The population of the world has been increasing, with China and India being the two most
densely populated countries. Road traffic has also been getting more and more congested,
as a higher population and increased business activities result in greater demand for cars
and vehicles for transportation. This increased vehicle density leads to many road accidents.
In road accident due to lack of emergency services people lose their lives. The main aim of
this project is a scheme to detect accident, find accident location and provide a smooth flow
for ambulance to reach hospital in time in emergency. In proposed system the unit installed
in vehicle automatically informs accident to the preprogrammed numbers of rescue team of
ambulance. In this system vibration sensor and
GPS tracking system are used for accident detection. When accident occurs, this
system sends short message to rescue team in the ambulance via GSM modem. Message
will give longitude and latitude values. From these location coordinates accident can be
determined. So, the rescue team in the ambulance can immediately trace the location by
putting geographical location coordinates in Google earth application or any other GPS
viewer application. After conforming the location of accident spot the ambulance unit will
starts its rescue operation. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious
threat to anyone`s life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch
provided in order to avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team. At present
criteria, we cannot detect where the accident has occurred and hence no information related
to it, leading to the death of an individual.
Dept. of ECE, MTIET, Palamaner 1

CHAPTER 2
EXISTING SYSTEM
The ideal scenario for a victim of an accident is that police and ambulances arrive on the
scene immediately but in reality, victims do not always have this luxury. For instance,
numerous accidents in Abu Dhabi or Dubai occur in places where no bystander or passing
car is available to notify the police. Furthermore, as many accidents occur on highways,
vehicles passing by at high speeds often ignore their duty to notify the police/ambulance.
The response time of the police/ambulance varies due to the detection time, which is
dependent on the drivers in accident, passing by drivers or bystanders‟ information. As
human lives are at stake, the detection and response time are crucial variables for the
victims of a vehicle accident as well as the governing agencies.
Rescue time in an hour in existing system
Rescue time Hospital time
Figure 2.1: Rescue time in an hour in existing system
Even a slight reduction in the response time can decrease the percentage of fatalities
and economic loss by a huge margin. Using an incident detection program in the United
States, a reduction in the response time from 5.2 minutes to 3 minutes would have saved

246 lives, a reduction by 11% whereas by reducing the response time to 2 minutes, 356
lives would be saved annually. While it is easy to claim a reduction in lives due to reduction
in response time, an actual example helps in the cementing of the argument: a reduction in
accident notification time from 5.2 minutes to 4.28 minutes has led to an 18% reduction of
fatalities. Similarly, the cost associated with fatalities and deaths were staggering in the
United States. Cost is less if the rescue time is small.
2.1 FLOW CHART:
If any one of the step in the process is delayed then emergency services are also delayed
which might lead to loss of life.
START
ACCIDENT OCCURED
NOTICED BY WITNESS
MADE A PHONE CALL
RESCUE TEAM REACHED TO

THE ACCIDENT SPOT
EMERGENCY SERVICES
STOP
Figure 2.2: Process flow in existing system

CHAPTER 3
PROPOSED SYSTEM
This functions as a detection and notification service that can be installed in a vehicle and in
case of accident detection, requires the smartphone of the driver to send a text message to
the response team. The detection of an accident is based on sensors, using four parameters
like temperature and tilt angle to calculate a collision index and if the threshold of the index
is met, the smartphone issues and sends a notification text message. This eliminates the
need of the passing by drivers or bystanders to notify the police of the accident.
Sales
Rescue time Hospital treatment
Figure 3.1: Rescue time in an hour in proposed system
Proposed system is demonstrated by using GSM and GPS technologies. The GPS
satellites are used to identify the exact location of incident, speed, time and direction. In a
typical microcontroller-based road accident detection and communication system, MEMS
sensor is used to detect accident. In case of an accident, the system determines longitude
and latitude of a position where an accident occurs through the GPS module. Then it sends
a message which contains the position of vehicle to the emergency department.

3.1 FLOW CHART:
START
ACCIDENT OCCURED
OCCURANCE DETECTED USING

SENSORS
SENT ALERT TO RESCUE AMBULANCE

POLICE AND FIRE ENGINE
EMERGENCY SERVIES
STOP
Figure 3.2: Process flow in proposed system

CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:
POWER SUPPLY
DHT11 LCD
Sensor ARDUINO
UNO
GSM
MEMS
Sensor
GPS
Figure 4.1: Vehicle unit
4.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
1. Power supply
2. Arduino Uno
3. MEMS sensor
5. LCD
6. GSM
7. GPS

4.3 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION:
4.3.1 Power supply and its basic components:
Control supplies, occasionally called control connectors, or just connectors, are accessible
in different voltages, with changing current purposes of repression, which is quite recently
the most phenomenal most extreme of a compel supply to pass on current to a stack.
Subsequently, on the off chance that you create one yourself, you will always know how to
repair it, as you will know effectively what area/some part of the circuit is doing what.
Also, further, knowing how to make one will permit you to repair the ones you have
inception at now got, without squandering your cash on another.
4.3.1.1 Adapter:
It is a type of external power supply, often enclosed in a case similar to an AC plug. Each
AC/DC adapter is specifically designed to accept a certain AC input and convert in to
particular DC output.
Figure 4.2: Adapter
4.3.1.2 Transformers:
Transformers are contraptions which wander down a for the most part higher AC
information Voltage into a lower AC yield voltage. To find the data and yield terminals of a
transformer is outstandingly crude.

