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Damage – A Practical Guide
FEMA E‐74
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The importance of nonstructural
component earthquake performance
http://www.nbcbayarea.com/video/#!/news/local/Class‐Action:‐
Lessons‐Learned‐from‐the‐Napa‐Quake/277162351
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Overall Purpose
Explain the sources of nonstructural
earthquake damage and describe methods
to reduce potential risks
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Agenda
Introduction to FEMA E‐74
Nonstructural Components
Survey and Assessment
Nonstructural Mitigation
Resources
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INTRODUCTION TO FEMA E‐74
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What is FEMA E‐74?
Explains the sources of earthquake
damage that can occur in
nonstructural components
Provides examples of earthquake
damage that can occur for each
nonstructural component
Provides information on effective
methods for reducing risk
associated with nonstructural
earthquake damage
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Why is it important?
Nonstructural failures have accounted for the
MAJORITY of earthquake damage
Critical to raise awareness of potential
nonstructural RISKS
Understand the COSTLY consequences of
nonstructural failures
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Residences
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Schools
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Businesses/Offices
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Monuments
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E‐74 Anticipated Users
General Interest
Building owners
Corporate or agency department heads
Business proprietors
Risk managers
Small Business Owner
Store or Office Managers
Facilities and Planning Personnel
Facility managers
Maintenance personnel
Safety personnel
Design professionals – Architect & Engineers
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Table 1.2‐1 Use Matrix
Section General Small Facilities & Architect
Interest Business Planning or
Owner Personnel Engineer
Ch. 1 – Intro X X X X
Ch. 2 – NS Behavior X X X X
Ch. 3 – Survey & Assess X X X
Ch. 4 – Existing NS Comp X X
Ch. 5 – New NS Comp X X
Ch. 6 – NS Details X X X X
App A – Specification X
App B – Responsibilities X
App C – NS Inventory Form X X X
App D – NS Checklists X X X
App E – NS Risk Ratings X X X
App F ‐ Glossary X X X X
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FEMA E‐74
http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/earthquake/fema74/
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NONSTRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
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What are structural components?
Structural Elements:
Roof
Floors
Beams
Columns
Foundation
Braces
Concrete or
Masonry Walls
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What are nonstructural components?
AIR CONDITIONING DUCT AIR BEAM
HANGER WIRES DIFFUSER
ELECTRICAL FIRE SPRINKLER
CONDUIT FOR FOR CEILING SYSTEM
WIRING
STUDS
LIGHT FIXTURE
FURNISHINGS
AND EQUIPMENT
SUSPENDED NON-LOAD
CEILING BEARING
ACOUSTICAL PARTITION
TILE EXTERIOR MASONRY OR CONCRETE SLAB ON METAL
CURTAIN CONCRETE DECK OR CONCRETE SLAB
STEEL OR WALL, STRUCTURAL
CONCRETE WINDOWS, STEEL COLUMN SHOWN
WALL
COLUMNS CLADDING ENCASED IN FIREPROOFING
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Construction costs
Approx 80%
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Types of nonstructural components
Architectural Components
Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing
(MEP) Components
Furniture, Fixtures & Equipment (FF&E)
and Contents
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Architectural Components
Partitions
Ceilings
Storefronts
Glazing
Cladding
Veneers
Chimneys
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Mechanical, Electrical, & Plumbing
Pumps
Chillers
Fans
Air handling units
Distribution panels
Transformers
Ductwork and conduit
Piping and plumbing
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Furniture, Fixtures & Contents
Shelving and book cases
Industrial storage racks
Retail merchandise
Books and medical records
Computers and TVs
Chemicals or hazardous materials
Artifacts and collectibles
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What causes nonstructural damage?
Vertical Motion
Horizontal Motion
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Shaking Intensity
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Building interaction with components
Element Motion Larger
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Building Response to Earthquakes
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Impact of Building Response on
Nonstructural Components
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Causes of Nonstructural Damage
Inertial or shaking sensitive components can rock, slide, or
overturn
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Causes of Nonstructural Damage
Building deformations cause damage to displacement sensitive
nonstructural components
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Causes of Nonstructural Damage
Separation or pounding between separate structures damage
nonstructural components crossing between them
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Causes of Nonstructural Damage
Interaction between adjacent nonstructural components cause
damage
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Consequences of Nonstructural Damage
Life Safety
• Deaths or casualties
Property Loss
• Dollar loss or cash
Functional Loss
• Downtime or closure
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Life Safety – Can it hurt someone?
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Life Safety – Can it hurt someone?
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Life Safety ‐ Can it block egress routes?
