Date:………………..

2.1 – LINEAR MOTION

LINEAR MOTION

Success Criteria
 define distance and displacement
 define speed and velocity and state that average velocity
 define acceleration and deceleration and state that t v u a
 calculate speed and velocity
 calculate acceleration/ deceleration.
 solve problems on linear motion with uniform acceleration

RECALL:
Comparison between distance and displacement

Distance
Total path length
travelled from one
location to another
Displacement
The distance between two
locations measured along the
shortest path connecting them
in specific direction

……………… quantity

It has ………………..but no
…………………….

SI unit SI unit :

Comparison between speed and velocity

Speed Velocity
The rate of The rate of
……………………….. ………………………………
…
……………..quantity

It has ………………..but no
…………………….

SI unit SI unit :

Example 1

A boy walks finish the following path PQ.

Find
1
 Date:………………..
(a) total distance traveled (b) displacement

Solution

Example 2

Every morning Amirul walks to Ahmad’s house which is situated 80 m to the east of
Amirul’s house.
They then walk towards their school which is 60 m to the south of Ahmad’s house.

(a) What is the distance travelled by Amirul and his displacement from his house?

(b) If the total time taken by Amirul to travel from his house to Ahmad’s house and then
to school is 15 minutes, what is his speed and velocity?

Speed =

Velocity =

Acceleration, a and Deceleration

Acceleration is the rate of……………………………………………….

Acceleration = final velocity – initial velocity

time taken

a =

Negative acceleration is called as ……………………………………

Acceleration is a …………………… quantity

The unit of acceleration or deceleration is ……………………………..( )

Acceleration and deceleration

1. Study the phenomenon below;

2
 Date:………………..
-1 -1 -1
0ms 20 m s 40 m s

Observation: …………………………………………………………………………….

2. Acceleration is, ……………………………………………………………………………….

Or
Then, a =

3. Example of acceleration;
t=2s t=2s
A B C

-1 -1 -1
0ms 20 m s 40 m s

Calculate the acceleration of car;

i) from A to B

ii) From B to C

4. Deceleration happens ...…………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Example of deceleration;
-1
A lorry is moving at 30 m s , when suddenly the driver steps on the brakes and it
stop 5 seconds later. Calculate the deceleration of lorry

solution:

Extra notes

1 uniform = …………..= …………=…………….

2 increasing velocity = ……………………
3 decreasing velocity (slow down) =………………………
4 zero velocity = ………………………….
5 negative velocity = ……………………………………………….
6 uniform velocity = ………………………………………….
7 negative acceleration = …………………………………….

3
 Using a ticker timer to analysing the motion

A ticker timer is connected to an alternating electricity supply (a.c.) and uses the mains electricity
frequency of 50 Hz to make 50 ticks or vibrations every second.
1 tick is the time interval between one dot and the next dot on the tape.
50 ticks = 1 s
1 tick = ………………

Relating displacement, velocity, acceleration and time using ticker tape.

VELOCITY FORMULA
Time, t = ….. ticks x …… s
= ……. s
displacement, s = … cm
(using ruler)

velocity =

ACCELERATION FORMULA

Initial velocity, u =

Elapsed time, t = (total part -1) x time taken for one final velocity, v =
part

acceleration, a =

Example 3 Solution

Based on the ticker tape above calculate

(a) time taken (b) velocity

Example 4 Solution

Based on the figure above, calculate the acceleration .

Example 5

The figure above shows a ticker tape contains 5

ticks for every interval AB.BC.CD and DE .Calculate the acceleration.

Solution

Example
6

The diagram above shows a ticker tape chart for

a moving trolley. The frequency of the ticker-
timer used is 50 Hz. Each section has 10 dots-
spacing.

(a) What is the time between two

dots? (b) What is the time for one

strips?

(c) What is the initial velocity?

(d) What is the final velocity?

(e) What is the time interval to change from

initial velocity to final velocity?

(f) What is the acceleration of the

object?

v u
a=
t

The type of motion based on ticker tape or tape chart

(a)
The type of motion is
velocity acceleration

(b)

The type of motion is

velocity acceleration

(c)

The type of motion is

velocity acceleration

(d)

The type of motion is

velocity acceleration

(e)
 The type of motion is
velocity acceleration

Using a stroboscopic photograph to analysing the motion

Stroboscopic photograph is the taking of very short –exposure pictures of moving objects using
a camera and a stroboscope.
A stroboscope is a device for making a moving body intermittently visible in order to make
appear stationary.
The moving object appear ‘freeze’ when the stroboscope frequency at the same frequency of
moving object.
There are two types of stroboscopes:

(i) Mechanical stroboscope

Stroboscopic photograph frequency = number of slits x stroboscope frequency

or f = np
(ii) Electronic stroboscope ( multiflash stroboscope )

Stroboscopic photograph frequency = light flashes frequency

Example 7

The following figure a stroboscopic photograph shows a metal ball moves along a horizontal plane.
The photograph is taken by using a camera and a mechanical stroboscope has 8 slits and
rotates with frequency 5 Hz.

(a) State the type of motion of the metal ball.

(b) What is the stroboscopic photograph frequency
(c) What is the time intervals between one image and the next.
(d) What is the number of images in 30 seconds.
(e) Calculate the average velocity of the metal ball

Solution
Example 8

The following figure a stroboscopic photograph shows a trolley down an inclined plane.
The photograph is taken by using a camera and an electronic stroboscope produces
20 flashes per second.

(a) State the type of motion of the trolley.

(b) What is the stroboscopic photograph frequency
(c) What is the time intervals between one image and the next.
(d) Calculate
(i) the initial velocity
(ii) the final velocity
(iii) the acceleration
Solution

Using Equations of Linear Motion with Uniform Acceleration

The various equations of linear motions of an object with uniform acceleration are given as follows:

v = u + at ……………………….(1) Where
s u+v t ………………………..(2) s :…………………….
2
u :………………………..
s = ut + ½ at 2………………………..(3) v :…………………….
a :………………………..
v2 = u2 + 2as………………………..(4) t :……………………

show how you derive equation of linear motion

Extra notes:

moves from rest/take-off…………………

finally it stops/brakes:…………………….

released from a height / fall freely from

 rest / take off …………………….

thrown vertically upwards:……………..

at maximum height :…………………….

Example 9

A car accelerates from rest to 25 m s-1 in 4 s.

Find the acceleration of the car.

