Summary

In developing countries, rural women are among the least privileged.

Women are both essential to the family unit and integral to the economy, yet they rarely
have equal opportunities for the education, career development, or social status compared
to the men.

One factor behind the inequality is the long list of responsibilities that
traditionally fall to women. Not only do women perform agricultural duties and care for
livestock alongside men, but women are also responsible for many domestic chores.
Usually, new technology improves people’s efficiency, but women benefits less from
new technology for several reasons. First, women’s duties are neglected by technological
improvement efforts because domestic chores are often seen as cultural obligations for
women so little effort is expended to diminish them. Second, foreign aid in the form of
appropriate technologies is unevenly disturbed because women are often considered less
technically competent than men. Factors like these tend to prevent the development of
improved technology for women’s uncompensated, time consuming, and laborious tasks.

In the developing world, washing laundry is a difficult, time-consuming

task that falls solely on women. Mothers and daughters typically spend 8 hours each
week scrubbing each piece of their family’s clothing and wringing out the harsh washing
solution by hand. Many people’s living in developing countries often lack access to the
electricity, making something as common as a washing machine a luxury.

Powered washing machine exists, but they are impractical in rural regions
because running water and electricity are unavailable or expensive. Several groups
already tried to build machines for these regions but they have been unsuccessful. Their
machines were either expensive to build and repair because they require imported parts or
they do not wash effectively.

Our invention is a low cost, pedal-powered washing machine that is designed

around readily available parts. Our innovation is its simple design and its use of
inexpensive plastic barrels and bicycle components. It is reliable, easy to operate and uses
no electricity. The parts are available locally, so this washing machine can be
manufactured and repaired in the community without depending upon imported goods.
Introduction
Our team intends to directly address the plight faced by women
developing a pedal powered washing machine. Our target community for a proof of
concept design is rural area. There are so many inventions related to the pedal powered
such as pedal powered grain grinders, blenders, and cement tile shakers from unusable
bicycle parts. Number of institutes has been successful at introducing these pedal
powered technologies to men and women in nearby rural communities as labour saving
device and as mean of generating income.

An average woman may do two to three loads per week. For a family
of about 5 children’s and her husband It generally takes at least eight hours of washing
time, not including the extra time needed to walk to the public washing reservoir or hang
up clothes to dry. Additionally, while washing clothes by hand, women spend hours
leaning over a concert basin. Clothes are washed by laboriously scrubbing each section of
cloth over a cement wash board with their hands immersed in detergents that are harmful
to the skin.

A pedal powered washing machine will allow women to wash clothes

faster and with less strain. Young daughters who help their mothers with domestic chores
may also have the opportunity to concentrate more on their studies. Laundromat micro-
enterprises may even arise if our washing machines are successful. Condition vary in
developing countries, but women in many regions are washing clothes manually while
they could be doing more profitable or rewarding work elsewhere.
Problem statement
Women in homes or in rural areas wash clothes manually, but the
detergent are chemically harmful to their hands, and the motion of scrubbing is straining
to the muscles, our goal is to design an inexpensive and durable pedal powered washing
machine for use in rural areas to gently wash clothes, due to cost constraints, the washing
machine is to be shared among several families or can be used by a local entrepreneur to
run a laundering service. The washing machine must be easy to build and maintain
locally with local materials, easy to operate (minimal required steps), and easy to
powered by women or children, it must also be more comfortable to use than manual
methods and culturally acceptable in rural areas. The machine was designed to be easy
and inexpensive to manufacture, mostly using parts and tools that are readily available
almost everywhere in the development world.
Design specification
The most important aspect in the design of the machine is its ability to
perform as a device that eases the task of washing the clothes. In order to be a viable
solution in rural areas, the machine should be able to deliver the same quality of washing
without adding excessive overheads (in terms of water use, clothing wear, effort required
to operate, etc.).thus the design and operation of the washing machine should be firmly
grounded in the physics of cloths washing, with the special emphasis on the mechanical
aspects (since water temperature and detergent composition are likely to entre).

The group also identified a number of secondary goals with varying

degrees of importance that could help make the machine more useful and thus more
successful. The ability to spin-dry cloths would increases water economy by requiring
fewer wash cycles, and could relive the strenuous task of manually wringing the clothes
before they are hung to dry. If the layout of machine allowed the user of perform and
manual work (hand craft, food preparation, etc) while pedaling, we could further reduce
the amount of time consumed by washing.

A number of safety features should also to be included in order to mitigate

the inherent safety issues involved in chain driven machine. If the machine was to be
used in home, insuring its portability would allow it to be shared among families,
transported close to a water source for operation, or used in households where space is
limited.

