THE EFFECTIVITY OF NATIONAL SMOKING BAN IN CEBU CITY

MEMBERS:

Chent Weil C. Arreglo

Shania P. Camallere

Decerie M. Mendaros

Sebastian George A. Navascues

Lavenzel Niña A. Ybañez

HUMSS 12 – B
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature

Many researches stated that smoking is definitely dangerous to our health and as
well as to our community. It can cause air pollution, cancer and diseases, smoking
initiation among youth, secondhand smoking and fire hazards. The implementation of
smoking ban in other countries is being applied due to the several bad effects that spread
throughout the community.

A 2006 study in the journal Tobacco Control of the smoke free law in Ireland (Fong,
GT, et al., 2006) found that approximately 46% of Irish smokers reported that the law had
made them more likely to quit. Among Irish smokers who had quit at post-legislation, 80%
reported that the law had helped them quit and 88% reported that the law helped them
stay quit. Another study entitled, “A Longitudinal Assessment of the Impact of Smoke-
Free Worksite Policies on Tobacco Use,” (Bauer, JE, et al., 2005) found that smoke-free
worksite policies help employees reduce their cigarette consumption and stop smoking.
The study tracked workers over an 8 year period and found that employees who worked
in places that maintained or implemented smoke-free policies were nearly twice as likely
to stop smoking as employees who worked in places that allowed smoking everywhere.
These studies show that implementing smoking ban is a huge help in convincing smokers
to stop and reduce smoking especially in public or outdoor places. The World Health
Organization considers smoking bans to have an influence to reduce demand for tobacco
by creating an environment where smoking becomes increasingly more difficult. Smoking
bans are viewed by public health experts as an important element in reducing smoking
rates and promoting positive health outcomes. When effectively implemented, they are
seen as an important element of policy to support behavior change in favor of a healthy
lifestyle.

According to Biao Lou, Smoking bans in public places have also been found
effective in reducing tobacco consumption among smokers and reducing exposure to
secondhand smoke. These bans also contributed to the prevention of smoking uptake
among children and young people by reshaping the perceived social acceptability of
smoking it means that Smoking bans help lessen the risks of smoking in public places.

In addition regarding with implementation, Philstar (2016), Malacañang is

reportedly finalizing an executive order that will impose a nationwide smoking ban. The
prohibition, officials say, will be patterned after the ban in President Duterte’s home city
of Davao. The President has said he opposes even smoking areas inside buildings, such
as those in airports, since the smoke still seeps out of the rooms. This is good news for
public health. Children, the elderly and ailing are particularly vulnerable to the sickening
effects of second-hand smoke. Numerous forms of illnesses including tuberculosis and
cancer have been linked to smoking. Studies have also shown that it raises the risks of a
heart attack or stroke. Experts have stressed that stopping smoking adds several years
to life.

Many studies have now also examined the effect of smoking bans on other health
conditions. For example, Khuder et al. focused on coronary heart disease, which included
angina, heart failure, atherosclerosis, and AMI. Juster et al. examined impacts on both
AMI and stroke, and Pell et al. considered acute coronary syndrome, which includes AMI
and unstable angina. A recent study of New Zealand's national smoking ban examined
the effect on both cardiovascular and pulmonary diagnoses. The conditions included were
those with “sufficient” (AMI and angina), “suggestive” (stroke and asthma), and
“inadequate” (exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]) evidence
of a causal relationship with SHS according to the 2006 US Department of Health and
Human Services Surgeon General's report. Although this is the only published study that
did not show a reduction in AMIs, possibly because there was a nationwide partial
smoking ban in place for 14 years beforehand, it did demonstrate a reduction in the
numbers of asthma, stroke, unstable angina, and COPD cases compared with the year
before the ban. These reductions did not, however, survive a more rigorous Poisson
regression.

Making the community aware of the smoking policy should inform them where they
can actively receive the information or a project where smokers can discourage
themselves from smoking. A certain study by Olowookere, et al. entitled, “Awareness and
attitude to the law banning smoking in public places in Osun State, Nigeria,” which it
assessed the awareness and attitude of the respondents to the Osun state prohibition of
smoking in public places. It reported low awareness among respondents with the radio
as the main source of awareness. It should however been noted that the radio remains
the commonest source of general awareness among this population making it a very
important route of communication with the populace. Hence policy makers need to make
use of such medium to inform, educate and communicate to the general public about this
law. Regarding to this, people aren’t quite active in catching up information on radio since
our world today are technically advance in updating details so most people will be aware
of the policy in social media sites and in television because this is where they usually
engage with.

In connection with awareness, an article written by Zlata Rodionova on smoking

law changes in UK stated that the packets must be 65 per cent covered with health
warnings, including graphic images such as depictions of tobacco tar-stained-lungs and
it is specifically designed to discourage people from smoking. Therefore, this is one way
in making the community aware of engaging smoking and of the national smoking ban.
This helps the people, especially the smokers, that they should stop smoking because it
doesn’t just affect the environment but specifically, their health.