Solution

Example 10

A bus accelerates uniformly along a straight line from a velocity 20 ms -1 until 30 ms-1 in 5 s.
Calculate,

(a) the acceleration (b) the total displacement travelled by the bus

Solution

Example 11

A construction worker accidentally knocks a brick from a building so that it falls in 4 s to the ground.
Calculate
(a) the velocity of the brick as it hits the ground
(b) the distance fallen of the brick

Solution

LESSON 2 – ANALYSING MOTION

GRAPH

Success criteria:
 plot and interpret displacement-time and velocity-time graphs.
 deduce from the shape of a displacement-time graph
 determine distance, displacement and velocity from a
displacement-time graph.
 deduce from the shape of a velocity-time graph.
 determine distance, displacement, velocity and acceleration from
a velocity - time graph.
Using Displacement – time graph and Distance – time graph

GRAPH s versus t v versus t a versus t

Gradient of the graph Gradient of the graph Area under the graph
= ……………… = ……………… = …………………
Area under the graph
= …………………

Zero
velocity

constant
velocity,
acceleration
…………………

Velocity
increasing
uniformly ,
Acceleration…
………………..

Velocity
decreasing
uniformly,
Acceleration…
………………..

GRAPH s versus t v versus t a versus t

Example 1

The following figure shows displacement – time graph of an object.

Based on the graph

(a) calculate the velocity of the object between
(i) AB (ii) BC (iii) CD
(b) what type of motion of the object between
(i) AB (ii) BC (iii) CD

Solution

Example 2

The following is the velocity-time graph of a car.

Based on the graph,
(a) Calculate the acceleration of the car between
(i) JK (ii) KL (iii) LM (iv) MN
(b) State the type of motion of the car between
(i) JK (ii) KL (iii) LM (iv) MN

(c) Calculate the total displacement travelled of the car during

(i) the first 10 s of motion
(ii) the car moves with uniform velocity
(iii) the last 10 s of motion

(d) Calculate
(i) the total displacement for the whole journey.
(ii) the total distance for the whole journey.

(e) Calculate
(i) the average velocity
(ii) the average speed

Solution

LESSON 3 – UNDERSTANDING
INERTIA

Success criteria:
 explain what inertia is.
 relate mass to inertia.
 give examples of situations involving inertia.
 suggest ways to reduce the negative effects of inertia
The meaning of inertia

Inertia is the property of an object which ……………… a change in its motion.

If it is at rest it tends to remain at …………. , if it is moving it tends to ………….. moving.
Or
Inertia is the reluctance of an object to move once it is at rest or the reluctance of an object to stop
once it is in uniform velocity.

Explanation of inertia by Newton’s First Law of Motion

Newton’s First Law of Motion states that “an object will remain at rest or continue with a constant
speed in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force or if the external force acting on the
object is zero”

Relationship between mass and inertia

Activity 1
1. Two bottles which are hung with rope.
Relationship between 2. One bottle is filled with water while the other
mass and inertia bottle is empty.
3. Then, both bottles are pushed.

Observation Push and compared to the bottle with water.

1. The bottle filled with water is more ___________

to be stopped

2. This shows that the heavier bottle offers a

greater resistance to change from its state of
rest or from its state of motion.
3. It is found that the empty bottle is __________ to
push compared to the bottle with water.

4. The bottle filled with water offers more _________

to movement. When both bottles are oscillating
and an attempt is made to stop

Conclusion An object with a larger mass has a larger _____________.

Some examples of situations involving inertia

ACTIVITIES
 SITUATION EXPLANATION
When the cardboard is pulled away quickly, the coin drops
straight into the glass.
The _________ of the coin maintains it in its _________ positions
even when the cardboard is withdrawn.

Place a glass of water on a piece of A4 paper. Suddenly you pull

the paper horizontally. What happens to the glass of water??

A wooden block is placed on top of a moving trolley down a A

wooden block is placed on top of a moving trolley down a runway.
When the motion of the trolley is stopped by an obstacle, the
wooden block will continue its state of……………………………. And
slide forward. The …………….. of the wooden block tends to keep its
state of motion.

A book is pulled out from its central location. The books on top will
fall _________________.
Inertia tries to _________ the change to the _____________ situation,
that is, when the book is pulled out, the books on top do not follow
suit.

Other examples of inertia in daily life

 Passengers in a bus will lurch backwards when a stationary
bus starts to move with forward acceleration. Why?

When the bus moves suddenly from rest, our feet are
carried __________ but the_________ of our body tends to keep
us at _______. This causes our body to fall _____________.

Passengers in a moving bus lurch forward when the bus

comes to a halt suddenly. Why?
The passengers were in a state of _________when the bus was
moving. When the bus stops suddenly, our feet are brought
to_______ , but the ___________ of our body tends to continue its
__________ motion. This causes our body to fall ___________

Chili sauce in the bottle can be easily poured out if the bottle
is moved down fast with a sudden stop. Explain.
The sauce in the bottles ________ with the bottle during the
downward movement.
When the bottle is stopped, the __________ of the sauce causes it
to continue in its downward movement and thus the sauce is
forced out of the bottle.

A boy runs away from a cow in a zig zag motion. Why?

The head of hammer is secured tightly to its handle by

knocking one end of the handle, held vertically, on a hard
surface.
This causes the hammer head to continue on its __________
motion when the handle has been stopped, so that the top
end of the handle is slotted deeper into the hammer head.

The drop of water on a wet umbrella will fall when the boy
rotates the umbrella.
This is because the drop of water on the surface of the umbrella
________ simultaneously as the umbrella is rotated.
When the umbrella stops rotating, the _________ of the drop of
water will continue to maintain its motion.

Futher thinking
The massive oil tanker takes a long time to accelerate to its full speed and a few
kilometers to come to a stop even though the engine has reversed its propeller to
slow it down. Why?

Reducing the negative side effects of inertia.

(i) The seat belts are designed to protect the passengers .

If the car is involved in a collision , it will suddenly be brought to a stop. But
because of its inertia, their body will continue traveling at a certain velocity until it
hits an obstruction , usually the car’s windscreen. Without a seat-belt , the
passengers can be seriously injury.
The belts exerts a force on the passenger’s bodies bringing it to stop without hitting
the windscreen or the steering wheel.

(ii) Head restraints are designed to reduce neck injury. There are particularly effective
in rear-impact accidents. As the car is shunted forward , the back of your seat
pushes your body towards. If you do not have a head restraint, the inertia of your
head means that it stays behind, while your body moves forward. This can cause
‘whiplash’ injuries.