Another set of specification for load sizing, water usage and pricing,
depend on the targeted community. Since we are expecting the amount laundry to very
between families, an initial size was selected based on existing washing machine, and
design allowing for easy resizing where preferred.
Design specification
 Cleaning: machine washed clothes must be as clean as those hand washed for
5minutes [color].
 Gentleness: must wear cloths at slower rate than hand-washing [hole/tear growth].
 Capacity: minimum 51b of cloths /load –should be easy to re-size.
 Water usage: effective washing must occur in soft and hard water at temperatures
from 70-120_F
 Water usage: Maximum 15L water / 1kg cloths.
 Active pedaling time for effective washing: Maximum 3 hours, including fetching
water, filling, washing, draining, and cleaning machine.
 Total operating time: Maximum 3 hours, including fetching water, filing, washing,
draining, and cleaning machine.
 Power: Maximum 100W (comfortable level of human output).
 Cost: Maximum RS. 3000 (comparable to cost of other machine).
 Detergent cost: Maximum Rs. 12/ load
 Maintenance: Maximum Rs. 150/ year
 Lifetime of structure: 10 years, assuming daily use.
 Manufacturing capacity cost: Rs. 3000/- (welder, metal cutter, shop tools).
 Manufacturing location: local workshop.
 Materials: local (wood, weld able metals, oil drum, bike parts, etc.)
 Dimensions: [less than combined size of bike and commercial washing machine].
 Weight: maximum 30 kg, or 45 kg if it has wheels (one woman can move in door
so it can’t be stolen or damaged).
Design Alternatives:
The team evaluated a number of mechanisms that could serve as the basis for
the washing machine. Initial concepts were developed starting from the mechanical
requirement of laundry washing, with inspiration drawn from existing and historical
washing machine referred to the appendix for diagrams of the design alternatives.

 Vertical-Axis agitator: the usual washing machine found in American homes

consists of two vertical axis concentric tubes. The inner tube, which holds the
clothes, has densely spaced perforations which allow the water to run in and out
easily. Soap and water are kept inside the outer tube during the work cycle. A
central agitator alternating directions induces friction between the clothes to
mechanically remove dirt and stains for the spin cycle, water is emptied for the
outer drum and the inner drum is spun to centrifugally extract water from the
clothes.
 Horizontal-axis Tumbler: commonly used in European homes, this washer also
uses two concentric tubes however their revolution axis is horizontal. Instead of
using an agitator, the horizontal washer utilizes fins along the inner barrel that lift
the clothes on the side of the drum, and let them fall back in the water on top of
other clothes. Cycling the clothes through the water in this fashion eliminates the
need for rapid changes In the direction of rotation of the agitator, which results in
lower energy requirements. Since the drum is only filled up to one third with
water, the machine realizes a sizeable water economy.
 Tilted-axis tumbler: A tube spinning at inclined axis using a helical fin would
perform the same kind of action, in a fashion similar to a cement mixture. The
tilted design would allow for a easier addition of water and clothes. No known
commercial washers use this mechanism. Manufacturing of the helical fin proved
to be problematic, and the other construction benefits we were hoping for in the
tilted axis design did not end up materializing themselves. No conclusive cleaning
experiments were performed using this design.
 Crank-shaft piston: Rather than using the a rotational motion to agitate the
clothes, we were considering using a crank-shaft to convert the rotation of the
pedals to vertical translation of a piston. There are several possibilities for the
piston design. The clothes can be held in a container with holes that is plunged
into and out of the water. The piston can also be a solid block pushing the clothes
underneath it through the water. Two plates with holes could hold clothes between
them as they plunge in and out of the water. We did not select this design because
 it seemed inefficient to convert the rotation of the pedals into vertical motion since
commercial washers operate on rotational motion already.
 Pressurized Bubbler: A rather new concept is pressurizing air and bubbling it
forcefully through the clothes. This may lift the dirt off the clothes without
requiring them to be scrubbed against one another. Heated water has also been
shown to increase cleaning efficiency. Since this idea is not common in
commercial washers, we thought it would be too risky to base our prototype on it
without having a good understanding of the cleaning mechanism or how to
implement it with cheap, available, easy-to-maintain components.
Working Principle
Outer Barrel
Inner Barrel

Sprocket
Chain

Pedal Arrangement

Driver Sprocket

Frame

Figure: Working Principle of Pedal Operated Horizontal Washing Machine

Above Figure shows the working principle of the horizontal axis pedal operated washing
machine.