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Property Loss – Product/office damage?
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Property Loss – Expensive equipment?
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Functional Loss – Facility operability?
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Functional Loss – Facility operability?
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How do we avoid this?
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SURVEY AND ASSESSMENT
EXISTING BUILDING COMPONENTS
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Nonstructural E‐74 Risk Assessment Process
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Nonstructural Risk Assessment Process – Ch 3
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Survey nonstructural components
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Nonstructural Inventory Form – E74 Appendix C
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Identifying nonstructural hazards
Pipes, ducts Ceilings
Lights
Partitions
Fire
Egress Route Extinguishers
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Identifying nonstructural hazards
Pipes Lights
Control Panel
Boilers
Chillers
Tanks
Cooling Towers
Chiller
Air handlers
Fan coils Pumps
Piping
Ductwork
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Nonstructural Risk Assessment Process
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Is it braced or anchored?
Braced
Anchored
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Checklist of Questions – Appendix D
Computer & Communications Equipment
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Nonstructural Risk Assessment Process
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Shaking Intensity
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Evaluate potential risk
Appendix E. Nonstructural Risk Ratings
Ref: FEMA 74
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Nonstructural Risk Assessment Process
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Evaluate potential losses
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Always consider life safety first
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Can it hurt someone?
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Affect life safety systems?
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Can it block egress routes?
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Next, look for potential Property Loss
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Will it have to be replaced or repaired?
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Is there a potential for water damage?
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Will there be Functional Loss?
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Would interruptions be a problem?
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How long until it is operational?
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EXAMPLE
EXISTING SUSPENDED CEILING
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Identifying nonstructural hazards
Ceilings
Lights
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Appendix D –
Seismic Hazards
6.3 Architectural
Components:
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Appendix E – Risk Ratings
6.3.4 Ceilings
6.4.9 Light Fixtures
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Partially Completed Inventory Form
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Nonstructural Risk Assessment Process
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Prioritize Risks and Develop a Plan
Prioritization may be based on budget constraints and risk
considerations
Ideally, those elements that pose the greatest risks to safety,
property or function are retrofitted first
The mitigation plan might also consider availability of unoccupied
space, or an approach that achieves the highest cost to benefit ratio
A simplified priority rating system, based on the information in
Appendix E, is a good way to begin the planning process
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Nonstructural Seismic Risk Ratings
Seismic Risk Concern/Rating
Appendix E. Nonstructural Risk Ratings
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NONSTRUCTURAL MITIGATION
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Mitigation Examples
E‐74 Chapter 6 : Seismic Protection of Nonstructural Components
Typical Causes of Damage
Seismic Mitigation Considerations
Mitigation examples
Mitigation details
Guidance on the type of mitigation
Non‐Engineered NE
Prescriptive PR
Engineering Required ER
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NON‐ENGINEERED (NE)
These are typically simple,
generic details or common
sense measures that can be
implemented by a handy
worker or maintenance
personnel using standard items
commonly available in
hardware stores
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PRESCRIPTIVE (PR)
Prescriptive design details are
available in the public domain
that have been engineered to
meet or exceed code
requirements for a set of
common conditions and can be
used directly in many situations
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ENGINEERING REQUIRED (ER)
These are nonstructural
anchorage details specifically
developed by a design
professional on a case‐by‐case
basis for a specific set of
conditions
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Appendix E – Nonstructural Seismic Risk Ratings
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Nonstructural Component Categories
Nonstructural No. of Categories No. of Mitigation
Component Examples
Architectural 9 17
Mechanical, 11 39
Electrical, Plumbing
(MEP)
Furniture, Fixtures & 6 16
Equipment (FF&E)
and Contents
Total FEMA E‐74 26 72
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6.4 Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP)
Component Examples
Emergency
Generators
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Emergency Generators
When checking the adequacy of an emergency generator for seismic
forces, the load path from the generator, through any supporting
framing to the ground or structural slab must be evaluated
Some emergency generators are “packaged: units”, where all of the
necessary components (prime mover, generator, radiator, fuel tank,
etc.) are mounted on a skid or frame
Another common approach is to mount the generator on top of the fuel
tank
In either case, a load path of adequate strength and stiffness must
be confirmed
Supporting elements, especially fuel tanks used as supports, may
require reinforcement to withstand the seismic loads.