(iii) Timbers carried by a lorry normally are tied up together by a strong iron chain.
When the lorry starts to move suddenly, the timbers are more difficult to fall off
due to their inertia because their combined mass has increased.

(iv)

(v)

The positive effects of inertia

(i) A sumo wrestler who has a greater mass also has a greater inertia. He is harder to toppled
and normally he is likely to win a championship tournament.

(ii)

Inertial balance
An inertial balance is used to compare masses or to measure the mass of an object.
When the mass of the metal cylinder is increased by adding a second metal cylinder , the period of
vibration become longer.
The square of the period of vibration ,T2 of a inertial balance is directly proportional to the mass, m of
the metal cylinder.
T2  m

Experiment to investigate the relationship between the inertia and the mass

LESSON 4 - MOMENTUM
 Success criteria:
 Define the momentum of an object.
 Define momentum (p) as the product of mass (m) and velocity (v) i.e. p =
mv.
 State the principle of conservation of momentum
 Describe applications of conservation of momentum.
 Solve
Momentum andproblems involving
the Principle of themomentum
conservation of momentum

The definition and S.I. unit of momentum

Phenomenon The Value of

momentum
A bullet travels at very high Large
velocity
A lorry which has a large Large
mass

Conclusion : Momentum of an object is defined as the product of its

.……………….and………………

or momentum =
p =

The S.I . units of momentum is ……………………….

Momentum is a ........................quantity.

Example 1

A bullet of mass 0.01k g moves with a velocity 200 m s -1. What is the momentum of the bullet?

Solution

Example 2

A trolley of mass 1.5 kg moves with a velocity 4 ms-1 hits a wall and rebounds along the initial
direction with a velocity 3 ms-1 .Calculate
(a) The initial momentum
(b) The final momentum
(c) The change of momentum

Solution

The Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum

The Principle of conservation of momentum states that

“ The total momentum of a system is always fixed if there is no external force acting on
the system”

or “ In any collision or interaction between two or more objects in an isolated system , the
total momentum of the system will remain constant ;

that is the total ……………………before collision will be …………..l to the total………………. after
the collision”

Types of collision

There are two types of collision , that is

(i) ……………………….collision
(ii) ……………………..collision

Inelastic collision

In inelastic collision , after two objects moving with their respective velocities do collide,
they ……………………….. and move with a ………………… velocity.

Based on The Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum,

The total momentum = The total momentum

before collision after collision

Example 3

A trolley of mass 1 kg and moving with a velocity of

6 ms-1 collides with a stationary trolley with a mass 3 kg . After collision they stick together
with a common velocity. What is their common velocity?

Solution

Example 4

A trolley of mass trolley M kg and moving with a velocity 4 ms -1 and collides with a trolley of
mass 1 kg and moving in opposite direction with a velocity 2 ms -1 . After collision they stick
together with a common velocity 2 ms-1. What is the value of M?
Solution

Elastic collision

In elastic collision , after two objects moving with their respective velocities do collide, those two
objects will ………………..and move with ………………velocities

Based on The Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum,

The total momentum = The total momentum

before collision after collision

Example 5

A trolley of mass trolley 2 kg and moving with a velocity 0.6 ms -1 and collides with a
stationary trolley with a mass 1kg . After collision the trolley of mass 2kg and moving with a
velocity 0.2 ms-1. What is the velocity of the trolley of mass 1 kg after collision?

Solution

Example 6

Based on the figure above, what is the

(a) value of x
(b) direction of motion of the ball with a mass 2 kg after collision

Solution

Explosion
In explosion, two objects are initially at……… and after explosion those two objects will …………..
and move in……………… directions.

Based on The Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum,

The total momentum = The total momentum

before explosion after explosion

Example 7

A bullet of mass 0.05 kg is shot out from a gun of mass

1.5 kg.If the recoil velocity of the gun is 2 ms-1,what is the velocity of the bullet ?

Solution

Example 8

A boy of mass 60 kg and a girl of mass 40 kg stand facing each other on a skating rink. The girl
pushes the boy and he moves backwards at 2 ms-1 . What is the girl’s velocity?

Solution

Similarities and Differences between Inelastic Collision and Elastic Collision

Similarities
Total momentum is …………………..
Total energy is ……………………..
Total mass is …………………………

Differences

Inelastic collision Elastic collision

 Both objects stick Both objects don’t
together after stick together after
collision and move collision and move
with …………… with……………..
velocity velocities
Total amount of Total amount of kinetic
kinetic energy is not energy is conserved
conserved

The Applications of the Principle of Conservation of Momentum in rockets or jet engines .

Rocket Engine

A rocket engine carries its fuel with it and can work in space as well as in atmosphere.
Two fuels, such as liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen burn together explosively and force
the gases produced out of the rocket nozzle in high speed and hence produces downwards
momentum.
Following the principle of Conservation of Momentum, the rocket will propel upwards with a
momentum that is equal to its previous momentum because momentum is conserved.

Jet Engine
A jet engine uses the same principle of momentum conservation as the rocket engine except
that it takes in air to burn the fuel. So a jet engine will only work in the atmosphere.
In the jet engine, air is sucked into the jet engine to be compressed and is heated up in the
compressor. The compressed air is then mixed with fuel which is sprayed so that it starts to burn.
The exhaust chamber emits exhaust gases with a high velocity. This results in a momentum of
equal magnitude but of opposite direction which moves the aero plane forward.

LESSON 5 – THE EFFECTS OF FORCE

Success criteria:
 describe the effects of balanced forces acting on an object.
 describe the effects of unbalanced forces acting on an object.
 determine the relationship between force, mass and
acceleration i.e. F = ma.
 solve problems using F = ma.

Definition of force
Force is defined as anything that changes the state of rest or motion of an object moving
in a straight line.
Force is a …………………quantity which has both ………………….and ………………………

The S.I. unit for force is …….. or …………..

Force is measured by using a Spring Balance

The effects of a force

A force can
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Newton ‘s laws of motion

Newton’s First Law : An object will remain at rest or continue with a constant speed in a
straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force. (inertia)

Newton’s Second Law : The acceleration of a body ,a, is directly proportional to the net force
acting on it, F , and inversely proportional to its mass, m.