When the pedal is operated with the help of human power it rotates the driven sprocket
through a roller chain. This rotation of the sprocket causes the inner drum (smaller drum which is
positioned inside the fixed outer barrel/drum), as both the driven sprocket and inner drum are
mounted on the same shaft. This rotary motion of the drum results in shaking of the water
between the outer (and inner) drum as the inner drum is perforated. This results in twisting and
untwisting of the clothes inside the inner drum. Also as the inner drum rotates the clothes (which
are properly soaked in the detergent mixed water) also rotates with drum. Due to this rotation as
the clothes goes to higher position in the drum they falls down due to gravity. This cycle
continues to repeat as long as pedal is turned. This causes the washing of the clothes.
Design parts
Pedal powered washing machine consists mainly of the following parts:

1. Barrels (two different barrels of different diameters)

2. Shaft
3. Sprocket with chain.
4. Bearings
5. Driver sprocket with pedal
6. Axle
7. Frame (for support)

Barrels
Main Barrels are the main parts of the pedal powered washing machine. It has
mainly two barrels of two different diameters and different lengths, one of which (inner
barrel) is perforated.

Tilted Axis

 Helical spiral
 Single barrels
 No seals.

Horizontal axis

 Triangular fins
 Double barrel with spin-dry
 Must seal outer barrel.
Barrels:

Figure: Inner Perforated Barrel

 Shaft:
Transmission shaft transmit torque from one location to another spindles are short shafts.

Axles are non rotating shaft.

1. Shaft loads
 Torsion due to transmitted torque.
 Bending from transverse loads (gears, sprockets, pulleys/sheaves). A pulley
and a sheaves are essentially the same thing. Study for fluctuating.
Study transverse bending load fully reversing bending stress (fatigue failure)
2. Shaft materials
 Steel (low to medium carbon steel).
 Cast iron
 Bronze or stainless steel.
 Case hardened steel.
3. Shaft power
Power is the time rate of the change of the energy (work).
Work = force*distance or torque*angle, so
Power= torque*angular velocity.

4. Shaft stresses.
Bending stress.
Torsional shear stress.

5. Shaft design.
5.1 General consideration
I. To minimize both deflections and stresses, the shaft length should be kept
as short as possible and overhangs minimized.
II. A cantilever beam will have a larger deflection than a simply supported
(straddle mounted) one for the same length, load, and cross section, so
straddle mounting should be used unless a cantilever shaft is dictated be
design constraints.
III. A hollow shaft has a better stiffness/mass ratio (specific stiffness) and
higher natural frequencies than a comparable stiff or strong solid shaft, but
will be more expensive and larger in diameter.
IV. Try to locate stress-risers away from regions of large bending moment if
possible and minimize their effects with generous radii and relief.
 V. General low carbon steel is just as good as higher steels (since deflection is
typical the design limiting issue).
VI. Deflections at gears carried on the shaft should not exceed about 0.005
inches and the relative slope between gears axes should be less than about
0.03 degrees.

Sprockets and Chains

Figure: Sprocket

A sprocket is a toothed wheel upon which a chain rides. Contrary to popular opinion, a
sprocket is not a gear.
Chain Construction
Chains have a number of parts. The roller turns freely on the bushing, which
is attached on each end to the inner plate. A pin passes through the bushing, and is
attached at each end to the outer plate. Bicycle chains omit the bushing, instead using the
circular ridge formed around the pin hole of the inner plate.

Figure: Roller Chain Details

Chain Dimensions
Chain types are identified by number; I.e. a number 40 chain. The rightmost
digit is 0 for chain of the standard dimensions; 1 for lightweight chain. The digits to the
left indicate the pitch of the chain in eighths of an inch. e.g. a number 40 chain would
have a pitch of four-eighths of an inch, or 1/2 ”, and would be of the standard dimensions
in width, roller diameter, etc.