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Emergency Generator System
Generator & engine
Battery rack
Fuel tank
Cooling water & fuel lines
Exhaust flue
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Emergency Generator Installation
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Emergency Generator Mitigation
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Emergency Generator Mitigation
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Emergency Generator Details
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6.5 Furniture, Fixtures, and Equipment (FF&E)
and Content Examples
Bookcases,
Shelving
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Bookcases, Shelving– Code Provisions
BUILDING CODE PROVISIONS
Bookshelves are considered force controlled, and the principal objective of
the code provisions is to prevent them from sliding or overturning.
The seismic design requirements of ASCE/SEI 7‐10, Chapter 13 apply to
permanent floor‐supported library shelving, book stacks, and bookshelves
over 6 feet tall in Seismic Design Categories C, D, E, and F
The weight of the contents must be included.
RETROFIT STANDARD PROVISIONS
ASCE 41‐13, requires bookshelves 4 feet in height comply with the
anchorage provisions of the standard when the performance level is Life
Safety or higher
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Damage to Shelving
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Shelving Damage
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Shelving Damage
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Mitigation Example – Shelving NE
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Shelving Mitigation Details
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6.5 Furniture, Fixtures, and Equipment (FF&E)
and Content Examples
Computer and
Communication
Equipment
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Computer and Communication Equipment
This category contains both permanent components (access floors,
racks) and “portable” components (desktop computers, wall
mounted TVs)
Permanent components are covered by both the building and
retrofit codes
Components are generally acceleration sensitive
Objective is to keep the component from tipping, sliding or falling
Access floors may displace or buckle under seismic loads
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Damage to desktop computers
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Mitigation Example – Computers NE
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Computer Rack Damage
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Computer Rack Damage
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Computer Rack Water Damage
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Computer Rack Mitigation Example
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Computer Rack Mitigation Details
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Computer Rack Mitigation Details
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RESOURCES
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FEMA E‐74
http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/earthquake/fema74/
Download the PDF
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How to use FEMA E‐74
Chapter 2. Behavior of Nonstructural
Components
Chapter 3. Survey and Assessment Procedures
for Existing Buildings
Chapter 4. Nonstructural Risk Reduction for
Existing Buildings
Chapter 5. Nonstructural Risk Reduction for New
Buildings
Chapter 6. Seismic Protection of Nonstructural
Components
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Resources in FEMA E‐74
Appendix A – Specification
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Resources in FEMA E‐74
Appendix B – Responsibility Matrix
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Resources in FEMA E‐74
Appendix F – Resources
Codes and Standards for Nonstructural Components
Guidance Documents for Nonstructural Components
Nonproprietary for Nonstructural Components
Proprietary Details for Nonstructural Components
Research Related to Nonstructural Components
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Resources for Facilities Personnel
FEMA 412: Installing Seismic Restraints for Mechanical Equipment
FEMA 413: Installing Seismic Restraints for Electrical Equipment
FEMA 414: Installing Seismic Restraints for Duct and Pipe
FEMA P‐154/P‐155: Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings for Potential
Seismic Hazards
FEMA 460: Seismic Considerations for Steel Storage Racks Located in Areas
Accessible to the Public.
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Resources for Design Professionals
FEMA 395: Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of School Buildings (K‐12)
FEMA 396: Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of Hospital Buildings
FEMA 397: Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of Office Buildings
FEMA 398: Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of Multifamily Apartment
Buildings
FEMA 399: Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of Retail Buildings
FEMA 400: Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of Hotel and Motel Buildings
FEMA 420: Engineering Guideline for Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation
ASCE/SEI 41‐13: Standard for the Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing
Buildings
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What about those details?
ER
National Council of Structural Engineers Association
http://www.ncsea.com
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What about those details?
ER
Contact your local building department
City, State Building Department
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Review
Earthquakes cause buildings and the nonstructural
components inside them to move
Nonstructural components include architectural, MEP and
furniture and contents components
Greatest facility value ($$$) is associated with nonstructural
components, equipment and systems
Nonstructural failures have accounted for the majority of
earthquake damage – small and large earthquakes
Risks include: life safety, property loss and functional loss
FEMA E‐74 provides information on methods for reducing risk
http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/earthquake/fema74/
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Common Sense Measures
Relocate tall or heavy objects away from egress corridors and exits
Rearrange shelving so heavier items are on the bottom and lighter ones are
near the top
Establish a housekeeping policy and adhere to it
Separate incompatible chemicals to prevent mixing
Move rarely used files or materials to an offsite storage facility – reduce
clutter
Back up important electronic files
Additional Actions:
Consider enforcing/demanding that ANY new construction or equipment
installations are designed and installed seismic – insist this of your design
professionals & contractors
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Questions?
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Upcoming NETAP Webinars/Trainings
For registration information and latest schedule, see:
https://atcouncil.org/netap‐training‐schedule
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