Newton’s Third Law : For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

The relationship between the acceleration ,a ,the net force ,F and the mass , m.
Based on the Newton’s Second Law of motion,

a  F
1
a 
m
F
We obtain a 
m
kF
a 
m
F = kma

In S.I. units , the definition of a force of 1 N is given as the amount of force which is
applied on a mass of 1 kg and which causes it to experience an acceleration of 1 ms -2
Thus,
1 N = k ( 1 kg ) ( 1 ms-2 )
Thus k=1

Therefore F = ma
Where F = net force
m = mass
a = acceleration
Example 1

Two forces act horizontally to a block of wood of mass 4 kg as shown in figure above.
What is the acceleration and the direction of motion of the block.

Solution

Example 2

An object of mass 2 kg is pulled on the floor by a force of 5 N and having a constant velocity.
(a) What is the frictional force between the object and the floor.
(b) Calculate the acceleration of the object if the object is pulled by a 17 N force?

Solution

Example 3

A bus of mass 2 000 kg travels with a uniform velocity 40 ms -1 for a distance 2500 m before it
comes to rest. Calculate
(a) the average deceleration of the bus
(b) the average force applied by the brakes to bring the bus to a standstill

Solution

Example 4

A car has to overcome a drag force due to air resistance of 900 N. If the car has a
mass of 1000 kg, determine the average force that the motor needs to apply if it is to
accelerate at 5.0 ms-2.

Solution
Experiment to investigate the relationship between the force and acceleration

LESSON 6- Impulse , Impulsive

force and Safety features In Vehicles

Definition and S.I. unit for Impulse

Impulse is defined as the change in momentum

Impulse = m(v-u)
m = mass
v = final velocity
u = initial velocity

Unit of impulse = kg ms -1 or N s magnitude of the impulse

Impulse is a vector quantity.

From Newton’s second law of motion,

F= m(v–u)
t
Ft = m( v – u ) = change in momentum

Impulse is also defined as the product between impulsive force, F with the time impact, t.

Impulse = Ft
F = Impulsive force
t = time impact

Impulse = area under graph F - t

Example 1

An object of mass 5 kg falls from a building. Its velocity is 6 ms -1 before it touches the ground. How
much is the impulse on the object once it hits the ground.

Solution

Example 2

Figure shows a trolley of mass 1.5 kg hits the wall with a velocity 5 ms -1 and bounces back with a
velocity of 4 ms-1.

Calculate the magnitude of the impulse during collision.

Solution

Example 3

A box of mass 2 kg is pulled with a force of 40 N for 5s. How much is the impulse upon the object.

Solution
Definition and S.I. unit for Impulsive Force

The impulsive force is a large force which acts over a very short time interval.

Impulsive force is defined as the rate of change of momentum .

Impulsive force , F = Change of momentum

Time
F=m(v–u)
t
m = mass
v = final velocity
u = initial velocity
t = time impact
Unit of impulsive force = kg ms -2 or N
Impulse force is a vector quantity.

Impulsive force also defined as the rate of impulse

Impulsive force , F = Impulse

Time

Impulsive force = gradient of the graph Impulse -

Time
Example 4

A tennis ball of mass 100 g is moving at a velocity of 40 ms -1.A player hits the ball and moves in the
opposite direction with a velocity of 10 ms -1. How much is the impulsive force experienced by the ball
if the time of collision is 20 m s.

Solution

Example 5

A boy of mass 50 kg falls a high place to the ground. The velocity of the boy when he just touches the
ground is 4 ms-1.
What is the impulsive force acting on the boy if
(a) he bends his knees upon landing on the ground and takes 0.5 s to stop
(b) he lands on the ground with stiff legs and takes 0.02 s to stop

Solution
Effect of time interval of impact on size of impulsive force

From the formula for impulsive force,

F=m(v–u)
t
we can see that when the stopping time ,t , is small, F is big ; and when t is big , F is small.
The impulsive force is inversely proportional to the time of impact.

Reducing impulsive forces

1. A gymnast bends her knees as he lands, the momentum change occurs over a longer period of
time, and so the impulsive force will be lower and to avoid breaks her leg.

2. In games like baseball, cricket and softball, the catcher always pulls his hand backward when
catching the ball to lengthen the collision time and hence reduces the impact of the impulsive
force.

3. Thick mattresses with a soft surface are used in events such as the high jump so that the time
interval of impact on landing is increased, thus reducing the impulsive force.

4. Items that are fragile, such as eggs, glass and electrical appliances must be packed in materials
that are stiff but compressible. These materials are able to absorb and reduce impulsive forces by
extending the time interval of the change in momentum during an impact.

When impulsive forces are beneficial

1. Hammer and nail are made of metal. When a hammer hits at a nail , the collision time is small
and hence the impulsive force is great. So the nail penetrates a wooden material easily.

2. In the field of construction, a heavy metal pile falls on an iron post. When the metal pile hits the
iron post , the high rate of change of momentum will cause the big impulsive force to force the
iron post into the ground.

3. A pounder and a mortar made from hard stone are used to crush the foodstuffs such as chilli and
pepper into small pieces by a big impulsive force.

4. An exponent of karate has the capability to split a thick wooden sleb by bringing his hand down
hard onto the surface of the wood. The momentary contact produces a great impulsive force
which splits the wooden slab.

Safety features in vehicles

1. Crumple zones .
In a crash, the bonnet and boot of the car is designed to crumple, making the collision last a
slightly longer time. The chassis contains parts that have grooves or beads cast into them. In a
 collision, these beads act as weak points in the members, causing them to crumple in a
concertina shape. The force exerted on the car (and on its passengers ) is then smaller.

2. Strong steel struts or framework of the car

The strong steel struts prevents the collapse of the front and back of the car into the passenger
compartment. Also gives good protection from a side-on collision.

3. Padded dashboard , seat and headrest. .

To reduce the risk of injury , the interior of the car must be made to absorb the impact. The car
can have padded dashboards. The seat is padded and the headrest reduces the risk of the
passenger’s neck being damaged in near-end collision.

4. Collapsible steering wheels

Steering wheel of a car is made of material soft enough to lighten the collision time and to cushion
the momentum impact of the driver’s head during an accident.

5. Shatterproof windscreen glass .

Usage of shatterproof windscreen to prevent the passengers from being injured by glass pieces
during accident because the glass pieces will not scattered easily .

6. Automatic air bag .

An air bag in a car is designed to inflate only when the vehicle experiences a 20 km h -1 or greater
impact. The car’s computer control make a decision in few milliseconds to detonate the gas
cylinders that inflate the air bag. As the driver lunges forward into the air bag, allowing the driver
to slow in a longer time. Injury is thus minimized. The air bag also spreads the impact force over a
larger area of the body.