The roller diameter is “nearest binary fraction” (32’nd of an inch) to 5/8 ths of
the pitch; pin diameter is half of roller diameter. The width of the chain, for “standard” (0
series) chain, is the nearest binary fraction to 5/8 th of the pitch; for narrow chains (1
series) width is 41% of the pitch. Sprocket thickness is approximately 85-90% of the
roller width. Plate thickness is 1/8 th of the pitch, except “extra heavy” chain, which is
designated by the suffix H, and is 1/32” thicker.
 ANSI Standard Chain Dimensions
Chain Pitch Roller Roller width Sprocket Thickness Working load
No. (inches) Diameter (inches) (inches) (lbs)
(inches)
25 1/4 0.130 1/8 0.110 140
35 3/8 0.200 3/16 0.168 480
40 1/2 5/16 5/16 0.284 810
41 ½ 0.306 ¼ 0.227 500
50 5/8 0.400 3/8 0.343 1400
60 3/4 15/32 ½ 0.459 1950
80 1 5/8 5/8 0.575 3300

Bicycle and Motorcycle chain dimensions

Chain No. Pitch Roller Diameter Roller width Sprocket thickness
(inches) (inches) (inches) (inches)
Bicycle with Derailleur ½ 5/16 1/8 0.110
Bicycle without Derailleur ½ 5/16 3/32 0.084
420 ½ 5/16 1/4 0.227
425 ½ 5/16 5/16 0.284
428 ½ 0.335 5/16 0.284
520 5/8 0.400 1/4 0.227
525 5/8 0.400 5/16 0.284
530 5/8 0.400 3/8 0.343
630 ¾ 15/32 3/8 0.343

Selecting a Chain
Two factors determine the selection of a chain:

1) The working load, and

2) The rpm of the smallest sprocket.

The working load sets a lower limit on pitch and the speed sets an upper limit.

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ = (900 ÷ 𝑟𝑝𝑚)2/3

The smaller the pitch, the less noise, wear and mechanical losses will be experienced.
Efficiency
A bicycle chain can be very efficient: one study reported efficiencies as high as
98.6%. The study, performed in a clean laboratory environment, found that efficiency
was not greatly affected by the state of the lubrication. A larger sprocket will give a more
efficient drive, reducing the movement angle of the links. Higher chain tension was found
to be more efficient: “This is actually not in the direction you’d expect, based simply on
friction”.
Sprockets

There are four types of sprocket:

 Type A: Plain plate sprocket.

 Type B: Hub on one side
 Type C: Hub on both sides
 Type C: Detachable hub.

Sprockets should be as large as possible for the given application. The larger a
sprocket is, the less the working load for a given amount of transmitted power, allowing
the use of a smaller-pitch chain. However, chain speeds should be kept under 1200 feet
per minute.

The dimensions of a sprocket can be calculated as follows:

Pitch diameter= P÷ sin(180⁰÷N)

Outside diameter= P*[0.6+cot(180⁰÷N)]

Sprocket thickness= [0.93*roller width] – 0.006”

Where,

P- Pitch of the chain

N- Number of teeth on sprocket.

Procedure for laying out a Sprocket:
The first thing you need to know to lay out a sprocket is the dimensions of
the chain which is to run upon it, the pitch, roller diameter, and the roller width of the
chain. The second thing you need to know is number of teeth in the sprocket, which will
depend entirely on your application. From these numbers, the outside diameter and
thickness of the required blank can be calculated.

You’ll also need to know the angle between teeth-this is simply the 360⁰ divided by the
number of teeth.

Application

Sprockets should be accurately aligned in a common vertical plane, with their axes
parallel. Chain should be kept clean and well lubricated with thin, light bodied oil that
will penetrate the small clearances between pins and bushings.

Center distance should be less than 1.5 times the diameter of the larger sprocket, nor less
than 30 times the chain pitch, and should not exceed 60 times the chain pitch. Center
distance should be adjustable-one chain is sufficient- and failing this an idler sprocket
should be used to adjust tension. A little slack is desirable, preferably on the bottom side
of the drive.

The chain should wrap at least 120⁰ around the drive sprocket, which requires a ratio of
no more than 3.5 to 1; for greater ratios, an idler sprocket may b required to increase
wrap angle.

Sprockets
Renold manufacture a comprehensive range of stock sprockets for British Standard chain
up to two inch pitch. Other sizes of sprocket, including those to American Standard
dimensions, are available on request. Special sprockets are also manufactured on request,
in special materials or formats, normally to suit a specific applications in harsh or
difficult drive situations, such as;

 Sprockets incorporating shafts

 Welded or detachable shafts
 Shear pin devices fitted
 Necklace sprockets made up of chain plates and individual tooth sections for
turning large drums or tables.
  Combination sprockets (two or more sprockets combined having different pitch
sizes and numbers of teeth).
 Sprockets in two or more sections i.e. split sprockets or segmental sprockets.

Sprocket and Chain Compatibility

Most devices have an uneven number of pitches in the chain and by using a driver
sprocket with an odd number of teeth, uniform wear distribution over both chain and
sprocket teeth is ensured. Even number of teeth for both the driver and the driven
sprockets can be used, but wear distribution on both the sprocket teeth and chain is poor.

