1. What is Diffusion?

- Diffusion is the movement of substance from a higher concentration to lower concentration

establishing a concentration gradient in where net diffusion occurs. The movement of the
molecules are cause by their internal kinetic energy. Net diffusion will then take place from
higher to lower concentration until it reaches equilibrium in where the distribution of
molecules in a medium is equal.

2. What are the factors that influence diffusion?

- Several factors influence diffusion in terms of its rate. Factors are concentration gradient,
temperature, size of the molecule being diffused and the medium of diffusion.
- Concentration gradient can affect because if there is a greater difference between the two
regions, diffusion is more rapid.
- Temperature on the other hand also has an effect. Since temperature is the measurement
of average kinetic energy of the particles. If diffusion will take place in a low temperature
environment, the kinetic energy is decreased, as well as the movement of molecules thus
rate of diffusion will be slower. If diffusion will be in high temperature environment, the
kinetic energy of the molecules will be increased causing the particles to move faster as well
as the rate of diffusion.
- Size of the molecule also cause an effect on the rate of diffusion. If the molecular weight of
a substance is large, the heavier the molecules will be, thus lowering the rate of diffusion in
the medium. The opposite will happen if the molecular weight of a substance is lower.
- Another factor is the medium used. Diffusion occurs faster in gas medium because the
movement of the particles is faster making the diffused substance travel faster. Substance
can also travel in a liquid medium, but the rate of diffusion is slower compared to the
gaseous medium because water molecules move slowly than gaseous molecules. In solid,
diffusion also occurs but has the slowest rate of diffusion when compared to gas and liquid
because the molecules in a solid medium is intact making the particles slower to be diffused.

3. What are the practical applications of diffusion? Give 3.

- Diffusion occurs all around us. In human body diffusion can occur through breathing through
our lungs in where the gases O2 and CO2 diffuse within our lungs in the alveoli for the
exchange. Another one is the kidney, in where ions, wastes, and water are being diffused to
be filtered. In our surroundings, we can see the plants undergoing diffusion in their leaves
and roots. The diffusion of water taking place in the roots during absorption and the
exchange of gases occurring in the leaf of a plant to initiate the process of photosynthesis.

4. How does Brownian movement occur?

- Brownian movement is the random, uncontrolled vibration or movement of particles in a
fluid environment. The random vibration is cause by the bouncing off of particles to the fluid
molecules. The particles exhibit a random walk because of its movement. In this
phenomenon, the intermolecular forces between molecules becomes more apparent.. the
larger the surface area, the larger is the attractive force between the molecules, thus the
intermolecular forces become stronger. This explains why we can only observe Brownian
 movement microscopically because if the size of the particle increases, the probability of
uneven bombardment decreases.
5. What are the practical applications of Brownian movement? Give 3.
- It supported the kinetic molecular theory of matter or modern atomic theory. This concept
is widely used in mathematics, economics, engineering, and business.

6. What is osmosis?
- It is the movement of water from lower concentration of solute to higher concentration of
solute through a semi permeable membrane.

7. What happens if the cell is in isotonic solution? Hypotonic? Hypertonic?

- Three condition are known in terms of osmolarity or the concentration of solute in the
solution.
- If the cell is in isotonic solution, the concentration of solute in the cell and in the solution is
equal thus there is no influx or efflux of water or no net movement in the cell.
- In the hypotonic solution, the concentration of solute in the cell is higher than the
concentration outside of the cell. This results to water influx from higher water
concentration to lower water concentration into the cell thus the cell swells and bursts
(hemolysis) if the pressure is already too high.
- In the hypertonic solution, the concentration of solute outside the cell is higher than the
inside. This results to going out of water from the cell in where crenation happens or the
shrinking of the cell.

8. What does lysis indicate

- Lysis of red blood cells indicates that there is an influx of substances into the cells and
resulted to bursting of the membrane. in red blood cells, the indication of lysis is the
transparency of blood solution because of the liberation of hemoglobin (red colored
substance in the blood) as the membrane bursts.