7. Seatbelt
An inertial reel seatbelt is taut but allows enough free movement during normal traveling. When
an accident occurs, as the car exceeds a certain deceleration value, a locking mechanism will
engage and stop the driver from crashing forward. The driver is not brought to a stop immediately
and this helps reduce the force acting on a driver.

8. Tyre design
The tyre of a car should be broad and with friction grooves so as to control better the stability and
change of momentum of the car.

9. Safety helmets
Safety helmets are compulsory for motor cyclists. There is a growing amount of evidence to
suggest that many injuries to pedal cyclists would also be much less serious if they wore safety
helmets too. The purpose of a safety helmet is to protect the wearer’s head from large forces in
an accident. It works on exactly the same principle as the seat belt and crumple zone. Inside the
helmet there is a layer of expanded from or other similar padding. In a crash , if the motor
cyclist’s head hits another vehicle or the road, the webbing and the padding inside the helmet
allow the head to move a short distance before distance. The time allowed for the cyclist’s
moving head to slow down and stop is longer. So the average force on the head is smaller.

10. Accident avoidance systems.

New vehicle safety technologies now concentrate on preventing accidents rather than reducing
their effects. These include:
 Antilock brake systems (ABS) – Usage of the ABS which will not immediately stop the
car once the brakes are applied. The car will be momentarily brought to rest so that
the impulsive force is smaller.
 Variable-ratio response steering systems
 Intelligent sped adaptation systems
 Reverse collision warning systems

11. Protecting the pedestrian

Vehicles are designed to protect pedestrians also.
 Vehicles are designed with a low, energy-absorbing bumper to reduce knee and hip
damage to pedestrians.
  Bumper bars are placed below waist level to reduce the like hood of the pedestrian
being run over.
 Bonnet of a car can reduce casualty in car accidents. When the car hits a pedestrian,
the bonnet of the car will automatically spring upwards . This will prolong the collision
time and hence reduces the impulsive force acting on the pedestrian.
 Driver warning functions :Two different types of driver warning functions will be
provided.
Lateral Drift Warning Function ;This
Functionality will help drivers avoid inadvertent drift-off that may result in striking
another vehicle, roll-over or impact with a fixed object.
Curve Speed Warning Function ;
This feature would warn drivers to
slow down for an upcoming curve
so as not to lose control and
depart the road.

LESSON 7- Understanding gravity

Gravitational Force

Sir Isaac Newton said that every mass in universe attracts every other mass with a gravitational force.
The magnitude of the force is big if one of the object is massive and the distance between them is
small. Both objects pulls on each other with the same gravitational force even one of the objects is tiny
and the other massive, like and apple and the earth.
According to Newton , all objects are pulled by this force which causes them to fall to the surface of
earth.
This force which originates from the centre of the Earth pulls all objects towards the ground.

Gravitational Field

Gravitational field is a region in which an on objects experiences a force due to gravity.

The earth’s gravitational field extends out into space , in all directions. This field gets weaker the father
you go out from the centre of the Earth.

Gravitational field strength , g

The gravitational field strength , g is defined as force per unit m.

g = F
m
The unit of the gravitational field strength , g
is N kg-1
The gravitational field strength , g of the Earth is
9.8 N kg-1 .
The gravitational field strength , g of the Moon is only 1.6 N kg-1 because the mass of the Moon is
about one-eightieth that of the Earth’s.

Acceleration due to gravity, g

From the definition of the gravitational field strength,

g = F …………………(1)
m
According to Newton’s second law of motion,
F = ma ………………….(2)
Substituting for F ,
a = g = 9.8 ms-2

So, the acceleration due to gravity , g , is equal

9.8 ms-2 for Earth.
All objects on the Earth fall with the same acceleration due to gravity regardless of their size or mass.
Free fall

An object falls with an acceleration due to gravity, g is said to be free falling.

This happen when the object falls without encountering any resistance.
The following graph shows he graph velocity against time of any free-falling object :

The gradient of the graph is 9.8 ms-2

From the equation s = ut + ½ at2 ,

u=o , a=g

Thus s = ½ gt2
2s
t
g

These means that the time for free fall will depend upon
(i) height from where the object is let go off
(ii) the value of the acceleration due gravity

The free fall time does not depend on

(i) the mass of the object
(ii) the shape of the path (straight line or parabola)

Example 1

A man release a stone into a well. If the distance between the top of the well and the water surface is
30 m , what is the time taken for the stone to reach the surface of the water.

Solution

Example 2

A trolley moving with a uniform velocity of 5 ms-1 on a table . The height of the table is 1.25 m.
Calculate
(a) time taken to reach the floor

(b) the value of x

Solution

Weight, (W)
The weight , W of an object is the gravitational force exerted on it .

From F = ma , a=g

Hence W = mg

The S.I. units of weight is Newton (N)

Example 3

An astronaut who landed on the moon brought back a stone. On the Moon’s surface, the stone had a
weight of 8.0 N . On weighing the stone on Earth , a weight of 50 N is recorded.
( acceleration due to gravity for Earth is 9.81 ms-2)
Calculate ,
(a) the mass of the stone on Earth
(b) acceleration due to gravity for Moon

Solution:

The difference between mass and weigh

Mass Weight
Is the quantity of Is the gravitational
matter in an force
object
The S.I units is The S.I. units is
Kilogram Newton
A base quantity A derived quantity
A scalar quantity A vector quantity
Measured with an Measured with a
inertial balance spring balance
or a chemical
balance
Is fixed at all Varies from place
places to place
 LESSON 8- Types of forces , Forces in
Equilibrium , Resultant Force and
Resolution of forces

(a) Type of forces

Example 1

Name the forces exerted in the following diagram when the systems at rest.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)
Example 2

Name the forces exerted on the car when the car moves on a level road and with constant velocity.

Example 3

Name the forces exerted on the aeroplane when the aeroplane moves with a constant height and
uniform velocity.

(b) The principle of the forces in equilibrium

The principle of the forces in equilibrium states,

“An object is said to be in a state of equilibrium when the resultant force (net force) is zero (F=0)
When the equilibrium is reached, then the object is in two states, that is
(i) remains stationary (if the object is stationary)
or
(ii) moves at a constant velocity ( if the object is moving)

Example 4

Diagram shows a man and a boy push a stationary box with a same force 800 N.

What happens to the motion of the box.