Number of teeth

The maximum number of teeth in any driven sprocket should not exceed 114. This
limitation is due to the fact that for a given elongation of chain due to wear, the working
pitch diameter of the chain on the sprocket increases in relation to the nominal pitch
diameter, i.e. the chain assumes a higher position on the sprocket tooth. The allowable
safe chain wear is considered to be in the order of 2% elongation over the nominal length.

A simple formula for determining how much chain elongation a sprocket can
accommodate is 200/N expressed as a percentage where N is the number of teeth on the
largest sprocket on the drive system. It is good practice to have the sum of teeth not less
than where both the driver and driven sprockets are operated by the same chain, e.g. on a
1:1 ratio drive. Both sprockets should have 25 teeth each.

Center Distance

For optimum wear life, center distance between two sprockets should normally be within
the range 30 to 50 times the chain pitch. On drive proposals with center distances below
30 pitches or greater than 2 meters, we would recommend that the drive details are
discussed with our technical staff.

The minimum center distance is sometimes governed by the amount of chain lap on the
driver sprocket, our normal recommendation in this circumstance being not less than six
teeth in engagement with the chain.
 Minimum Six teeth

Figure to be edited

The center distance is also governed by the desirability of using a chain with an uneven
number of pitches to avoid the use of a cranked link, a practice that is not recommended
except in special circumstances.

For a drive in the horizontal plane, the shortest center distance possible should be used
consonant with recommended chain lap (maximum six teeth) on the driver sprocket.

SPROCKET SMOOTH RUNNING MODERATE HEAVY SHOCK

SHOCK
UP TO 29T EN8 or EN9 EN8 or EN9 EN8 or EN9
Hardened and Hardened and
tempered or case tempered or case
hardened mild steel. hardened mild steel
30T AND Cast iron Mild steel or EN8 or EN9 hardened
OVER Meehanite and tempered or case
hardened mild steel.
  Bearings
A Bearing is a device to allow constrained relative motion between two or more parts,
typically rotating or linear movement bearings according to their principle of operation as
well as by the direction of applied load they can handle.

Principle of operation

Figure: Bearing

There are at least six common principle of operation.

 Plain bearing, also known by the specific styles: bushings, journal bearings, sleeve
bearings, rifle bearing.
 Rolling element bearings such as ball bearings and roller bearings.
 Jewel bearings in which the load is carried by rolling the axle slightly off centre.
 Fluid bearings, in which the load is carried by a gas or liquid.
 Magnetic bearings, in which the load is carried by a magnetic field.
 Flexure bearings, in which the motion is supported by a load element which bends.
Motions
Common motions permitted by bearings are:

 Axial rotation e.g. shaft rotation.

 Linear motion e.g. drawer
 Spherical rotation e.g. ball and socket joint.
 Hinge motion e.g. door, elbow, knee.

Friction
Reducing friction in bearings is often important for efficiency, to reduce and
facilitate extended use at high speed and to avid overheating and premature failure of the
bearing. Essentially, a bearing can reduce friction by virtue of its shape, by its material,
or by introducing and containing a fluid between surfaces with an electromagnetic field.

 By shape, gains advantage usually by using spheres or rollers, or by forming

flexure bearings.
 By material, exploits the nature of the bearing material used (an example would be
using plastic that have low surface friction).
 By fluid, exploits the low viscosity of a layer of fluid, such as a lubricant or as a
pressurized medium to keep the two solid parts from touching, or by reducing the
normal force between them.
 By field, exploits electromagnetic fields, such as magnetic fields, such as magnetic
fields, to keep solid parts from touching.

Combination of these can even be employed within the same bearing. An example of this
is where the cage is made of plastic, and it separates the rollers/balls, which reduce
fric.ion by their shape and finish.

Loads
Bearings vary greatly over the size and directions of forces that they can support.

Forces can be predominantly radial, axial (thrust bearings) or blending moments

perpendicular to the main axis.
Speeds
Different bearing types have different operating speed limits. Speed is typically
specified as maximum relative surface speed, often specified ft/s or m/s. rotational
bearings typically describe performance in terms of the product DN where D is the
diameter (often in mm) of the bearing and N is the rotation rate in revolution per minute.

Generally there is considerable speed range overlap between bearing types. Plain
bearings typically handle only lower speeds, rolling element bearings are faster, followed
by fluid bearings and finally magnetic bearings which are limited are limited ultimately
by centripetal force overcoming material strength.

