Exercise 4.

1
52
Chapter 4
Polynomial in one variable is written as

Chapter 4 P( x)  ax2  bx  c or P( y)  ay 2  by  c .
Polynomial in two variables x and y is written
as P( x, y)  3x  4 y  8 .
Variable and Constant: Polynomial in three variables x, y and z is
A variable is a symbol which represents the written as P( x, y, z)  4 x  5 y  7 z .
elements of a non-empty set, for example, in
Algebraic Fraction: If A and B are two algebraic
A   x x  N , x  10 , x is a natural number
expressions, then BA where B  0 is called an
from 1 to 10. As the value of x is subject to algebraic fraction.
change, it is called a variable. The value of Example: Examine whether the following rational
natural number remains unchanged, so is expressions are in their lowest terms or not.
called constant. 9
Co-efficient and exponent: i).
x3
A constant number when multiplied with only 9
a variable term is called co-efficient of that Answer: Given that
x3
variable. For example, in 5x3 , 5 is called co- In given fraction no same factor is common in
efficient of x3 , and 3 is called the exponent or the numerator and denominator. So given
index of the variable. fraction is in its lowest term.
Variable: A symbol which represents the x2  7 x
elements of a non-empty set. ii).
x4
Algebraic expression: An expression which x2  7 x
consists of variable and constants connected Answer: Given that
x4
by algebraic operations of addition, In given fraction no same factor is common in
subtraction, multiplication, division, or root the numerator and denominator. So given
extraction or rising integral or fractional fraction is in its lowest term.
powers, is called an algebraic expression.
x2 1
Degree of an Algebraic expression: The largest iii).
exponent of the variable involved in an expression x 1
is called Degree of the expression x2 1
Answer: Given that
Term: Different parts of an algebraic x 1
expressions joined by the operations of In given fraction same factor is common in
addition or subtraction is called terms of an the numerator and denominator. So
algebraic expiration. x 2  1  x  1 x  1

Compound Expression: An expression x 1 x 1
consisting of two or more terms is called So given fraction is not its lowest term.
compound expression. Example: Reduce the following rational
Kinds of Algebraic Expressions: expressions to their lowest terms.
Polynomial expression: x3
i).
An expression of the form
 x  3 x  2 
P  x   a0 x  a1 x
n n 1
 a2 x n2
  an 1 x  an ,
1

x3
a0  0 and the co- Solution: Given that
where n is positive integer or zero,
 x  3 x  2 
efficients a0 , a1 , a2 , an1 , an are real numbers, this
1
is called a polynomial of degree n.  by cancelling same factor
Rational expression: an expression of the form x2
P( x) x 2  b2
, where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials and ii).
Q( x)  x  b  x2
Q( x)  0 is called Rational expression. x 2  b2
Solution: Given that
Irrational Expression.  x  b  x2
Similarly, an expression which cannot be written in
P( x) 
 x  b  x  b 
the form
Q( x)
, where P(x) and Q(x) are
 x  b  x2
polynomials and Q( x)  0 is called Irrational x b
 by cancelling Same factor
expression. x2
Polynomial with respect to variable: Example: Find the sum and difference of
rational expressions.
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise 4.1
53
Chapter 4
x2 x5 x  x  3
i). Add & 
x3 x3  x  2  x  3
x2 x5
Solution: Given & x 2  3x
x3 x3 
x  x  3  2  x  3
x2 x5 x2 x5
 
x3 x3 x3 x 2  3x

2x  7 x 2  3x  2 x  6

x3 x 2  3x
 2
4 6 x  x6
ii). Add &
x3 x3 m2 2m  6
vi). Multiply &
Solution: Given
4
&
6 3m  9 2m  4
x3 x3 m  2 2m  6
Solution: given 
4 6 x3 4 6 x 3 3m  9 2m  4
    
x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 m2 2  m  3
 
4  x  3  6  x  3 3  m  3 2  m  2 

 x  3 x  3 1
 by cancelling same factor
4 x  12  6 x  18 3

x 2  32 x2  x  2
vii). Divide 2   x  1
10 x  6 3x  9 x  6
 2
x 9 x2  x  2
Solution: Given 2   x  1
iii). Subtract
2
From
x 3x  9 x  6
 x  2  x  3  x  3 x  2  
x2  2x  x  2

1
Solution: Given to subtract 3  x  3x  2  x  1
2

x  x  2   1 x  2 
x 2
 1
 x  3 x  2   x  2  x  3 
3  x  2 x  1x  2 
2

x 1
x 3 x 2 x3
     x  1 x  2   1
x  3  x  3 x  2   x  2  x  3 x  3 
3  x  x  2   1 x  2   x  1
x  x  3  2  x  3
  x  1 x  2   1
 x  3 x  3 x  2  
3  x  1 x  2  x  1
x 2  3x  2 x  6

 x2  32   x  2  
1
3  x  1
by cancelling same factor
x2  5x  6
 Exercise 4.1
 x2  9  x  2
Q1.Find which of following expressions are
1 1 1
iv).   polynomials?
x  y x  y  x  y  x  y  i). 1  5 y  8 y 2  6 y3
1 1 1 Answer: Polynomial
Solution: Given  
x  y x  y  x  y  x  y  5 3
ii). 
x y 1 1 x y 1 x 4x 1
2
    
x  y x  y x  y x  y  x  y  x  y  Answer: Not Polynomial but Rational
x  y  x  y 1 iii).
x

 x  y  x  y  6x 1
Answer: Not a Polynomial but irrational
2x 1
 2 expression
x  y2
Q2. Which of the following expressions
x x3 are in lowest terms;
v). Simplify .
x 2 x3 5 y2  5
x x3 i).
Solution: Given . y 1
x 2 x3
Answer: Not in lowest term

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise 4.1
54
Chapter 4
5 y 2  5 5  y  1 2  a  3
2

 
y 1 y 1 a 2  32
5  y  1 y  1 2  a  3
 
y 1  a  3 a  3
 5  y  1 
2
by cancelling same factor
a 3
x2  9
ii). Q4. Add following rational expressions.
x2
Answer: lowest term i). 4x2  5x 10, 2x2  5x  10
x 2  9 x 2  32 Sol: Given  4 x 2  5 x  10    2 x 2  5 x  10 

x2 x2  4 x 2  2 x 2  5 x  5 x  10  10

 x  3 x  3 not having same factors  6 x2
x2
y  9 7 y  7
x y ii). ,
iii). y2  3 y2  3
x2  y 2
y  9 7 y  7
Answer: Not in lowest term Sol: Given 2 
x y x y y  3 y2  3
 y 97y  7
x y
2 2
 x  y  x  y  
y2  3
1
 by cancelling same factor y 7y 9 4
x y 
y2  3
Q3: Reduced the following rational 6 y  13
expressions to their lowest term:  2
y 3
x 5
i). y 2y
x2  5x iii). ,
x 5 y4 y4
Solution: Given y 2y
x2  5x Solution: Given 
x 5 y4 y4
 y4 y4
x  x  5  
y

2y

y4 y4 y4 y4
1
 by cancelling same factor y  y  4  2 y  y  4
x 
y 2  42
t 3  t  3
ii). y2  4 y  2 y2  8 y
 t  3 t  5 
y 2  16
t 3  t  3 3y2  4 y
Solution: Given 
 t  3 t  5 y 2  16
t3 t 3t
 by cancelling same factor iv). ,
t 5 t  25 t  5
2