Solution:
Example 5
Diagram shows a car moves with a uniform velocity 200 km h-1 and are exerted by two forces 12000 N
respectively.

What happens to the motion of the car.

Solution:

Example 6

Figure shows a stationary wooden block of mass 2 kg resting on a table.

Calculate
(a) the weight of the wooden block
(b) the normal reaction

Solution

(c) The principle of the resultant force // net force // unbalanced force

The principle of the unbalanced for stares states,

“ An object is said to be in unbalanced when the resultant force (net force) is not zero (F0)
When the object in unbalanced , then the object is in two states, that is
(i) accelerated
(ii) decelerated

Example 7

Diagram shows an aeroplane moves with a uniform velocity 850 km h-1 and are exerted by dragging
force and engine thrust of 30000 N respectively.

What happens to the motion of the aeroplane when the engine thrust is
(a) 32000 N
(b) 25000 N.

Solution:
Example 8

Diagram shows a man of mass 60 kg rides a bicycle of mass 25 kg

Calculate the acceleration of the bicycle.

Solution

(d) Three non-parallel Forces in Equilibrium

P + Q + R=0
When three non-parallel forces in equilibrium the closed triangle of forces in one direction (in order) is
occurred.

Example 9

State which of the following diagram of forces in equilibrium state,

(a)
(b)

(c)

Solution:
Example 10

The following diagram shows the systems in equilibrium state.

Name and label the forces involved and hence draw the triangle of forces,
:
(a)

(b)

(c)
(e)

Solution

Example 11

Diagram shows a steel sphere of mass

12 kg suspended from a length of rope which is pulled to the side by a horizontal force of M. The
tension of another rope is N. The system in equilibrium state.

(a) Draw a triangle of forces.

(b) Calculate the value of
(i) M
(ii) N
Solution
(e) Resultant force

Force is a vector quantity and hence it has magnitude and direction.

Two or more forces which act on an object can be combined into a single force called the resultant
force.

If two forces are in same line, vector addition is easy. We simply add the forces if both pull or push
together;
subtract them if one is in the opposite direction.

If they are at an angle, the resultant force can be determined by the triangle method and the
parallelogram method.

Parallelogram method :
In this method the tail of the first vector is joined to the tail of second vector and then draw a
parallelogram.
The diagonal represents the resultant force.

Triangle method:
In this method the tip of the first vector is joined to the tail of second vector and then draw a line to
complete the triangle.
The third side represents the resultant force.
Example 12

Find the resultant force for the following figure:-

Solution:

Example 13

The figure shows a trolley is pulled by two forces

What is the magnitude and the direction of the resultant force acting on the trolley.

Solution
Example 14

Figure shows a boat is pulled by two forces.

Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the trolley.

Solution:

(f) Resolution of forces

(i) A force can be resolved into two components, that is,

(a) the horizontal component, Fx and
(b) the vertical component , Fy

  is an angle between the force F to the horizontal line

 the sign of the force depend on the quadrant where the force , F is placed

(ii) For an object on a inclined plane, the weight ,W of the object can be resolved into two
components ;
(a) parallel to inclined plane, A
(b) perpendicular to inclined plane, B
Example 15

Find the values of Px and Py for the following figures.

Solution:

Example 16
Figure shows a stationary wooden block of mass 50 g which is placed on a inclined plane that is at an
angle of 40o to the horizontal.
What is the magnitude of the weight parallel to the inclined plane.

Solution

LESSON 9
Problems Involving the application of
the formula F = ma and W = mg in
Pulley System and Lift

Example 1

Figure shows an object of mass is placed on a table.

Calculate
(a) the weight of the object
(b) the normal reaction which is acting upwards from the table to the

Solution

Pulley System

Example 2

Figure shows a force ,P pulls a load of mass 4 kg by means a smooth pulley.

Solution
 Determine the value of P if the load moves with
(a) an uniform velocity
(b) an acceleration of 2 ms-2.

Example 3

Figure shows two weights of mass 2 kg and 6 kg are joined by a length of rope passes over a smooth
pulley.

If the system is released from rest, what is the

(a) tension of the rope
(b) acceleration of the weights?

Solution

Example 4

Figure shows a trolley of mass 2 kg is placed on the surface of a table.

What is the acceleration of the trolley and the tension of the rope when the 3- kg weight is released if
the surface
of the table is
(a) smooth
(b) rough and has the frictional force 4 N.
Solution

Lift
Situation Equation Conclusio
n

At rest

Moving up with
uniform velocity

Moving up with
acceleration

Moving up with
deceleration

Moving down with

uniform velocity

Moving down with

acceleration
Moving down with
deceleration

Cable of lift breaks

causing the lift to free
fall

Example 5

A student of mass 50 kg stands on a weighing scale in a lift. What is the reading of the weighing scale
if the lift
(a) at rest
(b) moving up with an uniform velocity 20 ms-1
(c) moving up with an acceleration 4 ms-2
(d) moving up with a deceleration 2 ms-2
(e) moving down with an uniform velocity 30 ms-1
(f) moving down an acceleration 5 ms-2
(g) moving down with a deceleration 3 ms-2
(h) is free falling

Solution

LESSON 10 -Understanding work, energy,

power and efficiency.

Work(W), Energy (E) and Power (P) and Efficiency

The Definition and S.I. unit of Work

Work is defined as the product of the applied force ,F on the object and its displacement, s in the
direction of the
net force.

W = Fs where W = Work, F = force

and s = displacement

The S.I. unit for Work is Joule(J)

IJ = 1Nm
Work is a scalar quantity.
Work done also can get from the graph
force-displacement.

Example 1

A horse pulls a carriage with a total force 40 N for 50m . Calculate the work done on the carriage by
the horse.

Solution

Example 2
Figure shows an ice cube is pulled at a distance 0.4 m by a force 20N at an angle of 60 o to the surface
of the
smooth surface.

Calculate the done on the ice cube?

Solution

Example 3

Figure shows a graph force-displacement of spring which is compressed by a force increases from 0 N
to 100 N
for 0.15 m.

Calculate the work done on the spring.

Solution
The Definition and S.I. unit of Energy(E)

Energy is the capacity or ability of a system to do work.

Without energy the work cannot done.
When work is done , energy is transferred to the object or change into a different form.
Energy can exist in various form ; potential energy(Gravitational Potential Energy, Elastic Potential
Energy,
Electrical Potential Energy , Atomic Potential Energy ) kinetic energy, mechanical energy, heat energy,
sound energy, electrical energy and nuclear energy.