According to Liang Wan, People with higher level of education are more
knowledgeable; as a result, their understanding of the dangers of tobacco is more
comprehensive, holding a more positive attitude toward educational campaigns;
therefore, the greater likelihood is that they are affected it means that smokers from urban
areas are significantly less affected by educational campaigns than those from rural areas
it means that only educated people pays attention to the effect of smoking and the reason
why it should be banned in the public.

Hackshaw, Law and Wald showed that Norway enacted comprehensive legislation
on smoking in public places in 1988 as a reaction to the increased awareness of the
dangers of passive smoking. Restaurants and bars were, however, exempted from these
regulations. Due to the increasing evidence linking passive smoking to a range of
diseases, the Norwegian government proposed a ban on smoking in restaurants, pubs
and bars. This total smoking ban in bars, nightclubs and restaurants was introduced on
1st June 2004.

Mojares, Fernan, et al. (2014) explains that most people know that smoking is bad
for their health. Tobacco contains nicotine, a highly addictive drug that makes it difficult
for the smokers to kick the habit. Tobacco products also contain many poisonous and
harmful substances that cause disease and premature death (Harry 2005). Smoking
causes heart attacks and stroke, causes disease and is a slow way to die. It slowly rots
the lungs. In younger people, three (3) out of the four (4) deaths from heart disease are
due to smoking. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of low birth
weight, prematurity and abortion. According to reports, ten (10) persons every day in the
Philippines are dying due to cancer caused by smoking. Every year, hundreds of
thousands of people around the world die from disease caused by smoking cigarettes
(Ordinance NO. 1S. 2012). In the study of Solas et.al (2011), they found out that the
populations at risk for new smoking behavior are children, in particular teenage girls. A
lifetime of cigarette smoking will shorten lifetime expectancy by 10 years. On the other
hand, smokers often say that smoking keeps them alert and calm and it adds
concentration. Some researchers assert that tobacco’s calming effects simply result from
alleviation of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome (New Book of Knowledge, 2006).

A research by Lebrun-Harris, et al. shows that their data states that the proportion
of who want to quit is at least as high as the proportion who wants to quit in the general
population. In this study, 53% of the male and 56% of the female respondents intended
to quit smoking, which is in line with the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) findings.
In GATS, more than 50% of the current smokers had an interest in quitting; 31.5% were
planning to quit within the next month or were thinking about quitting within the next 12
months, while 18.6% stated they would quit someday but not in the next 12 months. With
this, gender also depends on the effectivity of the implementation. Some smokers are
willing to give up because their thoughts have converted into good but mostly, smokers
are willing to quit due to the fines and penalties of the smoking ban.

Furthermore, a study by Liang Liang exposes that educational campaigns play a

more important role for those who do not understand the dangers of smoking, so health
educational campaigns in rural areas have a higher sensitivity. Smokers who tend to be
heavy smokers are less likely affected by educational campaigns than light smoker it
means that having campaigns or symposiums on why to banned smoking from public
areas are important and sometimes only those who abide the ordinance are the people
who don't smoke a lot.

Moreover, a study entitled, “Smoking Patterns and Smoking Cessation

Willingness—A Study among Beneficiaries of Government Welfare Assistance in
Poland,” examines the prevalence and tobacco use patterns among adult social
assistance beneficiaries and their interest in quitting. The intention to quit smoking among
the daily smokers was positively correlated with their awareness of smoking-associated
health risks, lack of previous quit attempts, and low exposure to ETS. Smoking
prevalence among social assistance recipients tends to be higher than in the general
population, but more than half of the smokers are willing to quit. There is an urgency to
develop policies tailored to the needs of these disadvantaged population groups.

Author Concept Issue Title

Fong, GT, et al Smoke Free Law in What is the level of

Ireland implementation of
the national smoking
Bauer, JE, et al. A Longitudinal ban in cebu city?
Assessment of the
Impact of Smoke-
Free Worksite “The
Policies on Tobacco
Use Effectiveness
Biao Lou How smoking bans of National
are effective in
public places
Smoking Ban
in Cebu City”
Philstar President Duterte’s
smoking ban policy

Olowookere, et al Awareness and How aware are the

attitude to the law people in the
 banning smoking in national smoking
public places in ban?
Osun State, Nigeria

Zlata Rodionova Smoking Law

Changes in UK

Liang Wan Understanding of

the dangers of
tobacco

Mojares, Fernan, et Risks for new

al. smoking behavior

Lebrun-Harris, et al The proportion who What is the level of

wants to quit in the willingness of the
general population people in the
national smoking
Liang Liang Importance of ban?
Educational
Campaigns

Milcarz, K. , et al. Smoking Patterns

and Smoking
Cessation
Willingness—A
Study among
Beneficiaries of
Government
Welfare Assistance
in Poland