1 t 3t
x4  4 Solution: Given 2 
x t  25 t  5
iii).
1 t 3t t  5
x2  2  2  
x t  25 t  5 t  5
1 t  3t  t  5 
x4  4 
Solution: Given x t 2  25
1 t  3t 2  15t
x2  2 
x t 2  25
Can not be reduce further 3t 2  14t
 2
2a  6 t  25
iv).
a2  9 Q5. Subtract the first expression from
2a  6 the second in the following:
Solution: Given 2
a 9 i). y 2  4 y 15,8 y 2  2
Solution: Given  8 y 2  2    y 2  4 y  15 

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise 4.1
55
Chapter 4
 8 y 2  2  y 2  4 y  15 x  4 x2  9
ii). .
 8 y 2  y 2  4 y  15  2 3  x x 2  16
x  4 x2  9
 7 y 2  4 y  17 Solution: Given .
3  x x 2  16
8x2  7 8x2  7
ii). , x  4 x 2  32
x2  1 x2  1  .
 x  3 x 2  42
8x2  7 8x2  7
Solution: Given 2  2 x  4  x  3 x  3
x 1 x 1  .
  x  3  x  4  x  4 
8x  7  8x  7
2 2
 x3 x3
x2  1  
  x  4  x  4
14
 2 x3
x 1 
4 x
1 2a
iii). , 2 3x  15 x 2  9
a 3 a 9 iii). 
2 x  6 x 2  25
2a 1
Solution: Given 2  3x  15 x 2  9
a 9 a 3 Solution: Given 
2 x  6 x 2  25
2a 1 a3 3  x  5  x 2  32
 2 3   
a 3 a 3 a 3 2  x  3  x 2  52
2a   a  3 
 3  x  5   x  3 x  3
a 2  32  
2  x  3  x  5  x  5 
2a  a  3
 2 2 3  x  3
a 3 
a 3 2  x  5

 a  3 a  3 Q7. Simplify the following
2 y  10
1 i).   y  5
 3y
a3
2 y  10
x x2 Solution: Given   y  5
iv). , 3y
3x  6 x  2
x2 2  y  5 1
Solution: Given 
x  
x  2 3x  6 3y y 5
x2 x 2
  
x  2 3 x  2 3y
3 x  2  x ii).
p r p
 .

3 x  2 q q q
p r p
3x  6  x Solution: Given  .
 q q q
3 x  2
p q p
2x  6   .
 q r q
3 x  2
p2
2  x  3 
 qr
3 x  2 a2  9 a 3
iii). 
Q6. Simplify  a  6  a  4  a  6
2x 4x  6 a2  9 a 3
i). . Solution: Given 
6 x  9 x2  x  a  6  a  4  6
a
2x 4x  6 a 2  32 a6
Solution: Given .  
6 x  9 x2  x  a  6  a  4  a  3
2x 2  2 x  3
 .  a  3 a  3  a  6
3  2 x  3 x  x  1 
 a  6  a  4  a  3
4 a3
 
3  x  1 a4

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise No 4.2
56
Chapter 4
Value of an algebraic expression at particular real number Solution: 2a-3b+2c=2(3)-3(-1)+2(2)
The value of the polynomial P  x  for any =6+3+4
real number can be obtained by just = 13
replacing x of P  x  by that real number. Q2. Evaluate following when x=-5, y=2
Example: When x  3 find the value of i). 7-3xy
i). 2 x 2  3x Solution: 7-3xy = 7-3(-5)(2)
Sol: Given 2 x2  3x =7 + 30
Putting the value of x  3 we get =37
 2  3  3  3
2
ii). x2  xy  y2
 2 9  9 Solution: x2  xy  y2
 18  9   5    5  2    2 
2 2

 27
=  25  10  4
 3x   x 2
2
ii).  19
Sol: Given  3x   x 2 3x    4 y 
2
iii).
2 2

Putting the value of x  3 we get Solution: Given 3x    4 y 

2 2

 3  3    3

2 2

 3  5     4  2  
2 2

  9  9
2
  15  8
2 2

 81  9  225  64
 72  161
Example: when x  2, y  3 find the of Q3. Evaluate the following when
i). x2  y 2 k  2,l  3, m  4
Sol: Given x2  y 2 i). k2 2.l  3m
Putting the value of x  2, y  3 we get Solution: k2 2.l  3m   2 2 3  3  4   
2

  2    3 
2 2

 4  6  12
 49  4  6
 5  24
 2x   3 y 
2 2
ii). ii). 5m k2  l2
Sol: Given  2 x    3 y 
2 2
Solution: 5m k2  l2  5  4   2  3
2 2

Putting the value of x  2, y  3 we get

 20 4  9  20 13
  2  2    3  3 
2 2

k l  m
iii).
  4    9 
2 2
k  l2  m2
2

 16  81
Solution:
k l  m

 2  3   4 
k l  m  2  3   4 
2
2 2 2 2 2
 65
Exercise No 4.2 2  3  4

Q1. Evaluate the following when 4  9  16
5
a=3,b=-1,c=2 
29
i). 5a-10
a 1 1
Solution: 5a-10= 5(5)-10 Q4i). Evaluate when a 
4a  1
2
2
=15-10 a 1 1
=5 Sol: Given putting a  we get
4a  1
2
2
ii). 3b+5c 1   1
2

   1   4    1

  
Solution: 3b+5c = 3(-1)+5(2) 2   2  
1 2  1 
= - 3+10 
2
  4   1
 4 
=7 
3
 1  1 
3
2
2 2
iii). 2a-3b+2c 
3 1
 
3
2 2 4

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise No 4.3
57
Chapter 4
a 1 1 Taking LHS
Q4ii). Evaluate when a 
4a  1  a  b   a  b
2 2 2
2
a 1 1
Sol: Given putting a  we get  a 2  2ab  b 2  a 2  2ab  b 2
4a  1
2
2
 a 2  a 2  b2  b2
 1    1  
2

  1   4    1
 2 
   2    2a 2  2b 2



1  2  1 
  4   1  2  a 2  b2 
2  4 
1 1 Formula 5:
  1  1   2
 a  b    a  b   4ab
2 2 2 2

1 1 1
   Taking LHS
2 2 4
abc  a  b   a  b
2 2

Q5. If a  9, b  12, c  15 and s 

2   a 2  2ab  b 2    a 2  2ab  b 2 
Find the value of s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
 a 2  2ab  b 2  a 2  2ab  b 2
Solution: Given a  9, b  12, c  15 Find
 2ab  2ab
abc
s and s  s  a  s  b  s  c   4ab
2
abc Formulae:
First to find s  putting values 1.  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2
2
2
9  12  15 36 2.  a  b   a 2  2ab  b 2
2
s   18
2 2
3.  a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2
Now to find s  s  a  s  b  s  c  putting
4.  a  b    a  b   4ab
2 2

 18 18  9 18  12 18  15 

5.  a  b    a  b   2  a 2  b2 
2 2

 18  9  6  3
Example: Find the values of a 2  b2 and ab
 2916 when a  b  5 and a  b  2
 54 Sol: Given a  b  5 & a  b  2 a 2  b2 =?
Formula 1:  a  b   a 2  2ab  b 2 Using formula 2  a 2  b2    a  b    a  b 
2 2 2

Taking LHS Putting values 2  a 2  b2    5   2 

2 2

 a  b    a  b  a  b 
2

2  a 2  b2   25  4
 a  a  b  b  a  b
29
 a 2  ab  ba  b 2 a 2  b2 
2
 a 2  ab  ab  b 2  ab  ba 4ab   a  b    a  b 
2 2
Now using
 a  2ab  b
2 2
Putting values 4ab   5    2 
2 2