Figure 4.3: Transformer

Basically, there are two sides in a transformer where the bend bowing inside the
transformer closes. Both terminations have two wires each. On the transformer, one side
will have three terminals and the other will have two. The one with the three terminals is
the wandered down yield of the transformer, and the one with the two terminals is the place
the data voltage is to be acclimated.
4.3.1.3 Rectifier:
Rectifier is a gadget which is utilized to change over AC voltage to DC voltage. It is for the
most part separated into Full wave and Half wave rectifiers. At the point when forward one-
sided there will be voltage drop in diodes of around 0.7v.In this manner when two diodes
are combined together for allowance of light of the path there will be a voltage drop of 1.4v
since every diode as a voltage drop of 0.7v. However, on account of full wave connect
rectifier there will be a voltage drop of 0.7v as it were. The voltage controller needs 2 volts
more than its yield voltage. For in the event that we are interfacing 12v connector for our
motivation and henceforth we require 14v according to the yield voltage.
Figure 4.4: Rectifier

So the yield of the diodes (which goes into the voltage controller) will must be more
than or vague to 14 Volts. According to the diode data voltage the diode voltage in the
voltage controller will be 14v. The voltage drop will be 1.4v totally, so the proportionate
aggregate voltage will be 15.4 volts of which 14v in addition to 1.4v. so it is ideal to utilize
18 volt venture down transformer from 220 volt input voltage. In this manner transformer
yield voltage will be of 3.4v of rough esteem.
4.3.1.4 Capacitors:
Capacitors are utilized to get the immaculate and smoothest DC voltage in which the
rectifier is utilized to get throbbing DC voltage which is utilized as a part of the light of the
present destiny, from the connector. Capacitors are utilized to get square DC from AC
current experience of the present channels so they are used as a touch of parallel to the
yield. Moreover, if there is a swell in the data or yield, a capacitor changes it by discharging
the charge set away in it.
Figure 4.5: Capacitor
4.3.1.5 Voltage regulators:
The 78XX voltage controller is principally overall utilized controller for voltage controllers.
The XX speaks to the voltage of which the voltage controller delivers as the yield to the
specific gadget. 7805 will deliver and control the yield voltage of 5v and 7812 will create
the yield voltage of 12v. The voltage controllers are that they require no under 2 volts more

than their yield voltage as information. For instance, 7805 will require no under 7V, and
7812, no under 14 volts as information sources. This voltage which ought to be given to
voltage controllers is called Dropout Voltage.
Figure 4.6: Voltage regulator
4.3.2 Arduino
The Arduino microcontroller is an easy to use yet powerful single board computer that has
gained considerable traction in the hobby and professional market. The Arduino is open-
source, which means hardware is reasonably priced and development software is free.
Figure 4.7: Arduino UNO board

This guide is for students in ME 2011, or students anywhere who are confronting the
Arduino for the first time. For advanced Arduino users, prowl the web; there are lots of
resources.
This is what the Arduino board looks like.
The Arduino programming language is a simplified version of C/C++. If you know

C, programming the Arduino will be familiar. If you do not know C, no need to worry as
only a few commands are needed to perform useful functions.
An important feature of the Arduino is that you can create a control program on the
host PC, download it to the Arduino and it will run automatically. Remove the USB cable
connection to the PC, and the program will still run from the top each time you push the
reset button. Remove the battery and put the Arduino board in a closet for six months.
When you reconnect the battery, the last program you stored will run. This means that you
connect the board to the host PC to develop and debug your program, but once that is done,
you no longer need the PC to run the program.
4.3.2.1 Arduino hardware
The power of the Arduino is not its ability to crunch code, but rather its ability to interact
with the outside world through its input-output (I/O) pins. The Arduino has 14 digital I/O
pins labeled 0 to 13 that can be used to turn motors and lights on and off and read the state
of switches.
Each digital pin can sink or source about 40 mA of current. This is more than
adequate for interfacing to most devices, but does mean that interface circuits are needed to
control devices other than simple LED's. In other words, you cannot run a motor directly
using the current available from an Arduino pin, but rather must have the pin drive an
interface circuit that in turn drives the motor. A later section of this document shows how to
interface to a small motor.

To interact with the outside world, the program sets digital pins to a high or low
value using C code instructions, which corresponds to +5 V or 0 V at the pin. The pin is
connected to external interface electronics and then to the device being switched on and off.
The sequence of events is shown in this figure.
Figure 4.8: The sequence of events to interact with external world
To determine the state of switches and other sensors, the Arduino is able to read the
voltage value applied to its pins as a binary number. The interface circuitry translates the
sensor signal into a 0 or +5 V signal applied to the digital I/O pin. Through a program
command, the Ardiomp interrogates the state of the pin. If the pin is at 0 V, the program
will read it as a 0 or LOW. If it is at +5 V, the program will read it as a 1 or HIGH. If more

than +5 V is applied, you may blow out your board, so be careful. The sequence of events
to read a pin is shown in this figure.
Figure 4.9: The sequence of events to read a pin
Interacting with the world has two sides. First, the designer must create electronic
interface circuits that allow motors and other devices to be controlled by a low (1-10 mA)
current signal that switches between 0 and 5 V, and other circuits that convert sensor
readings into a switched 0 or 5 V signal. Second, the designer must write a program using
the set of Arduino commands that set and read the I/O pins. Examples of both can be found
in the Arduino resources section of the ME2011 web site.