Maintenance

Many bearings require periodic maintenance to prevent premature failure, although some
such as fluid or magnetic bearings may require little maintenance.

Most bearings in high cycle operations need periodic lubrication and cleaning, and may
require adjustment to minimize the effect of wear.

Bearing life is often much better when the bearing is kept clean and well-lubricated.
However many applications make good maintenance difficult. For example, bearings in
the conveyor of a rock crusher are exposed continually to hard abrasive particles.
Cleaning is of little use because cleaning is expensive, yet the bearing is contaminated
again as soon as conveyor resumes operation. Thus, a good maintenance program might
lubricate the bearings frequently but clean them never.

Figure: Bearing
Detail:

Features:

1) Low noise precision bearings.

2) Bearing type 6303 (17*47*14)
3) Model: open, ZZ, 2RS

Material: Bearing steel

Packing: single package, plastic barrel, or as per requirement.

Types
There are different types of bearings.

Type Description Friction Stiffness Speed Life Notes

Rubbing Depends on Widely used,
surfaces, materials and relatively high
usually with construction, friction,
lubricant: PTFE has suffers from
some coefficient of Good, stiction in
bearings use friction provided Low to very high- some
Plain pumped ~0.05-0.35, wear is Low to depends upon application,
Bearing lubrication depending low, but very high. application and lifetime can be
and behave upon the some lubrication. higher or
similarly to fillers added. slack is lower than
fluid normally lower than
bearings. present. rolling element
bearings.
Rolling Balls or Rolling Good but Moderate Moderate to high Used for
Element rollers are coefficient of some to High (depends on higher moment
Bearing used to friction with slack is (often lubrication, often loads than
prevent or steel can be usually requires requires plain bearings
minimize ~0.005 present. cooling) maintenance) with lower
rubbing. (adding friction.
resistance due
to seals,
packed
grease,
preload and
misalignment
can increase
friction to as
much as
0.125)
 Off-center Low Low due Low Adequate (requires Mainly used in
bearing rolls to maintenance) low-load, high
Jewel in seating. flexing precision work
Bearings such as clocks.
Jewel bearings
may be very
small.
Can fail
Very high quickly due to
(usually Virtually infinite grit or dust or
Fluid is limited to in some other
Fluid forced a few applications, may contaminants.
Bearing between two Zero friction Very hundred wear at Maintenance
faces and at zero speed, high. feet per startup/shutdown free in
held in by low. second in some case. continuous
edge seal. at/by seal) Often negligible use. Can
maintenance. handle very
large loads
with low
friction.
Magneti Faces of Zero friction Active
c bearing are at zero speed, magnetic
Bearings kept separate but constant bearings
by magnets power for (AMB) need
(electromagn levitation Indefinite considerable
ets, or eddy eddy currents No maintenance power.
currents) are often practical free.(with Electrodynamic
induced when limit electromagnets) bearings
low (EDB) do not
movement require
occurs, but external
may be power.
negligible if
magnetic field
is quasi-static.
Material Very high or low Limited range
flexes to depends on Of movement,
Flexure give and materials and no backlash,
bearing constrain Very low. Low. Very strain in extremely
movement. high. application. smooth
Usually motion.
maintenance free.

*Stiffness is the amount that the gap varies when the load on the bearing changes, it is
distinct from the friction of the bearing.
Drive Sprocket with Pedal
Pedal is driven by muscular power of person who is going to use the machine.
The rotary motion of pedal is given to the driving sprocket. Chain transmits the motion to
the sprocket: so the shaft causes it to rotate.

Figure: Drive Sprocket with Pedal

The pedal/crankset is the component of a bicycle drive train that converts

the reciprocating motion of the rider's legs into rotational motion used to drive
the chain or belt, which in turn drives the rear wheel. It consists of one or more sprockets,
also called chain rings or chain wheels attached to the cranks, arms, or crank arms to
which the pedals attach. It is connected to the rider by the pedals, to the bicycle frame by
the bottom bracket, and to the rear sprocket, cassette or freewheel via the chain. Cranks
are constructed of either an aluminum alloy or some less expensive steel. Tubular steel
pedals can be light and very strong. Aluminum cranks may be cast, hot forged or cold
forged ("cold" in this context means the billet from which the crank is to be made is
heated to a specified temperature well below the melting point, not room temperature).
Cold forging gives the metal additional strength, and the cranks can therefore be made
lighter without increasing the risk of breakage. They are then welded up before final
machining. Older pedal cranks use a wedge-shaped pin, called a cotter, for attachment to
the bottom bracket spindle.
Frame
Frame is used to give support to all the assembly of the washing machine. It has
two long as well as two short bars which are welded together by arc welding. Two bars
are provided at some inclination at the inner side to provide support to the barrels and the
shaft.