Formula 2:  a  b   a 2  2ab  b 2
2
4ab  25  4
Taking LHS 21
 a  b
2
  a  b  a  b  ab 
4
 a  a  b  b a  b
Exercise No 4.3
 a 2  ab  ba  b 2
 a 2  ab  ab  b 2  ab  ba
Q1. Find values of x2  y2 and xy, when
 a 2  2ab  b 2 i). x+y = 8, x-y = 3
Formula 3:  a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2 Sol: Using 2  x2  y 2    x  y    x  y 
2 2

Taking LHS Putting the values

 a  b  a  b   a  a  b   b  a  b  2  x 2  y 2    8    3
2 2

 a 2  ab  ba  b 2
2  x 2  y 2   64  9
 a 2  ab  ab  b 2  ab  ba
 a 2  b2 73
x2  y 2 
Formula 4: 2
 a  b    a  b   2  a 2  b2  Now Using 4xy   x  y    x  y 
2 2 2 2

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise No 4.3
58
Chapter 4
Putting values 4xy  7 2  42
4 xy   8    3 4xy  49  16
2 2

4 xy  64  9 4xy  33
33
xy 
55 xy   8.25
4 4
ii). x+y = 10, x-y = 7 Q2.i) Find the values of a 2  b2 , and ab
Sol: Given x+y = 10, x-y = 7 when a+b = 7, a–b=3
Using 2  x  y    x  y    x  y  Sol: Given a+b = 7, a – b = 3
2 2 2 2

Using 2  a 2  b2    a  b    a  b 
2 2
Putting the values
2  x 2  y 2   10    7  Putting the values
2 2

2  a 2  b 2    7    3
2 2
2 x  y
2 2
  100  49
149 2  a 2  b 2   49  9
x y  2 2

2 58
a 2  b2   29
Now Using 4xy   x  y    x  y 
2 2
2
Now Using 4ab   a  b    a  b 
2 2
Putting the values
4 xy  10    7 
2 2
Putting the values
4ab   7    3
2 2
4 xy  100  49
51 4ab  49  9
xy 
4 40
ab   10
iii). x+y = 11, x-y = 5 4
Sol: x+y = 11, x-y = 5 Q2.ii) Find the values of a 2  b2 , and ab
Using 2  x  y    x  y    x  y  when a+b = 9, a–b=1
2 2 2 2

Putting the values Sol: Given a+b = 9, a – b = 1

2  x 2  y 2   11   5  Using 2  a 2  b2    a  b    a  b 
2 2
2 2

Putting the values

2  x 2  y 2   121  25
2  a 2  b 2    9   1
2 2

146
x2  y 2 
 73
2 2  a 2  b 2   81  1
Now Using 4xy   x  y    x  y 
2 2
82
a 2  b2   41
Putting the values 2
Now Using 4ab   a  b    a  b 
2 2
4 xy  11   5 
2 2

4 xy  121  25 Putting the values

4ab   9   1
2 2
96
xy   24
4 4ab  81  1
iv). x+y = 7, x-y = 4 80
ab   20
Sol: Given x+y = 7, x-y = 4 4
 
Using 2 x2  y2   x  y    x  y  Q3i). If a  b  10 and a  b  6 then
2 2

find the value of a 2  b2

Putting the values
Sol: Given a  b  10 & a  b  6

2 x2  y2  7 2  42 Using 2  a 2  b2    a  b    a  b 
2 2

2 x 2
 y2   49  16
Putting the values
2 x 2
 y2   65
2  a 2  b2   10    6 
2 2
65
x y 
2
 32.5
2

2 2  a 2  b2   100  36
Now Using 4xy   x  y    x  y 
2 2
136
a 2  b2   68
Putting the values 2

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise No 4.3
59
Chapter 4
Q3ii). If a  b  5 and a  b  17 then Formula6:
 a  b  c   a 2  b2  c 2  2  ab  bc  ca 
2
find the value of ab
Sol: Given a  b  5 and a  b  17 Proof: Taking LHS
 a  b  c    a  b  c  a  b  c 
2
Using 4ab   a  b    a  b 
2 2

Putting the values  a a  b  c  b a  b  c  c a  b  c

4ab   5   17   a 2  ab  ac  ba  b 2  bc  ca  cb  c 2
2 2

 a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  ab  bc  bc  ca  ca
4ab  25  17
 a 2  b 2  c 2  2ab  2bc  2ca
8
ab   2  a 2  b 2  c 2  2  ab  bc  ca 
4
Q4. Find the value of 4xy when Example: Find the value of a 2  b2  c2
x  y  17 and x  y  5 when a  b  c  9 and ab  bc  ca  20
Sol: Given a  b  c  9 & ab  bc  ca  20
Sol: Given x  y  17 and x  y  5
using  a  b  c   a 2  b 2  c 2  2  ab  bc  ca 
2

Using 4xy   x  y    x  y 
2 2

Putting values  9   a 2  b 2  c 2  2  20 
2

Putting the values

81  a 2  b 2  c 2  40
4 xy  17    5 
2 2

81  40  a 2  b 2  c 2
4 xy  289  25
Or a2  b2  c2  41
xy  264 Example: Find the value of a  b  c when
Q5. If x  y  11 and x  y  3 , a 2  b2  c2 = 29 and ab  bc  ca  26
find 8xy  x 2  y 2  Sol: a  b  c = 29 & ab  bc  ca  26
2 2 2

using  a  b  c   a 2  b 2  c 2  2  ab  bc  ca 
2

Sol: Given x  y  11 and x  y  3

Putting values  a  b  c   29  2  26 
2
Using 2  x2  y 2    x  y    x  y 
2 2

 a  b  c   29  52
2
Putting the values
2  x 2  y 2   11   3  a  b  c   81
2 2 2

2  x 2  y 2   121  9 Taking square root on both sides

a  b  c  81
2

2  x 2  y 2   130......... 1
abc  9
Now Using 4xy   x  y    x  y 
2 2

Example: Find the value of ab  bc  ca

Putting the values when a  b  c  14 and a 2  b2  c2 = 78
4 xy  11   3
2 2
Sol: Given a  b  c  14 & a  b  c = 78
2 2 2

using  a  b  c   a 2  b 2  c 2  2  ab  bc  ca 
2
4 xy  121  9
4 xy  112................  2  Putting values 14   78  2  ab  bc  ca 
2

Multiplying eq (1) and (2) we get 196  78  2  ab  bc  ca 

 
4 xy  2 x 2  y 2  112 130 118
 ab  bc  ca
8 xy  x 2
 y2   14560 2
Or ab  bc  ca  59
Q6. If u  v  7 and uv  12 , find u  v Example: Find the value of ab  bc  ca
Sol: Given u  v  7 & uv  12 when a  b  c  12 and a 2  b2  c2 = 78
Using  u  v    u  v   4uv Sol: a  b  c  12 & a  b  c = 78
2 2 2 2 2

using  a  b  c   a 2  b 2  c 2  2  ab  bc  ca 
2

Putting the values

Putting values 12   78  2  ab  bc  ca 
2
 u  v    7   4 12 
2 2

144  78  2  ab  bc  ca 
 u  v   49  48
2

66
u  v   1
2  ab  bc  ca
2
Taking square root on both sides Or ab  bc  ca  33
u  v  1 Formula:

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise No 4.4
60
Chapter 4
a  b  c
2
 a 2  b 2  c 2  2ab  2bc  2ca Or ab  bc  ca  44
Q3ii): Find the value of ab  bc  ca when
Exercise No 4.4 a  b  c  5 and a2  b2  c2 = 12
Sol: Given a  b  c  5 and a  b  c = 12
2 2 2
Q1i): Find the value of a 2  b2  c2 when
using  a  b  c   a 2  b 2  c 2  2  ab  bc  ca 
2
a  b  c  5 and ab  bc  ca  - 4
Sol: Given a  b  c  5 and ab  bc  ca  - 4 Putting values  5   12  2  ab  bc  ca 
2

using  a  b  c   a 2  b 2  c 2  2  ab  bc  ca 
2

25  12  2  ab  bc  ca 
Putting values  5   a  b  c  2  4 
2 2 2 2
13
 ab  bc  ca
25  a  b  c  8
2 2 2
2
25  8  a 2  b 2  c 2 13
Or ab  bc  ca 
Or a2  b2  c2  33 2
Q1ii): Find the value of a 2  b2  c2 when x  y  z  xy  yz  zx
2 2 2