4.3.2.2 Technical specifications:
 Microcontroller: Microchip ATmega328P [7]

 Operating Voltage: 5 Volts
 Input Voltage: 7 to 20 Volts
 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins: 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
 Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
 SRAM: 2 KB
 EEPROM: 1 KB
 Clock Speed: 16 MHz
 Length: 68.6 mm
 Width: 53.4 mm
 Weight: 25 g
4.3.2.3 Pin configurations:
Figure 4.10: Plastic Dual In-Line Package (PDIP)

Figure 4.11: Top View of Thin Quad Flat Package

Figure 4.12: Top View of Micro Lead Frame
4.3.2.4 PIN DESCRIPTIONS
VCC: Digital supply voltage.
GND: Ground.
PORT B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2: Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O

port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have
symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port

B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the
clock is not running. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as
input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the
inverting Oscillator amplifier. If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock
source, PB7..6 is used as TOSC2..1 input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2
bit in ASSR is set. The various special features of Port B are elaborated in ”Alternate
Functions of Port B” on page 76 and ”System Clock and Clock Options” on page 26.
Port C (PC5:0): Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The PC5..0 output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics
with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled
low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
PC6/RESET: If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that
the electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C. If the
RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this pin
for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is not
running. The minimum pulse length is given in Table 28-3 on page 308. Shorter pulses are
not guaranteed to generate a Reset. The various special features of Port C are elaborated in
”Alternate Functions of Port C” on page 79.
Port D (PD7:0): Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics
with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled
low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. The various special
features of Port D are elaborated in” Alternate Functions of Port D” on page 82.

AVCC: AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and ADC7:6. It
should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it
should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note that PC6..4 use digital supply
voltage, VCC.
AREF: AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter
ADC7:6 (TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only): In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package,
ADC7:6 serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter. These pins are powered from the
analog supply and serve as 10-bit ADC channels.
4.3.2.5 Overview
The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based

on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single
clock cycle, the ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P achieves throughputs approaching 1
MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus
processing speed.
The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working
registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU),
allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one
clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs
up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.

Figure 4.13: Architecture of Atmega328
The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P provides the following features: 4/8/16/32K

bytes of In System Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities,
256/512/512/1K bytes EEPROM, 512/1K/1K/2K bytes SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O
lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare

modes, internal and external interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-

wire Serial Interface, an SPI serial port, a 6-channel 10-bit ADC (8 channels in TQFP
and QFN/MLF packages), a programmable Watchdog Timer with internal Oscillator, and
five software selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing
the SRAM, Timer/Counters, USART, 2-wire Serial Interface, SPI port, and interrupt system
to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the
Oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. In
Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a
timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping. The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops
the CPU and all I/O modules except asynchronous timer and ADC, to minimize switching
noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode, the crystal/resonator Oscillator is running
while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very fast start-up combined with low
power consumption.
The device is manufactured using Atmel‟s high-density non-volatile memory

technology. The On-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed In-
System through an SPI serial interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory
programmer, or by an On-chip Boot program running on the AVR core. The Boot program
can use any interface to download the application program in the Application Flash
memory. Software in the Boot Flash section will continue to run while the Application
Flash section is updated, providing true Read-While-Write operation. By combining an 8-
bit RISC CPU with In-System Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel
ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly
flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The
ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P AVR is supported with a full suite of program and
system development tools including: C Compilers, Macro Assemblers, Program
Debugger/Simulators, In-Circuit Emulators, and Evaluation kits.

4.3.3 LCD
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range
of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in
various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other
multi segment LEDs.
LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying

special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines.
In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing
its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the
data to be displayed on the LCD.
4.3.3.1 Pin Diagram:
Figure 4.14: Pin diagram of LCD

4.3.3.2 Pin Description:
Table 1: Pin Description
Pin
Function Name
No
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
Selects command register when low; and data register when
4 Register Select
high
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

4.3.3.4 Block Diagram of LCD Display:
Figure 4.15 Block diagram of LCD Display

4.3.4 GSM:
GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications. It is a standard set developed by the
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe protocols for second
generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones. A Modem is a device which
modulates and demodulates signals as required to meet the communication requirements. It
modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a
carrier signal to decode the transmitted information.
A GSM Modem is a device that modulates and demodulates the GSM signals and in
this particular case 2G signals. The modem we are using is SIMCOM SIM900. It is a Tri-
band GSM/GPRS Modem as it can detect and operate at three frequencies (EGSM 900
MHz, DCS 1800 MHz and PCS1900 MHz). Default operating frequencies are EGSM
900MHz and DCS 1800MHz.

Sim900 is a widely used in many projects and hence many variants of development
boards for this have been developed. These development boards are equipped with various
features to make it easy to communicate with the SIM900 module. Some boards provide
only TTL interface while some boards include an RS232 interface and some others include
an USB interface. If your PC has a serial port(DB9) you can buy a GSM Modem that has
both TTL and RS232 interfacings in economy.
4.3.4.1 Use of GSM:
GSM Technology has grown so much, that literally there isn‟t a place on earth where there
is no GSM signal. In such a scenario GSM provides us a wide scope in controlling things
remotely from any place just with our finger tips. GSM also provides ease to easily
communicate in a more robust way.
A GSM module has an RS232 interface for serial communication with an external
peripheral. In this case, the transmit pin (Tx) of the computer‟s Serial port is connected with
the receive pin (Rx) of the GSM module‟s RS-232 interface. The transmit pin (Tx) of the
RS-232 of GSM module is connected to receive pin (Rx) of microcontroller‟s serial
transmission pin. And the serial transmit pin of the microcontroller is connected to the
receive pin of the computer‟s Serial port. Therefore the commands and their results are
transmitted and received in a triangular fashion as depicted below.