Figure: Frame

Final Design Choice/Description of prototype

Our final design resembles a commercially available horizontal axis

washer. The inner drum which holds the cloths is currently constructed by modifying a
plastic utility tub. Tubes like these of buckets, perforated sheet metal or mesh, depending
on availability. The inner drum is perforated sheet metal or mesh, depending on
availability. The inner drum is perforated, so that spinning the drum will extract water
from the garments. There are also three triangular fins inside the inner drum that agitate
the cloths during the wash cycle.

The main structure of the machine consists of a simple tube frame.

The frame can be built by modifying an existing bicycle frame. The inner drum is
mounted on one side of a pedal shaft. Rotational force turns the drum via a drive gear
attached to the opposite side of the pedal shaft. A bicycle chain connects the gear at the
opposite side of the pedal shaft. A bicycle chain connects the gear at the drum to a set of
pedals mounted on the frame. The pedals are mounted close to the ground so that the
operator can pedal the machine while seated in a regular chair.

There is an outer barrel surrounding the inner drum and contains all
the water. In our current design, the outer barrel is constructed using a common plastic oil
drum. The operator loads and unloads clothing from the inner drum through a cut out on
the side of the outer barrel. The operator drains the soapy water and rinse water by
opening a drain value at the bottom of the barrel.
ANALYSIS

GEARING

The machine uses a regular mountain bicycle transmission which can

provide gear ratio between 1:1 and 3.5:1. The user is expected to turn the pedals of the
machine about 60 rpm for the wash cycle, and a higher 80 rpm during the dry cycle,
where the lack of resistance from water makes pedaling easier (continuous pedaling is not
necessary in this case). With a inner drum diameter of 19in, at a 1:1 gear ratio, pedaling
at 60 rpm results in a centripetal acceleration on the clothing of about 0.87 g, which
results in efficient clothing tumbling. For the spin cycle, the user would switch to the
highest available gear and a pedal speed of 80 rpm results in acceleration of 18.5 g. this
has been shown to extract 50% of the water from wet cotton clothing (remaining water
weight in clothing is approximately 90% of the dry fabric weight comparable to
commercial vertical axis washing machines).

WATER USAGE

The diameter of the outer tube is 23 inches and depth 22 inches. Our
machine is not optimally efficient in terms of water use, since the plastic construction of
the inner drum required large clearance between the two tubes in order to prevent contact
during spin cycle. The front of the outer drum also extends considerably past the front of
the inner drum to provide easy access for clothes.

With approximately 1/3 of the capacity of the outer drum filled with water, the machine
requires about 10 gallons of the water. Total water usages for one load of laundry ads up
to approximately 20 gallons, half of which is used for the wash cycle. The water from the
second rinse cycle, containing just soap, can be reused for washing second rinse cycle,
we expect that clever design would allow for sizeable reduction in the water requirement
in the next prototype.
COST ESTIMATION

SR NO. PART NAME MATERIAL QUANTITY COST

1 Outer barrel Plastic 1 250
2 Inner barrel Plastic 1 120
3 Shaft Cast iron 1 100
4 Bearings Bearing steel 2 80
5 Bicycle parts Steel 5 400
6 Vanes Plastic 4 250
7 Frame bars Cast iron &other 12 500
8 O rings Rubber 20 50
9 Nut & bolts Stainless steel 18 60
Total

MACHINING COST

Welding: - Rs. 550

Coloring: - Rs. 330
Drilling: - Rs.50

Maintenance and other cost:- Rs 290.

Advantages

 COST

The majority of the cost of the initial prototype is found in the price of the
outer barrel and bicycle parts. A plastic barrel of 100 lit. retails for Rs 250 & another of
Rs. 120. We are expecting however that almost all machines would be constructed from
reused barrels, such that the cost would not be prohibitive. The parts of the bicycle
sufficient quality for the purpose of this machine can be bought for about Rs. 500 from
local market.

Taking all these factors in account, the maximum component price for the pedal powered
washing machine is estimated around Rs 3000 but expected to be considerably less if the
outer drum and bicycle parts can be required used. The manufacturing cost can has not
been determined since an optimum assembling cost can has not been identified.