The S.I. of energy is Joule (J).

Energy is scalar quantity.

Example 4

A student lifts a brick of mass 0.8 kg from the floor to the table top of height 1.2 m. Determine
(a) work done on the brick
(b) energy is used to lift the brick.

Solution

Kinetic Energy ( Ek )
Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a moving object.

Ek = ½ mv2 m = mass ,
v = velocity

Example 5

A bullet of mass 0.02 kg moves at a velocity 150 ms-1

What is the kinetic energy of the bullet ?

Solution

Example 6

A moving lorry of mass 800 kg has an energy of

160 k J. What is the velocity of the lorry.

Solution

Gravitational Potential Energy ( Eg)

The Gravitational potential energy of any object is the energy stored in the object because of its
height above the
earth’s surface
Eg = m g h
 m = mass
g= acceleration due to gravity
h = height
Example 7

A ball of mass 0.2 kg is thrown to a height 15 m. How much gravitational potential energy does the ball
gain?

Solution

Example 8

A boy of mass 50 kg sitting on the top end of an inclined sliding board has an energy of 2 kJ. What is
the height
the inclined sliding board from the ground?

Solution

Principle of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Energy can be transformed from one kind to another,
but the total energy in a system stays the same or is conserved .

Example 9

A stone is thrown with a velocity 20 ms-1.

What is the maximum height can be reached by the stone?

Solution

Example 10

Figure shows a ball of mass 0.5 kg slides from rest at point A through a frictionless rail height 0.8 m
down .

What is the velocity of the ball at the bottom of the rail.

Solution

Example 11
Figure shows a trolley is released from a rest at
point X through a frictionless inclined plane.

What is the velocity of the trolley at point Y.

Solution

Example 12

Figure shows a ball moves on a frictionless curve track with a velocity 6 ms -1 at point A.

What is the velocity of the ball when it reaches at point B?

Solution
The Definition and S.I. unit of Power (P)

Power is the rate at which work is done or

Power is the rate at which energy is changed or transferred.

@ P= W or P = Fs = F v
t t
@ P=E
t

P = Power , W = Work, E = Energy , t = time v = velocity

The S.I. unit of power is Watt(W)
1 W = 1 Js-1

Example 13

A monkey of mass 20 kg climbs a coconut tree of height 15 m in 2.5 s. What is the power of the
monkey?

Solution

The Definition of Efficiency

Efficiency = useful energy transferred x 100%
total energy supplied

= useful energy output x 100%

energy input

Example 14

A man pulls a box of mass 8 kg with a total force

100 N. After pulled for 5 m ,the box is moving at a speed of 6 ms -1. Calculate the efficiency with which
the man
is using his energy to pull the box.

Solution

Example 15

A crane lifts a load of 400 kg to a height of 100 m in 20 s. If the power input is 25 000 W, calculate
(a) the useful energy output
(b) the energy input
(c) the efficiency of the crane.

Solution

Appreciating the importance of maximising the

efficiency of devices.

Energy conservation demands that the total energy output of a machine or device must equal its
energy input.
However , when we measure the energy output as work done on the load by a machine or device, we
find it is less
than the energy input.
It is because the machine or device also does work against frictional forces and sometimes does work
in moving itself.
The work done against friction converts input energy into wasted heat energy and a little noise energy.
So the energy equation now looks like this:

Energy = useful energy + wasted energy

Input output output

Maximising the efficiency of machine or device makes the best use of the input energy and reduces
wasted energy
output.

Maximising the efficiency of machine and device

can helps to conserve resources since fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas are non-
renewable
resourcesto protect the environment from
deforestation ,oil spills and radioactive wastes to reduce the emission of air pollutants and greenhouse
gases
from power stations to reduce the energy bills

The following are several ways of increasing the efficiency of machines and devices:
Machines:
Moving surfaces are made as smooth as possible.
Lubricants such as oil and silicone are used to separate surfaces.
Rollers and ball bearings are used to separate rotating axles from their mountings.
Cushions of air are used as elastic lubricant.
Machines which move through fluids are made streamlined in shape to reduce the frictional drag.
Heat engines:
Heat engine must be designed with capability to do a greater amount of mechanical work while
discharging
waste heat at a lower temperature.
Electrical devices:
(i) Lamp:
A fluorescent lamp is more efficient than a filament light bulb.
Use a lamp with a reflector so that the illumination can directed to specific area.
A lighting of a room should depend on the size of the room.
(ii) Water heater
When having a shower during a hot weather,
a lower temperature is needed
(iii) Refrigerator
The doors of the refrigerator must always
be shut tight.
Thermostat should be used in refrigerator
to control the temperature
The power of refrigerator needed depend
on the size of the family.
Another ways:
Recycling also conserves energy resources. Recycling saves energy because we do not have to make
new bottles,
papers e.t.c.

LESSON 11 - Understanding elasticity.

Meaning of Elasticity

Elasticity is the property of a substance which enables it to return to original shape @ size @ length
after an applied external force( compressive force or stretching force) is removed.
Why is a solid is elastic ?

The property of elasticity is caused by the existence of two forces between molecules or atoms in the
solid
material.
The two forces are force of repulsion and force of attraction between molecules.
When a compressive force is applied to the solid, force of repulsion between the molecules pushes the
molecules
back to their equilibrium positions.
When a stretching force is applied to the solid force of attraction between the molecules pulls the
molecules back
to their equilibrium positions.
In the absence of an applied external force on the solid, the force of attraction is balanced by the force
of repulsion
or the resultant force is zero.

Graph of force between molecules , F against the distance between molecules, x.

At distance X1 : is the equilibrium position where the resultant force is zero.

At distance X < X1 : the solid is compressed where force of repulsion > force of attraction.
At distance X1 < X<X2 : the solid is stretched where force of attraction > force of repulsion until the
force of
attraction reaches a maximum value at X2.
At distance X > X2 : the force of attraction will decrease and the molecular layer will begin to slip and
solid will
permanently change its shape. The point where the solid loses its elastic characteristics is call as the
elastic limit.
After this limit , the solid will not return to its original shape.

Restoring Force
Figure(a): The spring is unstretched , i.e at natural length and exerts zero force on the trolley.
Figure(b): As the spring is stretched to the right, it exerts a force to the left on the trolley. This is called
a restoring force.

Hooke’s Law

Hooke’s Law states that the extension of an elastic substance is directly proportional to the stretching
force
acting on it provided that the elastic limit is not exceeded.

