Review Paper : ENTERING THE WORLD OF ULTRA HD

Vaishali Narang#1,Meenal Agarwal*2,Rupinder Kaur^3

#1
UG,CSE,MITRC,Alwar,Rajasthan
vaishalinarang26051998@gmail.com
*2
UG,CSE,MITRC,Alwar,Rajasthan
meenalagarwal171@gmail.com
^3
UG,CSE ,MITRC,Alwar,Rajasthan
rupinder402@gmail.com
Arvind Sharma
Assistant Professor,MITRC,Alwar,Rajasthan
arvindsharma@mitrc.ac.in

ABSTRACT
The display resolution or display modes of a digital television, computer monitor or display device
is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed. It can be an ambiguous
term especially as the displayed resolution is controlled by different factors in cathode ray tube
(CRT) displays, flat-panel displays (including liquid-crystal displays) and projection displays using
fixed picture-element (pixel) arrays. It is usually quoted as width × height, with the units in pixels:
for example, "1024 × 768" means the width is 1024 pixels and the height is 768 pixels.

INTRODUCTION
The latest next big thing in digital display technology,
4K resolution sounds impressive by any of its many
names. Originally introduced as QFHD for “Quad Full
HD,” this latest generation of pixel performance offers
four times the pixel count of Full HD 1080p at the same
16:9 aspect ratio. Now referred to by the acronym UHD
(ultra-high definition), this resolution packs roughly
4,000 pixels horizontally and 2,000 pixels vertically
(3840 x 2160 to be exact)—thus giving rise to another
Fig 1 : Close look of any point of pic
popular nickname: the 4K2K display. Most often,
however, this impressive pixel count is succinctly THE SCREEN IS WHAT BY WHAT?
summarized as simply 4K or 2160p "Resolution" is technically the number of pixels per unit
of area, rather than the total number of pixels. Here,
we’ll be using the term as it’s commonly understood,
rather than the absolutely technologically correct usage.
Since the beginning, resolution has been described
(accurately or not) by the number of pixels arranged
horizontally and vertically on a monitor, for example
640 x 480 = 307200 pixels. The choices available were
determined by the capability of the video card, and they
differed from manufacturer to manufacturer.
Fig 2 : Different pixel density
WHAT IS P’S AND I’S?
We may have seen the screen resolution described as
something like 720p or 1080i. What does that mean?
To begin with, the letters tell you how the picture is
"painted" on the monitor. A "p" stands for progressive,
and an "i" stands for interlaced.
The interlaced scan is a holdover from television and
from early CRT monitors. The monitor or TV screen
has lines of pixels arranged horizontally across it. The
lines were fairly easy to see if you got up close to an
older monitor or TV, but nowadays the pixels on the
screen are so small that they are very hard to see even
with magnification. The monitor’s electronics "paint"
each screen line by line, too quickly for the eye to see.
An interlaced display paints all the odd lines first, then
all the even lines.
Since the screen is being painted in alternate lines,
flicker has always been a problem with interlaced scans.
Manufacturers have tried to overcome this problem in
various ways. The most common way is to increase the
number of times a complete screen is painted in a
second, which is called the refresh rate. The most
common refresh rate was 60 times per second, which
was acceptable for most people, but it could be pushed
a bit higher to get rid of the flicker that some people
perceived.
As we moved away from the older CRT displays, the
terminology changed from refresh rate to frame rate,
because of the difference in the way the LED monitor
works. The frame rate is the speed with which the
monitor displays each separate frame of data. The most
recent versions of Windows set the frame rate at 60
Hertz, or 60 cycles per second, and LED screens do not
flicker. And the system changed from interlaced scan to
progressive scan because the new digital displays were
so much faster. In a progressive scan, the lines are
painted on the screen in sequence rather than first the
odd lines and then the even lines. If you want to
translate 1080p for example, is used for displays that
are characterized by 1080 horizontal lines of vertical
resolution and a progressive scan.
WHAT IS ASPECT RATIO?
The number gives the ratio of vertical point to
horizontal point necessary to produce equal length line
in both directions on the screen. An aspect ratio 3:4
means that vertical line plotted with 3 points is same as
horizontal line with 4 points in length.
Movies were originally in 4:3 aspect ratio, and this
carried over into television and early computer displays.
As display technology improved, TV and monitor
manufacturers began to move toward widescreen
displays as well. Originally "widescreen" referred to
anything wider than the common 4:3 display, but it
quickly came to mean a 16:10 ratio and later 16:9.
Nowadays, nearly all computer monitors and TVs are
only available in widescreen, and TV broadcasts and
web pages have adapted to match.until 2010, 16:10 was
the most popular aspect ratio for widescreen computer
displays. But with the rise in popularity of high
definition televisions, which were using high definition
resolutions such as 720p and 1080p and made these
terms synonyms with high-definition, 16:9 has become
the high-definition standard aspect ratio. Today, finding
16:10 displays is almost impossible.
 (2160p), of 1080p (1920 x 1080 pixels). The other high
definition resolutions in use are 720p and 1080i.

4K resolution is used in commercial digital cinema

using the 4096 x 2160 option, where many films are
shot or mastered in 4K by upscaling from 2K (1998 x
1080 for the 1.85:1 aspect ratio or 2048 x 858 for 2.35:1
aspect ratio).

