Experiment No.

: 02

1 AIM
1. To verify the linearity property of Fourier series/transform.

2. Add two sinusoidal signals and eliminate the higher frequeny component using second order
low pass Butterworth filter.
π
3. To shift the phase of a sinusoindal signal by 2 and understand the difference between phase
shift and time delay.

2 Apparatus Used
1. Opamp-741 IC 3. Resistors 5. Capacitors 7. Digital signal oscilloscope
2. DC power supply ±12 volts 4. Breadboard 6. Connecting wires 8. Function Generator

3 Figure/Connection Diagram

figure: 2 Second order low pass

figure: 1 Summing amplifier Butterworth filter

figure: 3 All pass filter or Phase shifter figure: 4 Operational Amplifier IC741
Pin Diagram

4 Theory
4.1 Linearity property
Additivity of the Fourier transform means that addition in one domain corresponds to addition in
the other domain. As the two time domain signals add to produce the third time domain signal,
the two corresponding spectra add to produce the third spectrum. Frequency spectra are added
in rectangular notation by adding the real parts to the real parts and the imaginary parts to the
imaginary parts. Think of this in terms of cosine and sine waves. All the cosine waves add (the
real parts) and all the sine waves add (the imaginary parts) with no interaction between the two.
The linearity property states that

x(t) = x1 (t) + x2 (t) ⇔ X(jw) = X1 (jw) + X2 (jw) (1)

4.2 Phase shifter

The result of time shifting the signal x(t) by t0 corresponds to the multiplication of X(jw) by
e−jwt0 . Hence, a shift in time leaves the magnitude spectrum unchanged and introduces a phase
shift that is a linear function of frequency. The slope of this linear phase shift is equal to the time
delay. Time-shifting a complex sinusoid results in a complex sinusoid of the same frequency and
magnitude, with the phase shifted by the product of the time shift and the sinusoid’s frequency.

x(t − t0 ) ⇔ e−jwt0 X(jw) (2)

4.3 Circuit operation

1. Summing Amplifier: There are several ways to understand the operation of the inverting
summing amplifier circuit. One simple method is an application of the Superposition theorem.
In this case, we consider the effects of each input signal one at a time with all other sources
being set to 0. We know from our discussion of the basic inverting amplifier that the (-) input
terminal is a virtual ground point. That is, unless the amplifier’s output is saturated, the voltage
on the (-) input will be within a few microvolts of ground potential. Thus, when we replace all
but one source with a short (i.e., set them to 0 volts), the associated input resistors essentially
have a ground connection on both ends. In other words, one end of each resistor is connected to
ground through the temporary short that we inserted across the battery as part of the application
of the Superposition theorem. The inverting amplifier with two inputs V1 and V2 depending on
the relationship between the feedback resister RF and the input resistors R1 and R2 produces Vo .
The circuit can be used as summing amplifier.The circuit function can be verified by examing the
expression for the output voltage.
RF RF
Vo = −( V1 + V2 ) (3)
R1 R2
2. Second order low pass Butterworth filter: The key characterstic of the Butterworth filter
is that it has a flat passband as well as stopband. A first order low pass filter can be converted
into a second order type by using an additional RC network. The gain of the second order filters
is set by R1 and RF , while the high cut off frequency fH is determined by R1 , C1 , R2 and C2 .
1
fH = √ (4)
2π R1 C1 R2 C2
For a second order low pass Butterworth response, the voltage gain magnitude equation is
 
 Vo  AF
 Vin  = q (5)
 
1 + ( ffH )4

where AF = 1 + RRF0 and f is the frequency of the input signal.

3. Phase shifter: A phase shifter passes all frequency components of the input signal without
attenuation, while providing predictable phase shifts for different frequencies of the input signal.
When signals are transmitted over transmission lines, such as telephone wires, they undergo change

Page 2
in phase. To compensate for these phase changes, phase shifters are required. The phase shifters
are also called delay equalizers or phase correctors. The tranfer function is given by
V0 1 − j2πf RC
= (6)
Vin 1 + j2πf RC

The phase shift between V0 (t) and Vin (t) is a function of input frequency f. The phase angle is
given by
2πf RC
φ = −2 tan−1 ( ) (7)
1

5 Procedure
1. Generate two sinosoids of amplitude 3Vpp and frequency 1 KHz and 10 KHz respectively
from function generator. Give these two waveforms to adder circuit described in figure 1.
Observe Time domain and Frequency domain representation of adder output.Vary amplitudes
(V1 & V2 ≤ 6V ) of sinosoids and see the effect in frequency domain. Validate the magnitude
level of both sinosoids by measuring magnitude in frequency domain. Is it coming same? If
not why?

2. Give the output of adder to a 2nd order active low pass filter circuit of −3db cut-off frequency
2 KHz. Observe the output in both domain. Measure the magnitude of both frequencies and
validate it. How will you validate it?

3. Generate a sinosoid of amplitude 3Vpp with frequency f = 1KHz. Give this sinosoid to phase
shifter circuit. Using the formulae for Phase shift given in section 2.2 calculate the value of R
and C so that phase shift is equal to π2 . Now, Observe time shift between input and output
of phase shifter and calculate respective phase shift by using these data, plot phase spectrum
of phase shifter.

6 Observation

Table 1: Summing Amplifier

S. No. Time Domain Frequency Domain
Input V1 (1KHz) Input V2 (10KHz) V1 V2
Output V0 (in Volts)
(in Volts) (in Volts) (in dBV) (in dBV)
1 3 Vpp 3 Vpp
2 3 Vpp 2 Vpp
3 2 Vpp 1 Vpp

Table 2: Second order low pass Butterworth filter

Conditions Time Domain Frequency Domain
Input V1 (1KHz) Input V2 (10KHz) V1 V2
Output V0 (in Volts)
(in Volts) (in Volts) (in dBV) (in dBV)
With out filter 3 Vpp 3 Vpp
With filter

Page 3
 Table 3: Phase Shifter
∆t
S. No. Phase Frequency R C Time Period (T) Time Shift Mt Observed φ = T ∗ 3600
π
1. 1KHz
2

∆t
S. No. Frequency Time Period (T) Time Shift Mt Observed φ = T ∗ 3600
1. 1KHz
2. 2KHz
... ...
20. 20KHz

7 Analysis of Results

Calculations/Display/plot/typical graph Write/Plot Your Own.

8 Conclusions

Write Your Own.

Precautions
(a) Check the connections before switching on the kit.
(b) Connections should be done properly.
(c) Observation should be taken properly.

Edited By:
Dr. Nikhil Sharma
Mr. Dharm Pal Yadav

Page 4