Q4. Prove that

a  b  c  5 and ab  bc  ca  - 2 2 2 2
Sol: Given a  b  c  5 & ab  bc  ca  -2
 x y  yz  zx
     
using  a  b  c   a 2  b 2  c 2  2  ab  bc  ca 
2  2   2   2 
Proof: Taking RHS
Putting values  5   a 2  b 2  c 2  2  2 
2
2 2 2
 x y  yz  zx
25  a  b  c  4    
2 2 2
 
 2   2   2 
25  4  a 2  b 2  c 2 x 2  y 2  2 xy y 2  z 2  2 yz z 2  x 2  2 zx
Or a2  b2  c2  29   
2 2 2
Q2i): Find the value of a  b  c when x  y  2 xy  y  z  2 yz  z  x  2 zx
2 2 2 2 2 2

a 2  b2  c2 = 38 and ab  bc  ca  - 1 
2
Sol: Given a  b  c = 38 & ab  bc  ca  - 1
2 2 2
x  x  y  y  z  z 2  2 xy  2 yz  2 zx
2 2 2 2 2
using  a  b  c   a 2  b 2  c 2  2  ab  bc  ca 
2

2
Putting values  a  b  c   38  2  1
2
2 x  2 y  2 z  2 xy  2 yz  2 zx
2 2 2

 a  b  c   38  2
2
2
2  x  y  z  xy  yz  zx 
2 2 2

 a  b  c   36
2

2
Taking square root on both sides
 x  y  z  xy  yz  zx  LHS
2 2 2

a  b  c  36
2
Q5. write 2  x 2  y 2  z 2  xy  yz  zx  as
abc  6 the sum of three square.
Q2ii): Find the value of a  b  c when Sol: Given 2  x 2  y 2  z 2  xy  yz  zx 
a 2  b2  c2 = 10 and ab  bc  ca  11
 2 x 2  2 y 2  2 z 2  2 xy  2 yz  2 zx
Sol: Given a  b  c = 10 & ab  bc  ca  11
2 2 2

using  a  b  c   a 2  b 2  c 2  2  ab  bc  ca 
2  x 2  x 2  y 2  y 2  z 2  z 2  2 xy  2 yz  2 zx
Rearranging the terms
Putting values  a  b  c   10  2 11
2

 x 2  y 2  2 xy  y 2  z 2  2 yz  z 2  x 2  2 zx
 a  b  c   10  22
2

  x  y   y  z   z  x
2 2 2

 a  b  c   32
2
Q6. Find the value of a2  b2  c2  ab  bc  ca
Taking square root on both sides when a  b = 2, b  c = 3, c  a = 4
a  b  c
2
 32  16  2 Sol: Given a  b = 2, b  c = 3, c  a = 4 using
2 a 2  b2  c2  ab  bc  ca    a  b    b  c    c  a 
2 2 2

abc  4 2
putting the values
Q3i): Find the value of ab  bc  ca when
2  a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ca    2    3   4 
2 2 2
a  b  c  12 and a2  b2  c2 = 56
Sol: Given a  b  c  12 and a  b  c = 56 2  a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ca   4  9  16
2 2 2

using  a  b  c   a  b  c  2  ab  bc  ca 
2 2 2 2
29
a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ca 
Putting values 12   56  2  ab  bc  ca 
2
2
144  56  2  ab  bc  ca  Formula7:  a  b   a 3  3ab  a  b   b3
3

88
2  ab  bc  ca
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise 4.5
61
Chapter 4
Proof Taking LHS  a  b 
3 3
 1 1  1
Using  x    x3  3  3  x  
  a  b  a  b   x  x
2
x
Putting the values
  a  b   a 2  2ab  b 2 
1
 5  x3  3  3  5 
3

 a  a 2  2ab  b 2   b  a 2  2ab  b 2  x
 a3  2a 2b  ab 2  a 2b  2ab 2  b3 1
125  x3  3  15
 a 3  2a 2b  a 2b  ab 2  2ab 2  b3 x
1
 a 3  3a 2b  3ab 2  b3 125  15  x3  3
x
 a 3  3ab  a  b   b3  RHS 1
Or x3  3  110
Formula8:  a  b   a 3  3ab  a  b   b3 x
3

Proof Taking LHS  a  b 

3 Exercise 4.5
Q1: i). Find the value of a3  b3 , when
  a  b  a  b 
2
a  b  4 and ab  5
  a  b   a  2ab  b
2 2
 Sol: Given a  b  4, ab  5, a3  b3 =?
 a  a 2  2ab  b 2   b  a 2  2ab  b 2  Using  a  b   a 3  b3  3ab  a  b 
3

 a 3  2a 2b  ab 2  a 2b  2ab 2  b3 Putting the values

 4  a3  b3  3  5 4 
3
 a  2a b  a b  ab  2ab  b
3 2 2 2 2 3

 a 3  3a 2b  3ab 2  b3 64  a3  b3  60

 a 3  3ab  a  b   b3  RHS 64  60  a3  b3
Or a 3  b3  4
Formulae
Q1: ii). Find the value of a3  b3 , when
 a  b   a3  3ab  a  b   b3
3

a  b  3 and ab  20
 a  b   a3  3ab  a  b   b3
3
Sol: Given a  b  3 and ab  20
Example: Find the value of a3  b3 , when Using  a  b   a 3  b3  3ab  a  b 
3

a  b  5 and ab  10 Putting the values

Sol: Given a  b  5, ab  10 & a3  b3 =?
 3  a3  b3  3  20  3
3

Using  a  b   a  b  3ab  a  b 
3 3 3

27  a3  b3  180
Putting the values
27  180  a3  b3
 5  a  b  3 10  5
3 3 3
Or a3  b3  153
125  a3  b3  150 Q1: iii). Find the value of a3  b3 , when
125  150  a3  b3 a  b  4 and ab  2
Or a3  b3  25 Sol: Given a  b  4 and ab  2
Example: Find the value of a3  b3 , when Using  a  b   a 3  b3  3ab  a  b 
3

a  b  2 and ab  15
Putting the values  4   a 3  b3  3  2  4 
3

Sol: Given a  b  2, ab  15 and a3  b3 =?