 EASE OF USE

Our pedal washing machine will be easy to use by younger and older
women. After loading the machine, washing requires three cycles. Between the each
cycle the drum spins quickly to draw the water out of the drum. In the first cycle, water
and detergent added to the drum. The operator pedals the machine for roughly 25 minutes
spins and drains the water. The next two cycles are rinse cycles. In each rinse cycle, the
operator pours clean water into the machine, pedals for 10 minutes, spins and drains the
drum. After the last rinse cycle, the operator spins the cloths dry and saves the soapy
water for the next wash cycle. Our research into existing washers and our earlier
prototypes indicates that the power required for washing and spinning is relatively low.

We demonstrated that it is not difficult to spin a perforated plastic drum

up to extraction speeds with cloths inside. For these experiments, we used a gear
transmission from a bicycle. Both younger and older women can generate enough power
for wash and spin cycles. We estimate this power to be 50-75 watts. While familiarity
with pedaling in general and the machine in particular will reduce the effort expanded by
the user, no prior experience will be necessary for its operation.
  Efficient:

It is much more efficient to wash clothes using this washing machine than
to use the manual washing tanks. This washing machine washes and drier many clothes
concurrently whereas each item must be washed individually in the wash tank. The pedal
washing machine also requires less energy when compared to vertical axis washing
machines. The horizontal axis of rotation in the pedal washing machine uses less power
because it rotates continuously without changing directions. The operator does not need
to combat the momentum and drag forces of a barrel full of water. This washing machine
is also more comfortable to use than the washing tanks. The operator does not need to
lean over the washing tank and submerge her hands in the soapy water. Instead, the
operator sits on the seat and pedals most of the time. She only needs to get up to load the
machine, change the water and unload the machine. This leaves her hands free to work on
making crafts and keeps them out of the harmful detergent.

 Affordable:

The target buyer for our machine is an entire community in contrast to a

single family. A natural location to install a washing machine is at the public washing
stations. The women already use the washing stations and they will be able to share the
washing machine among the entire community. With a common washing machine, an
individual family will not need spend a large sum of money for a home washing machine.
Those who would not normally be able to afford such a device would be able to use one
for free or for a small fee. This pedal powered washing machine is also inexpensive to
operate because the user does not need to pay for power. This is especially important in
rural areas, where electricity is extremely expensive and most of the time unavailable.

 Easy to build and maintain:

Unlike any of the other alternatives, the pedal powered washing machine
uses locally available materials or recycled bicycle parts. It can be produced in any area
that has prevalent bicycle technology and things like plastic drums. Since the parts are
widely available, this washing machine can serve as a basis for local entrepreneurs to
start micro enterprises which would stimulate the local economy.

Another advantage of using locally available parts is that this washing machine is easy to
repair. It is mechanically simple enough that any bicycle repair shop would be able to
service the pedal drive.
Disadvantages:
1. It is human operated and requires a little more time.

Applications:
The Pedal powered washing machine can be used to wash the clothes at home
and laundries to wash the clothes without the need of the electricity.

It is a good solution to wash the clothes in the rural areas where electricity is
not available most of the times and will save the time of human beings involved in
washing the clothes.
Implementation plan & timeline
Going forward we must complete our first prototype of the pedal powered
washing machine and workout the technical challenges. After we have a working
prototype, we intend to travel to local scrap market and build a prototype with the locally
available parts.

Feasibility report
Activity Duration
Formation of group 2 weeks
Selection of project and synopsis 2 weeks
Market survey 4 weeks
Designing 3 weeks
Assembly 2 weeks
Trouble shooting 1 week
Analysis 1 week
Total 15 weeks

Project feasibility

Formation of group
Selection of project and synopsis
Market survey
Designing
Assembly
Trouble shooting
Analysis

Figure. Pie Chart of Project feasibility and timeline

Challenges:
One of the main challenges we face in introducing the pedal powered
washing machine is cost. The machine must be inexpensive and easy to build if it will be
adopted into the community.

Another challenge we may face is acceptance into the community. The

pedal powered washing machine is quite different from the community’s current method
of washing clothes; the community may be reluctant to try the new machine. To help
encourage the adoption of the washing machine, we will run multiple trials with local
women so we can adjust the design to meet their needs.

We will run the trial periods with groups like the women’s cooperative
who are already familiar with the pedal powered machines; they have already proved that
they are willing to try new technologies. If women in the cooperative accept and use the
machines, then they will serve as spokes-people for the new machine in their local
community. Their support will greatly increase the credibility of the machine so that local
people will be willing to try it.
References:
1. Design of machine elements by R.S. Khurmi
2. Theory of machines by R.S. Khurmi
3. www.google.com
4. www.wikipedia.com
5. http://books.google.com/books
6. www.digitaljournals.com