Figure 4.16: Process Flow of Commands

In subsequent projects (see MC075 & MC076), the HyperTerminal will be replaced
by the microcontroller itself; thus avoiding the need of using a Computer to establish an
interface. This would lead to an independent GSM based system.
The microcontroller is programmed to receive and transmit data at a baud rate of

9600. For more details on setting the baud rate of microcontroller, refer serial
communication with 8051.
The controller can receive data signals either by polling or by making use of serial
interrupt (ES). Serial interrupt has been explained in interrupt programming. In polling, the
controller continuously scans serial port for incoming data from the GSM module.
4.3.5 GPS:
GPS is used in vehicles for both tracking and navigation. Tracking systems enable a base
station to keep track of the vehicles without the intervention of the driver where, as
navigation system helps the driver to reach the destination. Whether navigation system or
tracking system, the architecture is more or less similar. When an accident occurred in any
place then GPS system tracks the position of the vehicle and sends the information to the
particular person through GSM by alerting the person through SMS or by a call.

4.3.5.1 Introduction to GPS Functions/Features:
GPS use satellite data to calculate an accurate position on the earth. These calculations can
relate the user‟s position to almost any map projection within milli-seconds. All GPS work
in a similar manner but they often look very different and have different software. The most
significant difference between GPS receivers is the number of satellites they can
simultaneously communicate with. Most receivers are described as 12 channel meaning
they can communicate with 12 satellites. Older models may be 8 or even 5 channel with
more modern receivers capable of communicating with 14 – 20. Given the current (2005)
makeup of the GPS satellite‟s constellation 12 channel is more than adequate.
4.3.5 MEMS Sensor:
The MEMS accelerometers can be divided into two important micro system architectures:
piezo resistive and capacitive. Even though both of these two types of accelerometers
possess internal proof masses which are excited by acceleration, the differences of these
two architectures lie in the transduction mechanism which is used to the movement
correlation of the internal proof mass to accelerate.
The Capacitive accelerometers possess a differential capacitor whose balance is disrupted

by the proof mass movement. Piezo resistive accelerometers commonly rely on inducing,
which attach the proof mass to the sensor which is used for identification of the movement
of the mass.
Fujitsu successfully developed the „FAR-S2AB‟ series, 3-axis Accelerometer, using

state-of-the-art MEMS technology. This small and highly sensitive accelerometer can
detect acceleration, inclination and vibration by measuring the motion in the x-, y-, and z-
axis simultaneously. The MEMS 3-axis accelerometer consists of a Mass at the centre of
the sensor‟s chip, which is suspended by 4 Beams doped with Piezo resistive material.

CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
 Arduino IDE
 Embedded c
 Proteus Design Suite
5.1 Arduino IDE:
The board exposes the microcontrollerʼs I/O (Input/Output) pins to enable you to connect
those pins to other circuits or to sensors, etc.Now that you are a proud owner of an Arduino,
or an Arduino clone, it might help if you knew what it was and what you can do with it.In
its simplest form, an Arduino is a tiny computer that you can program to process inputs and
outputs going to and from the chip.The Arduino is what is known as a Physical or
Embedded Computing platform, which means that it is an interactive system, that through
the use of hardware and software can interact with itʼs environment.For example, a simple
use of the Arduino would be to turn a light on for a set period of time, letʼs say 30 seconds,
after a button has been pressed (we will build this very same project later in the book). In
this example, the Arduino would have a lamp connected to it as well as a button. The
Arduino would sit patiently waiting for the button to be pressed. When you press the button
it would then turn the lamp on and start counting. Once it had counted 30 seconds it would
then turn the lamp off and then carry on sitting there waiting for another button press. You
could use this set-up to control a lamp in an under-stairs cupboard for example. You could
extend this example to sense when the cupboard door was opened and automatically
turn the light on, turning it off after a set period of time.

The Arduino can be used to develop stand-alone interactive objects or it can be

connected to a computer to retrieve or send data to the Arduino and then act on that data
(e.g. Send sensor data out to the internet).The Arduino can be connected to LEDʼs. Dot
Matrix displays, LED displays, buttons, switches, motors, temperature sensors, pressure
sensors, distance sensors, webcams, printers, GPS receivers, ethernet modules.The Arduino
board is made of an an Atmel AVR Microprocessor, a crystal or oscillator (basically a
crude clock that sends time pulses to themicrocontroller to enable it to operate at the
correct
To program the Arduino (make it do what you want it to) you also use the Arduino
IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which is a piece of free software, that enables
you to program in the language that the Arduino understands. In the case of the Arduino the
language is C. The IDE enables you to write a computer program, which is a set of step-by-
step instructions that you then upload to the Arduino. Then your Arduino will carry out
those instructions and interact with the world outside. In the Arduino world, programs are
known as sketches.

The Arduino hardware and software are both Open Source, which means the code,
the schematics, design, etc. are all open for anyone to take freely and do what they like with
it.This means there is nothing stopping anyone from taking the schematics and PCB designs
of the Arduino and making their own and selling them. This is perfectly legal, and indeed
the whole purpose of Open Source, and indeed the Fredonia that comes with the Earthshine
Design Arduino Starter Kit is a perfect example of where someone has taken the Arduino
PCB design, made their own and are selling it under the Fredonia name. You could even
make your own Arduino, with just a few cheap components, on a breadboard. The only
stipulation that the Arduino development team put on outside developers is that the
Arduino name can only be used exclusively by them on their own products and hence the
clone boards have names such as Fredonia, Boarding, Borodino, etc
As the designs are open source, any clone board, such as the Fredonia, is 100%
compatible with the Arduino and therefore any software, hardware, shields, etc. will all
be 100% compatible with a genuineArduino.The Arduino can also be extended with the
use of shields which are circuit boards containing other devices (e.g. GPS receivers, LCD
Displays, Ethernet connections, etc.) that you can simply slot into the top of your Arduino
to get extra functionality. You don‟t have to use a shield if you don‟t want to asyou can
make the exact same circuitry using a breadboard, some veroboard or even by making your
own PCBʼs.