@ F  x
F=kx

F = the acting force or the effort

X = extension
k = the spring constant

Spring constant , k

F = kx,
k=F
x

the unit of k is Nm-1

spring constant , k = Gradient of the graph

A larger value of k or gradient indicates a stiffer spring.

P: stiff spring
Q: soft spring
Graph of Stretching Force, F against Spring extension,
A : Elastic limit
OA : The graph is a straight line passing through the origin. Thus the stretching force is directly
proportional to
the extension of the spring and Hooke’s law is obeyed.
AB: The graph takes the form a curve, that is the stretching force is not vary directly with extension of
the spring
and Hooke’s law is no applicable.

Why does the oscillation of a spring stops?

If you leave a mass on a spring oscillating it eventually slows down and stops. Air resistance slows the
object down.
Energy is lost from the system in overcoming this friction. This effect is called damping.

In an ammeter or in a car’s suspension needs to stop the oscillations as quickly as possible .So
damping process
should be happen as quickly as possible.

Factors affecting the rate of extension or stiffness of a spring.

Type of spring material: A spring made from a hard material extending shorter than a spring
made from a
soft material. For example a steel spring extending shorter than a copper spring.
Diameter of spring coil: A spring coil of a larger diameter is easier to stretch ( the rate of extension is
high)
compared to a spring coil of smaller diameter.
Diameter of the wire of the spring : A spring coil made from a thicker wire is harder ( the rate of
extension is low)
compared a spring made from a thinner wire.
Spring arrangement: Stretch of a spring in series is more easier than stretch of a spring in parallel.
The original length of the spring: Stretch of a longer spring is more easier than stretch of a shorter
spring .
The spring constant , k : The spring which has a larger value of k is the spring which more stiff(the
rate
of extension is low)

Use of Elasticity in Everyday Life:

(1) Cushion / mattress: The spring in a cushion or mattress undergo many cycles of compression
during use
and each time the cushion is able to return to its original shape. This is due to the elasticity of the
springs.
(2) Electric meter : Electric meters such as ammeter, voltmeter and galvanometer have spiral
springs. The springs
are used to stop the pointer at a specific point on the scale or to return the pointer to the zero mark
on the scale after a measurement has been taken
(3) Weighing apparatus: A weighing apparatus such as spring balance , a spring is either extended
or compressed
and it obeys the
Hooke ‘ law and it caused the apparatus has a linear scale.
(4) Vehicles spring support: It enables the
passengers in a vehicle to be seated in a comfortable position when the vehicle goes on a bumpy road
because springs
 shock absorbers are mounted on the wheels of vehicles to absorb impacts and damp vibrations
resulting from
movement on the bumpy road or uneven road surface.
(5) In sports : The elastic strings of a tennis or a badminton racket enable them to rebound the ball
or shuttle.
The ropes used by rock climbers have elastic properties that can save lives during climbing
accidents. The
ropes are made of a continuous-drawn nylon fibre core and a protective textile covering . This
reduces the stopping
force acting on a falling climber.
A bow bends or elastic twine of the bow is stretched to store the elastic potential energy used to propel
the arrow.

Spring Systems
There are two ways to arrange a spring, that is,
Series arrangement
Parallel arrangement

Series Parallel
In series arrangement same load is applied to each spring i.e W
In parallel arrangement the load is shared equally among the springs . i.e W
2

Example 1
The original length of a spring is 5 cm. With a load of mass 20 g, the length of the spring is extended to
7 cm.
Determine
(a) the extension of the spring with a load 40 g
(b) the length of the spring with a load 60 g.
(c) the load required to extend the spring to 20 cm.

Solution

Example 2

Spring A extends by 2 cm when it hung with a 10 g weight. Spring B extends by 4 cm when it hung
with a 10g
weight. Find the total stretch in each of the spring systems shown in the following figure.
Solution

Experiment to investigate the relationship between the extension and force

Hypothesis:
As the force increases , the extension increases
Aim of the experiment :
To investigate the relationship between the force and the extension
Variables in the experiment:
Manipulated variable: The force
Responding variable: The extension
Constant variable : Spring constant , diameter of the spring
List of apparatus and materials:
Spring , metre ruler , slotted mass , retort stand.
Arrangement of the apparatus:

The procedure of the experiment which include the method of controlling the manipulated variable and
the method of
measuring the responding variable.
The original length of the spring is recorded , Lo
The mass of the slotted mass is recorded , m
The new length of the spring is recorded after the slotted mass is hung , L
The extension of the spring is calculated , x = L o – L
The experiment is repeated 5 times by increasing the number of the slotted mass
Tabulate the data:
m
x
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph v against x

Elastic Potential Energy ( Ee)

Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in a elastic matter when it is extended or compressed.
Thus,

Ee = ½ F x = ½ kx2 = Area under the

graph F vs. x

F = Force
x = extension k = spring constant

Example 3

The original length of a spring is 12 cm. With a load of 20 g , the length of the spring is extended to
15 cm.
What is the elastic potential energy stored in the spring?

Solution

Example 4

Figure shows a graph of force, F against extension, x for a spring.

What is the potential energy stored when the spring is extended by 0.4 m?

Solution
Example 5

Figure shows a ball of mass 10 g pushed against one end of a spring on a smooth surface. The original
length of the
spring is 14 cm and its spring constant is 200 N m -1.
Determine
(a) the elastic potential energy stored in the spring.
(b) the maximum velocity reached by the ball after the compressive force on the spring is removed.

Solution

Experiment to investigate the relationship between the elastic potential energy and
energy

Hypothesis:
As the elastic potential energy increases ,the kinetic energy increases
Aim of the experiment :
To investigate the relationship between the kinetic energy and the elastic potential energy
Variables in the experiment:
Manipulated variable: The elastic potential energy
Responding variable: The kinetic energy
Fixed variable: The elastic cord , the mass of the trolley
List of apparatus and materials:
A Trolley, ticker timer, ticker tape, elastic cord,runway, transformer,nails and metre ruler.
Arrangement of the apparatus:

The procedure of the experiment which include the method of controlling the manipulated variable and
the
method of measuring the responding variable.
The trolley is hooked to the elastic cord and pulled to the back for a distance.
The distance of the trolley moved is measured by using a metre ruler, x
The trolley is released and the distance the last 10 ticks on the ticker tape is measured , L.
L
The final velocity is calculated , v
0.02
The experiment is repeated 5 times by increasing the distance of x.
Tabulate the data:

x
v
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph v against x