64  a 3  b3  24
Using  a  b   a  b  3ab  a  b 
3 3 3

64  24  a 3  b3
Putting the values
Or a3  b3  40
 2   a3  b3  3 15 2 
3
Q2: i). Find the value of a3  b3 , when
8  a  b  90
3 3
a  b  5 and ab  7
8  90  a  b 3 3
Sol: Given a  b  5 and ab  7
Or a3  b3  98 Using  a  b   a 3  b3  3ab  a  b 
3

1 1
Example: Find value of x  , when x   5 Putting the values  5   a 3  b3  3  7  5 
3 3
3
x x
1 1 125  a 3  b3  105
Sol: Given x   5 & x 3  3 = ?
x x 125  105  a 3  b3
Or a3  b3  230
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise 4.5
62
Chapter 4
Q2: ii). Find the value of a3  b3 , when Or x3 
1
2
a  b  2 and ab  15 x3
Sol: Given a  b  2 and ab  15 1 1 3
, when x  
Q4: i). Find value of x 
3
3
Using  a  b   a 3  b3  3ab  a  b  x x 2
3

1 3 1
Putting the values Sol: Given x   Find x 3  3
x 2 x
 2  a3  b3  3 15 2 
3
3
 1 1  1
Using  x    x3  3  3  x  
8  a3  b3  90  x x  x
8  90  a3  b3 Putting the values
Or a3  b3  98 3
3
1 3
   x  3  3 
3
Q2: iii). Find the value of a3  b3 , when 2 x 2
a  b  7 and ab  6 27 1 9
 x3  3 
Sol: a  b  7 & ab  6, a3  b3 =? 8 x 2
Using  a  b   a 3  b3  3ab  a  b 
3
27 9 4 1
   x3  3
Putting the values  7   a 3  b3  3  6  7 
3 8 2 4 x
1 27  36
343  a 3  b3  126 Or x3  3 
x 8
343  126  a 3  b3 1 63
x3  3 
Or a3  b3  469 x 8
1 1 5 1 1 7
Q4: ii). Find value of x  3 , when x  
3
Q3: i). Find value of x  3 , when x  
3

x x 2 x x 3
1 7 1
1 5
Sol: Given x   Find x 3  3
1 Sol: Given x   Find x 3  3
x 2 x x 3 x
3
 1 1
3
 1  1 1  1
Using  x    x3  3  3  x   Using  x    x3  3  3  x  
 x x  x  x x  x
Putting the values Putting the values
3
5
3
1 5 7 1 7
   x  3  3 
3
   x  3  3 
3

2 x 2 3 x 3

125 1 15 343 1 21
 x3  3   x3  3 
8 x 2 27 x 3
125 15 4 1 343 21 9 1
   x3  3    x3  3
8 2 4 x 27 3 9 x
1 125  60 1 343  189
Or x3  3  Or x3  3 
x 8 x 27
1 65 1 532
x3  3  x3  3 
x 8 x 27
1 1 1 1 15
Q4: iii). Find value of x  3 , when x  
3
Q3: ii). Find value of x  3 , when x   2
3

x x x x 4
1 15 1
1
Sol: Given x   2 Find x 3  3
1 Sol: Given x   Find x 3  3
x x x 4 x
3
 1
3
 1  1 1  1
1
Using  x    x3  3  3  x   Using  x    x3  3  3  x  
 x x  x  x x  x
Putting the values Putting the values
3
1  15  1  15 
 2   x3  3  3  2     x  3  3 
3 3

x 4 x 4
1 3375 1 45
8  x3  3  6  x3  3 
x 64 x 4
1 3375 45 16 1
8  6  x3  3    x3  3
x 64 4 16 x

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise 4.5
63
Chapter 4
1 3375  720 u 3  v3  3uv  3   3
3
Or x3 
x3 64
u 3  v3  9uv  27
1 4095
x3  3  Hence proved
x 64
1 1 1
1 1 Q9. If a   2 , find a 2  2 , a 3  3
Q5. If 3a   4 , find 27a3  3 a a a
a a
1
1 1 and a 4  4
Sol: Given 3a   4 , find 27a3  3 a
a a
1
Using  a  b   a 3  b3  3ab  a  b 
3
Sol: Given a   2
a
3
Accordingly  3a  1   27a3  1  3  3a  1  3a  1   1
2
1 1
 a 3
a a a using  a    a 2  2  2a
 a a a
Putting the values
1
1 Putting a   2 in above identity
 4  27a3  9  4
3
a
a3 1
 2  a2  2  2
2
1
64  27a3  3  36 a
a 1
1 4  2  a2  2
64  36  27a3  3 a
a 1
1 Or a2  2  2
Or 27a3  3  28 a
a
Again squaring both sides
1 1
Q6. If x   6 , find x 3  3  2 1 
2

a  2   2
2
2x 8x
1 1  a 
Sol: Given x   6 , find x 3  3
2x 8x 1 1
a 4  4  2a 2 2  4
Using  a  b   a  b  3ab  a  b 
3 3 3 a a
1
3
Accordingly  x  1   x3  1  3x 1  x  1  a4  4  4  2
2x  
8 x3 2x 
2x 
a
1
Putting the values a4  4  2
1 3 a
 6   x3  3   6 
3
3
 1 1  1
8x 2 Now using  a    a3  3  3  a  
1  a a  a
216  x3  3  9
1
8x Putting a   2 in above identity
1 a
216  9  x3  3 1
 2   a3  3  3  2 
3
8x
1 a
Or x3  3  225
8x 1
8  a3  3  6
Q7. If a  b  6 show that a
a3  b3  18ab  216 8  6  a3  3
1
Sol: Given a  b  6 a
1
Using a 3  b3  3ab  a  b    a  b  Or
3
a3  3  2
a
Putting the value of a  b = 6
Formula 9: a 3  b3   a  b   a 2  ab  b 2 
a3  b3  3ab  6    6 
3

a  b  18ab  216
3 3 
Proof: Taking RHS  a  b  a 2  ab  b 2 
Hence proved  a  a 2  ab  b2   b  a 2  ab  b 2 
Q8. If u  v  3 show that  a3  a 2b  ab2  a 2b  ab2  b3
u3  v3  9uv  27 Rearranging
Sol: Given u  v  3  a 3  a 2b  a 2b  ab 2  ab 2  b3
Using u 3  v3  3uv  u  v    u  v 
3
 a 3  b3  LHS
Putting the value of u  v = 3 Hence proved

Formula 10: a 3  b3   a  b  a 2  ab  b 2 
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise No 4.6
64
Chapter 4

Proof: Taking RHS  a  b  a 2  ab  b 2  Example: Find the continued product of

 a  a 2  ab  b2   b  a 2  ab  b 2 
 x  y  x  y   x 2  xy  y 2  x 2  xy  y 2 
Sol  x  y  x  y   x 2  xy  y 2  x 2  xy  y 2 
 a3  a 2b  ab2  a 2b  ab2  b3
Rearranging Rearranging
 a 3  a 2b  a 2b  ab 2  ab 2  b3   x  y   x 2  xy  y 2   x  y   x 2  xy  y 2 
 a 3  b3  LHS   x3  y 3  x3  y 3 
Hence proved
  x3    y 3 
2 2

Example 19: Find the value of a  b when 3 3

a  b  4 and ab  3  x6  y 6
Sol: Using  a  b   a 3  b3  3ab  a  b  Formulae:
3

Putting the values a 3  b3   a  b   a 2  ab  b 2 

 4
3
 a3  b3  3  3 4  a 3  b3   a  b   a 2  ab  b 2 
64  a3  b3  36 Exercise No 4.6
64  36  a  b Q1:i). Find Product  a  1  a 2  a  1
3 3

Or a3  b3  28
Sol: Given  a  1  a 2  a  1
Example 20: Find value of a3  b3 , when
a  b  2 and ab  10  a  a 2  a  1  1 a 2  a  1
Sol: Using  a  b   a 3  b3  3ab  a  b 
3
 a3  a 2  a  a 2  a  1
Putting the values Rearranging
 2
3
 a3  b3  3 10  2   a3  a 2  a 2  a  a  1