There are many different variants of the Arduino available. The most common one
is the Diecimila or the Duemilanove. You can also get Mini, Nano and Bluetooth
Arduinoʼs. New to the product line is the new Arduino Mega with increased memory and
number of I/O pins.Probably the most versatile Arduino, and hence the reason it is the most
popular, is the Duemilanove. This is because it uses a standard 28 pin chip, attached to an
IC Socket. The beauty of this systems is that if you make something neat with the Arduino
and then want to turn it into something permanent (e.g. Or under- stairs cupboard light),
then instead of using the relatively expensive Arduino board, you can simply use the
Arduino to develop your device, then pop the chip out of the board and place it into your
own circuit board in your custom device. You would then have made a custom embedded
device, which is really cool.Then, for a couple of quid or bucks you can replace the AVR
chip in your Arduino with a new one. The chip must be pre-programmed with the Arduino
Bootloader to enable it to work with the Arduino IDE, but you can either burn the
Bootloader yourself if you purchase an AVR Programmer, or you can buy these pre-
programmed from many suppliers around the world. Of course, Earthshine Design
provide preprogrammed Arduino chips in itʼ store for a very reasonable price.
If you do a search on the Internet by simply typing ʻArduinoʼ into the search box of
your favourite search engine, you will be amazed at the huge amount of websites dedicated
to the Arduino. You can find a mind boggling amount of information on projects made
with the Arduino and if you have a project in mind, will easily find information that will
help you to get your project up and running easily.The Arduino is an amazing device and
will enable you to make anything from interactive works of art to robots. With a little
enthusiasm to learn how to program the Arduino and make it interact with other
components a well as a bit of imagination, you can build anything you want.This book and
the kit will give you the necessary skills needed to get started in this exciting and creative
hobby.So, now you know what an Arduino is and what you can do with it, letʼs open up the
starter kit and dive right in.GettingStarted This section will presume you have a PC running
Windows or a Mac running OSX (10.3.9or later). If you use Linux as your Operating
System.

5.1.1 Get the Freeduino and the USB Cable
Firstly, get your Freeduino board and lay it on thetable in front of you. Take the USB cable
and plug the B plug (the fatter squarer end) into the USB socket on the Freeduino. At this
stage do NOT connect the Freeduino to your PC or Mac yet.
Figure 5.1.1: USB Socket

5.1.2 Download the Arduino IDE:
Download the Arduino IDE from the Arduino download page. As of the time of writing
this book, the latest IDE version is 0015. The file is a ZIP file so you will need to
uncompress it. Once thedownloadhas finished, unzip the file, making sure that you preserve
the folder structure as it is and do not make any changes.If you double-click the folder, you
will see a few files and sub-folders inside.
5.1.3 Install the USB Drivers :
If you are using Windows you will find the drivers in the drivers/FTDIUSBDrivers
directory of the Arduino distribution. In the next stage (“Connect the Freeduino”), you
will point Window ʼs Add New Hardware wizard to these drivers.
If you have a Mac these are in the drivers directory. Double-click to mount the disk
image and run the includedFTDIUSBSerialDriver.pkg. The latest version of the drivers can
be found on the FTDI website.

Figure 5.1.3: USB Driver Installing

5.1.4 Connect the Freeduino :
First, make sure that the little power jumper, between the power and USB sockets, is set to
USB and not EXTernal power (not applicable if you have a Roboduino board, which has an
Auto Power Select function).Using this jumper you can either power the board from the
USB port (good for low current devices like LEDʼs, etc.) or from anexternalpower supply
(6-12V DC).

Figure 5.1.4: Freeduino

Now, connect the other end of the USB cable into the USB socket on your PC or
Mac. You will now see the small power LED (marked PWR above the RESET switch)
light up to show you have power to the board.If you have a Mac, this stage of the
process is complete on to the next Chapter. next Chapter.

On Windows theFound New Hardware Wizard will now open up as Windows will
have detected that you have connected a new piece of hardware (your Freeduino board) to
your PC. Tell it NOT to connect to Windows update (Select No, not at this time) and then
click Next. On the next page select “Install from a list or specific location (Advanced)” and
clickNext.Make sure that “Search for the best driver in these locations” is checked.
Uncheck “Search removable media”. Check “Include this location in the search” and
then click the Browse button. Browse to the location of the USB drivers and then click

Next.
The wizard will now search for a suitable driver and then tell you that a “USB Serial
Convertor” has been found and that the hardware wizard is now complete. Click Finish.

You are now ready to upload your first Sketch.

you will see the Sketch inside the white code window.
Now, before we upload the Sketch, we need to tell the IDE what kind of Arduino we
are using and the details of our USB port. Go to the file menu and click Tools, then clock on
Board. You will be presented with a list of all of the different kinds of Arduino board that
can be connected to the IDE. Our Freeduino board will either be fitted with an Atmega328
or an Atmega168 chip so choose “Arduino Duemilanove w/ATmega328” if you have a 328
chip or “Arduino Diecimila or Duemilanove w/ ATmega328P” if you have a 328 chip.
Now that your Freeduino has been connected and the drivers for the USB chip have
been installed, we are now ready to try out the Arduino for the first time and upload your
first Sketch.Navigate to your newly unzipped Arduino folder and look for the Arduino IDE
icon, which looks something like this....