Fig 3: zoom in image in HD vs. UHD Under[1] its two official consumer labels, Ultra HD and
UHD, 4K is well established in home theater, using the
COMMON RESOLUTIONS:
3840 x 2160 pixel option, via both a growing number of
Some of the most common resolutions that can be used
home theater receivers that have either 4K pass-through
for each aspect ration are the following:
and/or 4K video upscaling capability, as well as
4:3 aspect ratio resolutions[3]: 640×480, 800×600,
TVs, video projectors, and source devices, such as
960×720, 1024×768, 1280×960, 1400×1050,
media streamers, Ultra HD Blu-ray Players, and Blu-ray
1440×1080 , 1600×1200, 1856×1392, 1920×1440, and
Disc players that employ 4K upscaling.
2048×1536.
The previous generation of image quality is called full-
16:10 aspect ratio resolutions: - 1280×800, 1440×900,
HD or 1080p quality. This meant basically a 16:9
1680×1050, 1920×1200 and 2560×1600.
aspect ratio or 1920×1080 pixels image resolution.
16:9 aspect ratio resolutions: 1024×576, 1152×648,
This is the modern standard widescreen size and it was
1280×720, 1366×768, 1600×900, 1920×1080,
the maximum resolution quality until 4k appeared.
2560×1440 and 3840×2160.
4k has 4 times as many pixels as a 1080p screen.
PROPERTY 4K 8K
Pixels 8 million 33 million However, it is not like the image is wider. This is just a
Frame Rate 50-60fps 120fps way we could measure the difference between full-HD
Standard 3* height of 0.75
Viewing screen and 4k. This new image resolution generation means
Distance that there is more information stored in each pixel,
Viewing angle 60 100
which leads to better quality.There is a noticeable
Audio Channels 5.1 22.2
difference between full-HD and 4k, although it is hard
to spot. It becomes more difficult for the human eye to
notice a difference as resolution gets better and better.
However, 4k does get you a more detailed image with
sharper edges.

Resolution Display aspect Megapixels

ratio
Fig 4 : Quality of image in 2K and 4K 8192 × 4320 1.89:1 35.4

4K UHD 7680 × 4320 1.78:1 33.2

4K refers to one of two high definition resolutions: 8192 × 5120 1.60:1 41.9
3840 x 2160 pixels or 4096 x 2160 pixels. 4K is four 8192 × 8192 1.00:1 67.1
times the pixel resolution, or twice the line resolution
 FEATURES OF 4K television and digital cinematography[5]. 8K refers to
Beyond the brilliantly detailed graphics and video, 4K the horizontal resolution of 7,680 pixels, forming the
delivers a bigger work surface without a loss in pixels- total image dimensions of (7680×4320), otherwise
per-inch, a productivity-enhancing[4] benefit for anyone known as 4320p. 8K UHD has two times the horizontal
working with high-resolution images or video. for users and vertical resolution of the 4K UHD with four times
whose profession requires intense daily focus on their as many pixels overall, or sixteen times as many pixels
display, 4K can deliver increased productivity, as Full HD.
improved quality of work, and added comfort in the
form of reduced eye strain and a more efficient use of
workspace.
ADVANTAGES
 The greater the resolution is, the better the quality.
 The color depth may reach 12 color bits compared to
the 10 usual ones of the Full HD.
Fig 6: Ideal viewing distances
 The H.265 Codec or HEVC used to process 4k
High-resolution displays such as 8K allow for each
duplicates the compression relationship of the H.264
pixel to be indistinguishable to the human eye when
but maintaining the same quality.
viewed at a typical distance from the screen. 8K
 Camera, television and mobile phone creators are
resolution can also be used for the purpose of creating
betting more and more for the 4K.
enhanced lower resolution videos through a
combination of cropping techniques and/or with down
DISADVANTAGES
sampling techniques used in video and film editing.
 The content recorded in 4K is still limited.
CONCLUSION
 To transfer videos in 4K it is necessary to have a
Still in the early stages of market penetration, it will be
minimum bandwidth of 25Mbps.
some time before 4K display technology becomes the
 The exported archives are very heavy and take up a lot
mainstream standard for any type of display, be it
of space.
desktop, large screen, or TV. In the meantime, 4K
 The prices of 4K televisions are not accessible for all
displays offer premium
pockets.

Fig 5: Single image in three resolutions-HD,4K,8K
8k UHD
8K resolution, or 8K UHD, is the current highest ultra-
high definition television (UHDTV) resolution in digital
REFERENCES
1. Patrick Seeling ,Assistant professor in Dept. of CS, at
Central MICHIGAN University
Martin Reisslein,Professor in school of Electrical
,Computer and Energy Engg. At Arizona State
University “I Want Pixels(Entering the Age of 4k)”
2. Prabhu Anbananthan , Vice President of technology
at Pixelogic Media.
Seth Hallen, Senior Vice President of global business
development at Strategy at Pixelogic Media and
President of the Hollywood Professional
Association.”Update on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray
Production”
3.Fenlon, Wesley, 1.10.13, CES 2013: 30-Inch PC
Monitors Offer 4K You Should Actually Care About.
4.Delaney, John R., April 9, 2014, How to Choose the
Right Monitor for Graphic Design.
5. Laird, Jeremy, February 10th 2013, Why 4K ultra-
high definition display technology is great for the PC