8  a3  b3  60  a3  1
Hence the required product = a3  1
8  60  a3  b3
Or a3  b3  68 Q1:ii). Find Product  3  b   9  3b  b 2 
 1  2 1  Sol: Given  3  b   9  3b  b 2 
Example: Find product  x   x  2  1
 x  x   3  9  3b  b 2   b  9  3b  b 2 
 1  2 1 
Sol: Given  x   x  2  1  27  9b  3b2  9b  3b2  b3
 x  x 
Rearranging
 1  1 1 
 x  x 2  2  1   x 2  2  1  27  9b  9b  3b 2  3b 2  b3
 x  x x 
2  27  b3
x x 1 1
 x3  2  x   3  Hence the required product  27  b3
x x x x
1 1 1 Q1:iii). Find Product  8  b   64  8b  b 2 
 x3   x  x  3 
x x x Sol: Given  8  b   64  8b  b 2 
 8  64  8b  b2   b  64  8b  b 2 
1
 x3  3
x
 1  2 1   512  64b  8b2  64b  8b2  b3
Example: Find product  x   x  2  1
 x  x  Rearranging
 1  2 1   512  64b  64b  8b 2  8b 2  b3
Sol: Given  x   x  2  1
 x  x   512  b3
 1  1 1  Hence the required product  512  b3
 x  x 2  2  1   x 2  2  1
 x  x x  Q1:iv). Find Product  a  2   a 2  2a  4 
Sol: Given  a  2   a 2  2a  4 
2
x x 1 1
 x3  2  x   3 
x x x x
1 1 1  a  a 2  2a  4   2  a 2  2a  4 
 x3   x  x  3 
x x x  a 3  2a 2  4a  2a 2  4a  8
 x3  3
1 Rearranging
x
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise No 4.6
65
Chapter 4
 a 3  2a 2  2a 2  4a  4a  8 Q2:iv). Find Product  5 p  1   25 p 2  1  1
  
5p 25 p 2
  
 a3  8
 1  1 
Hence the required product = a3  8 Sol: Given  5 p    25 p 
2
2
 1
 5p  25 p 
Q2:i). Find Product  2 p  1   4 p 2  1 
 1   1  
  1 1
 2 p  4 p2   5 p  25 p 2  2
 1   25 p 
2
2
 1
 25 p  5 p  25 p 
 1  2 1 
Sol: Given  2 p   4 p  2  1 5p 25 p 2
1 1
 2 p  4p   125 p 3  5p   
25 p 2 5p 125 p 3 5 p
 1  1  2 1 
 2 p  4 p 2  2  1   4 p  2  1 Rearranging and simplifying
 4p  2p  4p   125 p 3 
1

1
5p 5p 
1
2p 4p2
1 1 5p 5p 125 p 3
 8 p3  2
2p   3 1
4p 2p 8p 2p  125 p 3 
125 p 3
Rearranging and simplifying 1
1 1 1 Hence required product = 125 p3 
 8 p3   2p  2p  3 125 p3
2p 2p 8p Q3: i) Find the continued product of
 8 p3  3
1 x 2
 y 2  x 2  xy  y 2  x 2  xy  y 2 
  x  xy  y  x  xy  y 
8p
Sol: x 2  y 2 2 2 2 2
1
Hence the required product  8 p3  3
8p   x  y  x  y   x  xy  y  x  xy  y 
2 2 2 2

Q2:ii). Find Product  3p


2   9 p2

4 
 1
Rearranging
 
 2 3p  4 9 p2    x  y   x 2  xy  y 2   x  y   x 2  xy  y 2 
 3 p 2   9 p2 4    x3  y 3  x 3  y 3 
Sol: Given     2  1
 2 3 p  4 9p 
  x3    y 3 
2 2

3p  9 p 2
4  2 9p 2
4 
   2  1    2  1  x6  y 6
2  4 9p  3p  4 9p 
Q3: ii) Find the continued product of

27 p3 12 p 3 p 18 p 2
 2
  
8
3

2
 x  y  x  y   x 2  y 2  x 4  y 4 
8 18 p 2 12 p 27 p 3 p
Sol: Given  x  y  x  y   x  y  x  y 
2 2 4 4
Rearranging and simplifying
27 p3 2 2 3p 3p 8   x 2  y 2  x 2  y 2  x 4  y 4 
     
using a  b   a  b  a  b 
8 3p 3p 2 2 27 p 3 2 2

 x    y    x
3
27 p 8

8

27 p3  2 2 2 2 4
 y4 

  x 4  y 4  x 4  y 4 
3
Hence required product  27 p  8

 x    y    a  b   a  b  a  b 
8 27 p3
4 2 4 2
Q2:iii). Find Product  1  2 1   2 2

3p  9 p  2
 1
 3 p  9 p 
 x8  y 8
 1  2 1 
Sol: Given  3 p   9 p  2  1 Q3: iii) Find the continued product of
  2 x  y  2 x  y   4 x 2  2 xy  y 2  4 x 2  2 xy  y 2 
3 p  9p 
 1  1  2 1 
 3 p  9 p 2  2  1   9 p  2  1 Sol: Given
 9p  3p  9p   2 x  y  2 x  y   4 x 2  2 xy  y 2  4 x 2  2 xy  y 2 
3p 9 p2 1 1
 27 p  2  3 p 
3
 3
 Rearranging
  2 x  y   4 x 2  2 xy  y 2   2 x  y   4 x 2  2 xy  y 2 
9p 3 p 27 p 3 p
Rearranging and simplifying
1 1 1 Making formulae a
3
 b3   a  b   a 2 ab  b 2 
 27 p 
3
  3p  3p 
3p 3p 27 p 3 
  2 x  y   2 x    2 x  y    y 
2 2
  2x  y   2x    2x  y    y  
2 2

 27 p 3 
1
27 p 3
  2 x  3
  y
3
 2 x  3
  y
3

1   8 x3  y 3  8 x3  y 3 
Hence required product  27 p  3

  8 x3    y 3 
2 2
27 p3
 64 x 6  y 6

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise No 4.6
66
Chapter 4
Q3: iv) Find the continued product of 5  3 is irrational number
 x  2  x  2   x 2
 2 x  4  x  2 x  4 
2
3
8 is not a surd
Solution: Given that 3 is a surd because 3 is a positive rational
 x  2  x  2   x 2  2 x  4  x 2  2 x  4  Conjugate of surd
Rearranging 5  3 and 5  3 are Conjugate of surd
  x  2  x2  2x  4  x  2  x2  2x  4 Example21: if x  2  3 and find the values
Making formulae a
3
 b3   a  b   a 2 ab  b 2  of x 
1 1
and x 2  2
  x  2   x 2  x  2   22   x  2   x 2  x  2   22 
x x
Solution: Given x  2  3 ………………….(1)
  x3  23  x3  23  Since every number has denominator 1
  x3    23  x 2 3
2 2
So  Taking reciprocal
1 1
 x 6  26 1 1
 To rationalize the denominator
 x 6  64 x 2 3
Q4. Find the product with the help of  &  it by conjugate of denominator 2  3
formula 
x  y x  xy  y   1

1

2 3
Solution: Given  x y  x  xy  y  x 2 3 2 3
2 3 2 3
 
1
Using formula  a  b  a 2  ab  b 2  a 3  b3  
  43
2
x 2  3
2

First to make LHS of above formula

   x    x  y    y   1 2 3
2 2
 x y 
x 1
Now Create RHS of formula 1
 2  3 ………………………..(2)
 x  y x
3 3
 Now adding eq (1) and eq (2) we get
1
 x  y 3 3
x  2 3 2 3
x
Q4. Find the product with the help of 1
x 4
formula  x p  y q  x 2 p  x p y q  y 2 q  x