Double click the ICON to open up the IDE. You will then be presented with a blue
and white screen with a default sketch loaded inside.This is the Arduino IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) and is where you will write your Sketches (programs) to
upload to your Arduino board.
We will take a look at the IDE in a little more detail in the next chapter. For now,
simply click File in the file menu and scroll down to Sketchbook. Then scroll down to
Examples and click it. You will be presented with a list of Example sketches that you can
use to try out your Arduino. Now click on Digital and inside there you will find an example
Sketch called Blink. Click on this. The Blink Sketch will now be loaded into the IDEand

Now you need to tell the IDE the details of your USB port, so now click on Tools
again, scroll down to Serial Port and a list of the available serial ports on your system will
be displayed. You need to choose the one that refers to your USB cable, which is usually
listed as something like /dev/tty.usbserial-xxxx ona Mac or something like Com 4 on
Windows so click on that. If not sure, try each one till you find one that works.
Now that you have selected the correct board and USB port you are ready to upload
the Blink Sketch to the board.

You can either click the Upload button, which is the 6thbutton from the left at the
top with an arrow pointing to the right (hover your mouse pointer over the buttons to
see what they are) or by clicking on File in the file menu and scrolling down to Upload
to I/O Board and clicking on that.
Presuming everything has been set up correctly you will now see the RX and TX
LEDʼs (and also LED 13) on the Freeduino flash on and off very quickly as data is
uploaded to the board. You will see Uploading to I/O Board....
Once the data has been uploaded to the board successfully you will get a Done
Uploading message in the IDE and the RX/TX LEDʼs will stop flashing.
The Arduino will now reset itself and immediately start to run the Sketch that you
have just uploaded.Just below the code window too.

The Blink sketch is a very simple sketch that blinks LED 13, which is a tiny green
LED soldered to the board and also connected to Digital Pin 13 from the Microcontroller,
and will make it flash on and off every 1000 milliseconds, or 1 second. If your sketch has
uploaded successfully, you will now see this LED happily flashing on and off slowly on
your board.
If so, congratulations, you have just successfully installed your Arduino, uploaded
and ran your first sketch.
We will now explain a bit more about the Arduino IDE and how to use it before
moving onto the projects that you can carry out using the hardware supplied with the kit.
For our first project we will carry out this Blink LED sketch again, but this time using an
LED that we will physically connect to one of the digital output pins on the Arduino. We
will also explain the hardware and software involved in this simple project. But first, letʼs
take a closer look at the Arduino IDE.

When you open up the Arduino IDE it will look very similar to the image above. If
you are using Windows or Linux there will be some slight differences but the IDE is pretty
much the same no matter what OS you are using.The IDE is split up into the Toolbar across
the top, the code or Sketch Window in the centre and the Serial Output window at the
bottom.
The Toolbar consists of 7 buttons, underneath the Toolbar is a tab, or set of tabs,
with the filename of the code within the tab. There is also one further button on the far right
hand side.Along the top is the file menu with drop down menus headed under File, Edit,
Sketch, Tools and Help. The buttons in the Toolbar provide convenient access to the most
commonly used functions within this file menu.

Compile Stop New Open Save Upload Serial Monitor
5.1.5 TheToolbar buttons are listed above.The functions each button are as follows :-
Verify/Compile Checks the code for errors
Stop Stops the serial monitor, or un-highlights other

buttons
New Creates a new blank Sketch
Open Shows a list of Sketches in your sketchbook
Save Saves the current Sketch
Upload Uploads the current Sketch to the Arduino
Serial Monitor Displays serial data being sent from the Arduino
The Verify/Compile button is used to check that your code is correct, before you
upload it to your Arduino.The Stop button will stop the Serial Monitor from operating. It
will also un-highlight other selected buttons. Whilst the Serial Monitor is operating you
may wish to press the Stop button to obtain a ʻsnapshotʼ of the serial data so far to examine
it. This is particularly useful if you are sending data out to the Serial Monitor quicker than
you can read it.
The New button will create a completely new and blank Sketch read for you to enter
code into. The IDE will ask you to enter a name and a location for your Sketch (try to use
the default location if possible) and will then give you a blank Sketch ready to be coded.
The tab at the top of the Sketch will now contain the name you have given to your new
sketch.The Open button will present you with a list of Sketches stored within your
sketchbook as well as a list of Example sketches you can try out with various peripherals
once connected.

The Save button will save the code within the sketch window to your sketch file.
Once complete you will get a ʻDoneSaving message at the bottom of the code window.The
Upload to I/O Board button will upload the code within the current sketch window to your
Arduino. You need to make sure that you have the correct board andport selected (in the
Tools menu) before uploading. It is essential that you Save your sketch before you upload
it to your board in case a strange error causes your system to hang or the IDE to crash. It is
also advisable to Verify/Compile the code before you upload to ensure there are no errors
that need to be debugged first.
The Serial Monitor is a very useful tool, especially for debugging your code. The
monitor displays serial data being sent out from your Arduino (USB or Serial board). You
can also send serial data back to the Arduino using the Serial Monitor. If you click the
Serial Monitor button you will be presented with an image like the one above.On the left
hand side you can select the Baud Rate that the serial data is to be sent to/from the Arduino.
The Baud Rate is the rate, per second, that characters (data) is sent to/from the board. The
default setting is 9600 baud, which means that if you were to send a text novel over the
serial communications line (in this case your USB cable) then 9600 letters, or symbols, of
the novel, would be sent per second.