9. What is osmotic pressure?

- Osmotic pressure is the force of water movement across the membrane. it is the pressure
needed to be applied in a solution to stop the flow or movement of solvent across the
membrane.
10. How did the different concentrations of sucrose solutions affect the rate of fluid rise (rate of
osmosis) in the simpler osmotic setup?
- Water concentration in the beaker is 100% while the sucrose solution is placed in the
osmometer separated from the water in the beaker by a semi permeable membrane. Since
there is s higher concentration of solute inside the osmometer, the water will go into the
osmometer via the semi permeable membrane using the principle of osmosis. The force that
makes the solution level in the osmometer increase arises from the diffusion of ater
molecules into the tube. In the experiment, it was shown that the fluid level rise is much
faster in the setup where there is 60% sucrose solution than in the setup of 30% sucrose
solution. This is because more water is drawn to the 60% sucrose solution since it has a
 higher solute concentration. as more water is drawn into the concentrated solution, the
pressure build up pushing outward on the walls of the tube.
- The fluid rise stopped at some time because another forece is now acting on the setup. This
is the hydrostatic force which is downwards. This force corresponds to gravity and pushes
the liquid downwards. The net movement of water into the tube equate to the equal
amount of hydrostatic and osmotic pressure.
11. Practical application of osmosis. Give 3.
- Opening and closing of stomata because the influx and efflux of water is involved due to the
changes of ion concentration in the stomatal cells. The uptake of water from the roots is
also an application of osmotic pressure. Food preservation is also an application for osmosis
in where for example, salt is added in the product release water from the bodies of the food
in this case, fish.
12. What is the effect of size and lipid solubility in entering the cell?
- The cell has a cell or plasma membrane that regulates the entry of substance into and out of
the cell. It is highly selective permeable membrane. there are substances than can freely
pass through the membrane such as water, salt, CO2, steroids, and outer lipid soluble
chemicals. However, other big molecule substances can’t freely pass through. The molecular
weight also matters. The higher the molecular weight, the bigger the size of the molecules,
the more difficult from them to pass through the membrane.
- In the experiment, the blood lysed in the urea and glycerine setup only but did not lyse in
the sucrose ang glucose setup. This is because urea and glycerine has smaller molecular
weight, 60 and 92 respectively. The difference in their lysis is the time they lysed. Urea lysed
faster than glycerine due to the difference of the molecular weight and size. The lysis
indicates that substances entered the cell and made the cell swell and burst.
- Glucose and glycerine with a molecular weight of 180 and 342 respectively did not lyse
because of their too large molecule.
- One of the reasons why blood lysed in the urea and glycerine setup is the presence of
aquaporin the cell membrane. aquaporin is a transport of water molecules in and out of the
cell. Study shows that aquaporin does not only transport water but also other lipid soluble
and polar substances such as urea and glycerine.

13. Carbohydrates Digestion

- Digestion of carbohydrates starts in the mouth in where salivary amylase is secreted by
salivary glands namely parotid, lingual, and submaxillary. Starch is in the form of
polysaccharide amylose or amylopectin and salivary amylase breaks it down into maltose, a
disaccharide. When the food is swallowed, the chemical digestion stops when it reaches the
stomach. Only when the chyme passes into the small intestine will the chemical digestion
resumes. In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase and other enzymes break down specific
oligo and monosaccharides that are then absorbed by the intestinal epithelium.

14. Protein Digestion

- Protein digestion starts in the stomach in where gastric juices are produced to take action
for the digestion. Gastric juices contains number of substance but the two most important
substances are HCl and protease pepsin. HCl are produces in the parietal cells while pepsin
 is produced by the chief cells in the inactive form pepsinogen. The acidity of HCl helps in
denaturing the tertiary structure of proteins and it acts to activate pepsinogen into pepsin.
Pepsin is the one that digests the proteins in where it breaks peptide bonds between amino
acids.

15. Fat digestion

- Fats or triglycerides or lipids are challenging to digest. This is because of the hydrophobic
characteristics of fats in which they tend to aggregate in large droplets within the fluid of
digestive tract. Since digestive enzymes are water soluble, fat molecules are emulsified by
the bile. Bile is an emulsification agent that are secreted by the gall bladder and is composed
of bilirubin, cholesterol, phospholipids and inorganic ions. Bile acts in breaking down the
large droplet in much smaller droplets to increase surface area and for the digestion to be
more efficient. If the surface area is increased, the contact of the enzyme lipase to the small
droplets digests the fats by breaking it down into monoglycerol and fatty acids which can
then be absorbed by the intestinal epithelium. Because of the fatty acids, the pH of the fluid
decrease making it acidic inside the intestine.