Solution: Given  x p  y q  x 2 p  x p y q  y 2 q 
Taking square on both sides
2
 1
 a  x     4
2
Using formula  a  b  a  ab  b 2 2 3
b 3
 x
First to make LHS of above formula 1 1
x 2  2  2 x  16

  x p  y q   x p    x p  y q    y q 
2 2
 x
1
x
x 2  2  16  4
Now Create RHS of formula x
  x p    yq 
3 3
1
x 2  2  14
x
 x3 p  y 3q
Example22: if x  3  2 and find the
Surds: 1 1
values of x  and x 2  2
A Number of the form n a is called a surd. x x
Where a is a positive rational number iff Solution: Given x  3  2 ………………….(1)
i). it is a irrational number Since every number has denominator 1
ii). It is a root x 3 2
iii). A root of a rational number So  Taking reciprocal
1 1
where n is called order of surd
1 1
a is called quadratic surd  To rationalize the denominator
x 3 2
3
a is called cubic surd  &  it by conjugate of denominator 3 2
4
a is called biquadratic surd 1 1 3 2
 
Note That: 5  3 is not a surd because x 3 2 3 2

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise No 4.8
67
Chapter 4
1 3 2 3 2  22  3 2 6
  3 3
 3   2  3 2 22 3
2 2
x 
1
2 3
1 3 2
 ii). 48
x 1 4 48
1 Solution: 48
 3  2 ………………………..(2) 4 12
x 48  42  3 3 3
Now Subtracting eq (1) and eq (2) we get 48  42 3 1
x
1
x

 3 2  3 2    48  4 3
1 iii). 240
x  3 2 3 2
x Solution: 4 240
1 4 60
x   2 2 240  4  4  5  3
x 5 15
Taking square on both sides  42  5  3 3 3
2
 42 5  3 1
 1
 
2
 x    2 2
 x  4 15
1 1
x 2  2  2 x   2   2 Q3. Simplify the following surds.
2 2

x x
i). 2  3 3  5 
1
x2  2  4  2  2
x Solution: 2  3 3  5 
   
1
x 2  2  10 2 3 5  3 3 5
x
Exercise No 4.8  6  2 5  3 3  15
Q1. State which of the following are surds.
3
ii).   2  1 34
i). 81 Solution:  3  4 
Answer: Given 3 81
2 1 
81 is rational and can not be expressed as  3  2 1  4   2 1 
power of 3 So, it is a surd
 6 34 24
ii). 1 5 iii).  2 3  5 2 
Answer: Given 1  5 Solution:  2 3  5 2 
1  5 is an irrational So, it is a not a surd
iii). 5
 2  5 2  3   5 2 
 10  4  15  6
Answer: Given 5
 10  2  15  6
5 is an irrational So, it is a not a surd
iv). 4
32

iv). 3  2 3 3  2 3  
Answer: Given 4 32 Solution: 3  2 3 3  2 3  
32 is rational and can not be expressed as Using formula  a  b a  b  a2  b2
power of 4 So, it is a surd
 
2
 3  2 3
2
v). 
Answer: Given   9  22  3
2

 is an irrational So, it is a not a surd  9  43

vi). 1  2
 9  12
 3
Answer: Given 1   2
Q4. Rationalize denominator and simplify
1   2 is an irrational So, it is a not a surd
i). 1
Q2. Express the following as the 7
simplest possible surds. Solution: Multiply and divide it by 7
i). 12 
1
.
7

7

7

 7 7
2
7 7
Solution: 12  2  2  3
2 12

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise No 4.8
68
Chapter 4
ii). 3 1 1
Q5. If x  5  2 , find x  and x2  2
45 x x
Solution: Take
Solution: Given x  5  2
3 3 3 45
 Since every number has denominator 1,
45
335 3 15
1 1 1 x 5 2
   5 5 
3 5
2
3 5 3 5
2 1 1
1
Taking reciprocal on both sides
Multiply and divide it by 5
1 1
3 5 5 5 
 .   x 5 2
 5 5
2
3 5 5
 &  it by 5  2 or by conjugate of 5 2
iii). 1
2 1 1 1 5 2
 .
x 5 2 5 2
Sol: Multiply and divide it by 2 1
i.e., conjugate of 2  1 is 2 1 
Using formula a  b a  b  a2  b2  
1 2 1 1 5 2
 . 
2 1 2 1 x
 5
2
 22
2 1

 2
2
 12 1 5 2

x 54
2 1
 1 5 2
2 1 
2 1 x 1
 1
1  5 2
 2 1 x

iv).
5 Now x  1  5  2 
x
   5 2 
2 5
1
5 x   5 2 5 2
Solution: Given x
2 5 x
1
2 5
x
5 2 5
  Taking square on both sides
2 5 2 5 2
 1
 
2


 
5 2 5 x    2 5
 x 

2  5 Using formula  a  b   a2  b2  2ab

2 2
2

52  5   5
1 1 2
 ab 
n
x2   2.x.  22  anbn
x2 x

45 1
x2  2 2  45
 5 2  5   x
1
x  2
2
 20  2
1 1 x
v).  1
5 2 5 2 x  2
2
 18
x
1 1
Solution:  Q6. If x  2  3 find the value of
5 2 5 2
1 1
5 2 1 1 5 2 x and x 2  2
  x x
5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 Solution: Given x  2  3 ………………….(1)
Using formula  a  b a  b  a2  b2 Since every number has denominator 1
5 2 5 2 x 2 3
 So  Taking reciprocal
 5
2 1 1
 22 1 1
 To rationalize the denominator
2 5 2 5 x 2 3
  2 5
54 1  &  it by conjugate of denominator 2  3

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise No 4.8
69
Chapter 4
1
x

1
2 3

2 3
2 3
Now x 
1
x

 5 2 6  5 2 6   
1
1 2 3 2 3 x  5 2 6 5 2 6
  x
 2    3 23
2 2
x Rearranging like terms
1
2 3 x  552 6 2 6
  
1
 2 3 x
x 1 1
1 x   10
  2  3 ………………………..(2) x
x Taking square on both sides
Now subtracting eq (1) and eq (2) we get 2
 1
 x    10 
2
1

x  2  3   2 3
x
    x 
1 1
1 x2   2.x.  100
x  2 3 2 3 x2 x
x
1
1 x2  2  2  100
x 2 2 x
x 1
Taking square on both sides x2  2  100  2
x
1
2
 1
 
2
x  2
2
 98
x   2 2 x
 x
1 1 1
 2 &x  2
2
1 1
x2  2  2 x   2 Q8. If x  , find values of x 
2 2

x x 2 1 x x
1
1
x2  2  4  2  2 Solution: Given x 
x 2 1
1 Since every number has denominator 1
x 2  2  10 x 1
x 
1 2 1
1 1
&x  2
2
Q7. If x  5  2 6 , find of x  Taking reciprocal on both sides
x x 1
 2 1
Solution: Given x  5  2 6 x
Since every number has denominator 1, Again taking x  1
2 1
x 5 2 6
 Multiply and divide it by 2 1
1 1
Taking reciprocal on both sides i.e.,  &  it by conjugate of 2  1
1 1 1 2 1
 x .
x 5 2 6
2 1 2 1
Multiply and divide it by 5  2 6 1 2 1

i.e.  &  it by conjugate of 5  2 6 x
 2
2
 12
1 1 52 6
 .
x 5 2 6 5 2 6 1 2 1

Using formula  a  b a  b  a2  b2 x 2 1
1 2 1
1 52 6 
 x 1
x
 
2
52  2 6 1
 2 1
1 52 6 x
  ab   an .bn
n

x
 6 1
   
2
25  22 Now x   2  1  2 1
x
1 52 6 1
 x   2 1 2 1
x 25  4  6
x
1 52 6
 Rearranging like terms
x 25  24
1
1