To the right of this is a blank text box for you to enter text to send back to the
Arduino and a Send button to send the text within that field. Note that no serial data can be
received by the Serial Monitor unless you have set up the code inside your sketch to do so.
Similarly, the Arduino will not receive any data sent unless you have coded it to do
so.Finally, the black area is where your serial data will be displayed. In the image above,
the Arduinois running the ASCIITablesketch, that can be found in the Communications
examples. This program outputs ASCII characters, from the Arduino via serial (the USB
cable) to the PC where the Serial monitor then displays them.To start the Serial Monitor
press the Serial Monitor button and to stop it press the Stop button. On a Mac or in Linux,
Arduino board will reset itself (rerun the code from the beginning) when you click the
Serial Monitor button.
Once you are proficient at communicating via serial to and from the Arduino you
can use otherprograms suchas Processing, Flash, MaxMSP, etc. To communicate
between the Arduino and your PC.We will make use of the Serial Monitor later on in our
projects when we read data from sensors and get the Arduino to send that data to the Serial
Monitor, in human readable form, for us to see.The Serial Monitor window is also were you
will see error messages (in red text) that the IDE will display to you when trying to connect
to your board, upload code or verify code.Below the Serial Monitor at the bottom left you
will see a number. This is the current line that the cursor, within the code window, is at. If
you have code in your window and you move down the lines of code (using the ↓ key on
your keyboard) you will see the number increase as you move down the lines of code. This
is useful for finding bugs highlighted by error messages.Across the top of the IDE window
(or across the top of your screen if you are using a Mac) you will see the various menus that
you can click on to access more menu items.

The menu bar across the top of the IDE looks like the image above (and slightly
different in Windowsand Linux). I will explain the menus as they are on a Mac, the details
will also apply to the Windows and Linux versions of the IDE.

The menu bar across the top of the IDE looks like the image above (and slightly
different in Windowsand Linux). I will explain the menus as they are on a Mac, the details
will also apply to the Windows and Linux versions of the IDE.The first menu is the
Arduino menu.Within this is the About Arduino option, which when pressed will show
you the current version number, a list of the people involved in making this amazing device
and some further information.Underneath that isthe Preferences option. This will bring
up thePreferenceswindow where you can change various IDe options, such as were you
default Sketchbook is stored, etc.
Also, is the Quit option, which will Quit the program.The next menu is the File
menu. In here you get access to options to create a New sketch, take a look at Sketches
stored in your Sketchbook (as well as the Example Sketches), options to Save your Sketch
(or Save As if you want to give it a different name). You also have the option to upload
your sketch to the I/O Board (Arduino) as well as the Print options for printing out your
code.Next is the Edit menu. In here you get options to enable you to Cut, Copy and Paste
sections of code. Select All of your code as well as Find certain words or phrases within the
code. Also included are the useful Undo and Redo options which come in handy when you
make a mistake.

Our next menu is the Sketch menu which gives us access to the Verify/Compile
functions and some other useful functions you will use later on. These include the Import
Library option, which when clicked will bring up a list of the available libraries, stored
within yourThe next menu in the IDE is the Tools menu. Within this are the optionsto
select the Board and Serial Port we are using, as we did when setting upthe Arduino for
the first time. Also we have the Auto Format functionthat formats your code to make it
look nicer.

The Copy for Forum option will copy the code within the Sketch window, but in a
format that when pasted into the Arduino forum (or most other Forums for that matter) will
show up the same as it is in the IDE, along with syntax colouring, etc.The Archive Sketch
option will enable you tocompress your sketch into a ZIP file and asks you were you want
to store it.

5.2 Embedded C:
Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by the C

Standards Committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for
different embedded systems.
Historically, embedded C programming requires nonstandard extensions to the C

language in order to support exotic features such as fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct
memory banks, and basic I/O operations. In 2008, the C Standards Committee extended the
C language to address these issues by providing a common standard for all implementations
to adhere to. It includes a number of features not available in normal C, such as fixed-point
arithmetic, named address spaces and basic I/O hardware addressing. Embedded C uses
most of the syntax and semantics of standard C, e.g., main() function, variable definition,
datatype declaration, conditional statements (if, switch case), loops (while, for), functions,
arrays and strings, structures and union, bit operations, macros, etc.

5.3 Proteus Design Suite:
The Proteus Design Suite is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily for electronic
design automation. The software is used mainly by electronic design engineers and
technicians to create schematics and electronic prints for manufacturing printed circuit
boards. It was developed in Yorkshire, England by Lab center Electronics Ltd and is
available in English, French, Spanish and Chinese languages.
The first version of what is now the Proteus Design Suite was called PC-B and was
written by the company chairman, John Jameson, for DOS in 1988. Schematic Capture
support followed in 1990, with a port to the Windows environment shortly thereafter.
Mixed mode SPICE Simulation was first integrated into Proteus in 1996 and
microcontroller simulation then arrived in Proteus in 1998. Shape based auto routing was
added in 2002 and 2006 saw another major product update with 3D Board Visualization.
More recently, a dedicated IDE for simulation was added in 2011 and MCAD import/export
was included in 2015. Support for high speed design was added in 2017. Feature led
product releases are typically biannual, while maintenance-based service packs are released
as required.

CHAPTER 6
ADVANTAGES
6.1 ADVANTAGES:
 Occurrence of accident is detected without huge intervening time

 Immediate medication is provided to the accident victims even if the accident has
occurred in remote areas.
 Death percentage due to accidents can be immensely reduced due to less rescue
time.

CHAPTER 7
APPLICATIONS
7.1 APPLICATIONS:
 Reduces number of life risks after accidents
 Useful to protecting vehicles in parking at public places.
 Useful in tracing vehicle.
 Useful in monitoring the vehicle.

CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
This project gives a design which has many benefits like low cost, portability, small size.
This system uses the microcontroller in conjunction with MEMS sensor, GPS and GSM
interfacing which reduces the alarm time to a large level and gives the location of accident
accurately. It can also overcome the issue of lack of automated system for the detection of
the site of accident. As a result, the time for detecting the site is reduced and the person can
be treated as soon as possible which will save many lives. As per the above survey
In future we can interface different sensors with this paper, such as alcohol detector,
drowsiness detector, heart rate detector, etc. In terms of these we can really prevent accident
and save life. Security sensors to identify theft can also be added. It can be reprogrammed
to switch off vehicle and track the vehicle in theft. A wireless webcam can be added in this
for capturing the images which will help in providing driver`s assistance.

CHAPTER 9
REFERENCES
1. Abid Khan, Ravi Mishra ―GPS – GSM Based Tracking System‖, International
Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology,Volume3, Issue2, Pp: 161-169,
2012.
2. S.P. Bhumkar, V.V. Deotare, R.V.Babar ―Intelligent Car System for Accident
Prevention Using ARM-7‖, International Journal of Emerging Technology and
Advanced Engineering, Volume 2, Issue 4, Pp: 56-78, 2012
3. Partheeban , R. Rani Hemamalini, ‖Vehicular Emission Monitoring Using Internet
GPS and Sensors‖, International Conference on Environment, Energy and
Biotechnology vol.33 , Issue5,Pp:80 -96,201
4. BaburaoKodavati, V.K.Raju―GSM AND GPS BASED VEHICLE LOCATION
AND TRACKING SYSTEM‖ International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications, Vol. 1, issue no.3, PP16-6252012
5. Dr. Kamal Jain and Rahul Goel―GPS Based Low Cost Intelligent Vehicle
Tracking System (IVTS)‖ International Conference on Traffic and Transportation
Engineering, Vol. 26, issue no.36, PP:93-1022012
6. PoojaPathe,Prof. R.H.Talwekar ― GPRS BASED ROUTING& TRACKING OF
MOBILE VEHICLES USING ARM ‖ International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications, Vol.2,issueno.4Pp:1088-1090,2012
7. Ashish Kushwaha, Gaurav Katiyar, &HarshitaKatiyar, HemantYadav, Saxena
„GPS and GSM Based Accident Alarm System‟; National Student Conference On
“Advances in Electrical & Information Communication Technology”AEICT-2014.
8. Hu Jian-ming; Li Jie; Li Guang-Hui, "Automobile Anti-theft System Based on
GSM and GPS Module," Intelligent Networksand Intelligent Systems (ICINIS),
2012 Fifth International Conferenceon , vol., no., pp.199,201, 1-3 Nov. 2012

9. T. Krishna Kishore, T. SasiVardhan, N. Lakshmi Narayana “Vehicle Tracking using

A Reliable Embedded Data AcquisitionSystem with GPS and GSM” International
Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, February 2010.
10. Theodore S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications, Prentice Hall of India, 2nd
Edition, 2002.
11. Vikas Desai, Design and Implementation of GSM and GPS Based Vehicle Accident
Detection System, IJIT, Vol 01, Issue 03 2013.
12. M.AL-Rousan, A. R. AI-Ali and K. Darwish, GSM-Based Mobile Tele Monitoring
and Management System for Inter-Cities Public Transportations, ICIT,2004.
13. R.SGaonkar, Microprocessor architecture programming and Application Wiley
Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
14. P.D.Patinge, N. R. Kolhare (July 2012), Smart Onboard Public Information System
using GPS and GSM Integration for Public Transport, International Journal of
Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, Vol. 1, Issue V.

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Automatic accident Detection System and Rescue

Dept. of ECE, MTIET, Palamaner 1

Rescue time in an hour in existing system

Rescue time Hospital time

Figure 2.1: Rescue time in an hour in existing system

Dept. of ECE, MTIET, Palamaner 2

2.1 FLOW CHART:

MADE A PHONE CALL

RESCUE TEAM REACHED TO

Figure 2.2: Process flow in existing system

Dept. of ECE, MTIET, Palamaner 3

Rescue time Hospital treatment

Figure 3.1: Rescue time in an hour in proposed system

Dept. of ECE, MTIET, Palamaner 4

3.1 FLOW CHART:

OCCURANCE DETECTED USING

SENT ALERT TO RESCUE AMBULANCE

Figure 3.2: Process flow in proposed system

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4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Figure 4.1: Vehicle unit

4.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

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4.3 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION:

4.3.1 Power supply and its basic components:

Figure 4.2: Adapter

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Figure 4.3: Transformer

Figure 4.4: Rectifier

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Figure 4.5: Capacitor

4.3.1.5 Voltage regulators:

Dept. of ECE, MTIET, Palamaner 9

Figure 4.6: Voltage regulator

Figure 4.7: Arduino UNO board

Dept. of ECE, MTIET, Palamaner 10

The Arduino programming language is a simplified version of C/C++. If you know

4.3.2.1 Arduino hardware

Dept. of ECE, MTIET, Palamaner 11

Figure 4.8: The sequence of events to interact with external world

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Figure 4.9: The sequence of events to read a pin

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4.3.2.2 Technical specifications:

 Microcontroller: Microchip ATmega328P [7]

Figure 4.10: Plastic Dual In-Line Package (PDIP)

Dept. of ECE, MTIET, Palamaner 14

Figure 4.11: Top View of Thin Quad Flat Package

Dept. of ECE, MTIET, Palamaner 15

Figure 4.12: Top View of Micro Lead Frame

4.3.2.4 PIN DESCRIPTIONS

VCC: Digital supply voltage.

PORT B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2: Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O

Dept. of ECE, MTIET, Palamaner 16

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The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based

Dept. of ECE, MTIET, Palamaner 18

Figure 4.13: Architecture of Atmega328

The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P provides the following features: 4/8/16/32K

Dept. of ECE, MTIET, Palamaner 19

modes, internal and external interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-

The device is manufactured using Atmel‟s high-density non-volatile memory

Dept. of ECE, MTIET, Palamaner 20