52 6 x  2  2 11
x 1 x
1 1
 52 6 x 2
x x
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Review Exercise 4
70
Chapter 4
Taking square on both sides x2 
1
 2.x.
1
 36
 1
2
x2 x
 x    2 
2

x 1
  x2  2  2  36
x
Using formula  a  b   a2  b2  2ab
2
1
x  2
2
 36  2
x 2  x12  2 x 1x  4 x
1
x 2  x12  2  4 x2  2  38
x
x 2  x12  4  2 1
Q10. If x  2  3 find the value of x 4 
x4
x 2  x12  6
Solution: Given x  2  3 ………………….(1)
1
Q9. If x  10  3 , find x  & x2  12 Since every number has denominator 1
x x
x 2 3
Solution: Given x  10  3 So  Taking reciprocal
1 1
Since every number has denominator 1, then 1 1
 To rationalize denominator  &
x 10  3 x 2 3

1 1  it by conjugate of denominator 2  3
Taking reciprocal on both sides
1 1 2 3
1 1  
 x 2 3 2 3
x 10  3
1 2 3 2 3
Multiply and divide it by 10  3  
  43
2
x 22  3
i.e.,  &  it by conjugate of 10  3
1 2 3
1 1 10  3 
 . x 1
x 10  3 10  3
1
Using formula in denominator  2  3 ………………………..(2)
x
 a  b a  b  a 2
 b2 Now adding eq (1) and eq (2) we get
1
1 10  3 x  2 3 2 3

 10 
x 2 x
 32 1
x 4
1 10  3 x
 Taking square on both sides
x 10  9
2
1 10  3  1
 x     4
2

x 1  x
1 1 1
 10  3 x 2  2  2 x  16
x x x
1

Now x   10  3  10  3
x
   1
x 2  2  16  4
x
1
x   10  3  10  3 1
x x 2  2  14
x
Rearranging like terms
Again squaring both sides
1
x  10  10  3  3  2 1 
 x  2   14 
2
x
1  x 
x 6
x 1 1
x 4  4  2 x 2 2  196
Taking square on both sides x x
2 1
 1 x 4  4  196  4
 x     6
2
x
 x
1
x 4  4  194
Using formula  a  b   a2  b2  2ab
2
x
Review Exercise 4
Q1. Select the correct answer.

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Review Exercise 4
71
Chapter 4
i). mr 2  3mr 2  5mr 2  3  3.a 2b0 . y 3

a). mr 2 b). mr 4  5.x3
c). mr d). mr 2 9a 2 y 3

ii).  x3 y 2  x2 y3   20 x3
a). x5 y5 b). x5 y 4 2x  3
Q3: Evaluate 2 for x  2
c). x4 y5 d). x4 y 4 x  x 1
2x  3
iii).  4xy  4 3
 Solution: given 2
x  x 1
put x  2 we get

a). 64x3 y8 b). 64x8 y3 2  2  3

 2
c). 64x3 y12 d). 64x3 y7 2  2 1
 7 x  4 y    3x  6 y   43
iv). 
4 1
a). 3x b). 2 x  10 y
1
c). 4x  y d). 4 x  10 y 
3
a  b  a  b 
2 2
v).
Q4. Find the values of x2  y 2 and xy , when
a). 4ab b). 2  a 2  b2  x y 7, x y 3
c). a2  4ab  2b2 c). a 4  b4 Sol: Given x  y  7 , x  y  3
a  b  c  Using 2  x2  y 2    x  y    x  y 
2 2 2
vi).
a). a 2  b2  c 2 Putting the values
b). a 2  b2  c2  2  a  b  c  2  x 2  y 2    7    3
2 2

a 2  b 2  c 2  2  ab  bc  ca 
2  x 2  y 2   49  9
c).
d). a  b  c  2  ab  bc  ca 
58
vii). a3  b3  x2  y 2 
 29
2
 a  b   2ab  a  b 
3
a). Now Using 4xy   x  y    x  y 
2 2

b).  a  b   a 2  ab  b 2  Putting the values

 a  b   a 2  ab  b 2  4 xy   7    3
2 2
c).
d).  a  b   a 2  ab  b 2  4 xy  49  9
40
viii). Conjugate of 3  5 is xy   10
4
a). 3  5 b). 3  5 Q5. Find the value of a  b  c when
c). 3 5 d). 3 5 a2  b2  c2  43 and ab  bc  ca  3
1
Sol: Given a  b  c  43 & ab  bc  ca  3
Equivalent to  m  4 
2 2 2
2
ix). 2
is
using  a  b  c   a 2  b 2  c 2  2  ab  bc  ca 
2

a).
m 2
 4
b).  m2  4 Putting values  a  b  c   43  2  3
2

2
 a  b  c   43  6
2
1 1
c). d).
m2  a  b  c   49
2
m 4
2

x). For which of the following expressions Taking square root on both sides
a  b is not a factor?
a  b  c  49
2
a). a 2  b2 b). a 2  b2
c). a 3  b3 c). a 4  b4 a  b  c  7
12 x 4 y 5 15a5b 4 Q6. If a  b  c  6 and a2  b2  c2  24 then
Q2. Simplify .
25a3b 4 16 x 7 y 2 find the value of ab  bc  ca
Sol: Given a  b  c  6 and a  b  c  24
2 2 2
12 x 4 y 5 15a5b 4
Solution: Given . using  a  b  c   a 2  b 2  c 2  2  ab  bc  ca 
2

25a3b 4 16 x 7 y 2
Putting values  6   24  2  ab  bc  ca 
2
12 15.a53b 44 . y 5 2

16  25.x 7  4

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Review Exercise 4
72
Chapter 4
36  24  2  ab  bc  ca  2 x2 x 1 x2
  2  
12 x  16 x  4 x  2 x  2
4

 ab  bc  ca
2 2 x2 x x2
  2  2
Or ab  bc  ca  6 x  16 x  4 x  4
4

Q7. If 2x  3 y  8 and xy  2 then find the 2 x2 x x2

  2
value of 8x3  27 y3 x  16
4
x 4
Sol: Given 2x  3 y  8 & xy  2 Find 8x3  27 y3 2x 2
2 x  2 x2  4
  
Using  a  b   a3  b3  3ab  a  b  Accordingly
3 x 4  16 x 2  4 x 2  4
2 x2 2x  x2  4  2  x2  4
 2x  3y    2 x    3 y   3  2 x  3 y  2 x  3 y 
3 3 3
 
x 4  16  x 2    4 2
2

Putting the values

8  8 x3  27 y 3  18  2 8  2 x2 2 x3  8 x  2 x 2  8
3
 
x 4  16 x 4  16
512  8 x3  27 y 3  288
2 x 2  2 x3  8 x  2 x 2  8
512  288  8 x3  27 y 3 
x 4  16
Or 8x3  27 y3  800 4 x 2  2 x3  8 x  8
1 1 
Q8. If x   8 , then find value of x 3  3 x 4  16
x x
1 1
Sol: Given x   8 find x 3  3
x x
3
 1 1  1
Using  x    x3  3  3  x  
 x x  x
Putting the values
1
 8  x3  3  3 8 
3

x
1
512  x3  3  24
x
1
512  24  x3  3
x
1
Or x3  3  488
x
 4 x 5   16 x 
2
25
Q9. Find product      1
 5 4 x   25 16 x
2

 4 x 5   16 x 
2
25
Sol: Given       1
 5 4 x   25 16 x
2

4 x  16 x 2 25  5  16 x 2 25 
   2
 1    2
 1
5  25 16 x  4 x  25 16 x 
3 2
64 x 100 x 4 x 80 x 125 5
  2
   3

125 80 x 5 100 x 64 x 4 x
Simplifying and rearranging
64 x3 5 5 4 x 4 x 125
     
125 4 x 4 x 5 5 64 x3
64 x3 125
 
125 64 x3
2 x2 x 1
Q10. Simplify 4  2 
x  16 x  4 x  2
2 x2 x 1
Sol: Given 4  2 
x  16 x  4 x  2

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics