Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
The gage shall be determined by the weight of fabricated plates. The average weight of any one lot of plates shall not underrun
the theoretical weight by more than 5%, and no individual plate weighed shall underrun the theoretical weight by more than
10%.
a. The field inspection shall be made by the engineer. The manufacturer shall furni sh an itemized statement of the number
and length of the plates in each shipment.
b. Each plate included in a shipment failing to meet the requirements of these specifications shall be rejected, and if25 %
of the plates fail to meet the requirements, the entire shipment may be rejected.
a. Plates shall be formed to provide lap joints. The bolt holes shall be so punched that all plates having like dimensions,
curvature, and the same number of bolts per foot of seam, shall be interchangeable. Each plate shall be curved to the
proper radius so that the dimensions of the finished structure will be as specified.
b. Unless otherwise specified, bolt holes along those edges of plates that will form longitudinal seams in the finished
structure shall be in rows 1-3/4 inches apart, with a pair in the valley and crest of the corrugations. Bolt holes along
those edges of the plates that will form circumferential seams in the finished structure shall provide for a bolt spacing
of not more than 9-5/8 inches. The minimum distance from center of holes to the edge of the plate shall be 1-3/4 times
the diameter of the bolt. The diameter of the bolt hole in the longitudinal seams shall not exceed the diameter of the
bolt by more than 118 inch.
c. When specified, the structural plate for round pipe shall be formed so as to provide, when assembled, an elliptical cross
section having a vertical elongation of approximately 5%.
This specification covers corrugated high density polyethylene pipe for under track culverts and storm drain applications.
12 through 60-inch (300 to 1500mm) Corrugated High Density Polyethylene Pipe shall be fabricated per AASHTO M294 or
ASTM F2306 and shall be smooth lined with a corrugated exterior.
Fittings shall conform to ASTM F 2306. Fittings in field structural performance shall meet or exceed pipe performance.
Bell and Spigot pipe and fittings shall be watertight according to the requirements of ASTM D3212. Gaskets shall meet the
requirements of ASTM F477. The gasket shall be factory installed on the pipe and protected with a wrap during shipping and
storage. If the gasket is removed and replaced in the field, care should be taken to ensure the gasket is properly placed on the
pipe.
Plain end pipe & fittings shall be joined with coupling bands that cover at least two full corrugations of both abutting ends of
both pipes. Split coupling bands are considered soil-tight. Split coupling bands shall be wrapped with minimum 12 ounce
non-woven geotextile fabric meeting AASHTO M288 Class!. Fabric wrap shall cover a length of pipe that extends 12"
beyond the ends of the coupling band and overlap a minimum of 12 inches.
Underdrains typically do not have watertight connections. Where watertight connections are not used, connections should be
designed to prevent the migration of fines.
a. Designing a culvert has not yet reached the stage where two or more individuals will always arrive at the same answer,
or where actual service performance matches the designer's anticipation. The reason is that the engineer' s
interpretation of field data and hydrology is often influenced by personal judgment, based on his own experience in a
given locality. However, field data, hydrology and hydraulic research are closing the gap to move the art of designing a
culvert a little closer to becoming a science.
b. Up to this point, the design procedure has consisted of collecting field data, compiling facts about the roadway, and
making a reasonable estimate of flood flow for a chosen frequency. The fourth step is to design an economical culvert
to handle the flow (including debris) with minimum damage to the right of way or adjacent property.
c. Factors to consider include: type of structure; area and shape of waterway opening; approximate length and slope of
culvert barrel; and treatment of inlet and outlet ends.
a. The culvert design process shall strive for a balanced result. Pure fluid mechanics should be combined with practical
considerations to help assure satisfactory performance under actual field conditions. This includes prospective
maintenance and the handling of debris.
(2) a 100-year flood using the available head at entrance, the head to 2 feet below base of rail, or the head to a depth of
1.5 times the culvert diameter/rise, whichever is less.
d. Outlet Control. Using the size selected for inlet control use Figure 1-4-13 through Figure 1-4-1 8 to determine the
headwater depth in outlet control. If the depth here is greater than that for inlet control, the culvert is assumed to be in
outlet control and the higher depth applies.
e. Wall roughness factors used are stated on the flow charts (Table 1-4-17 through Table 1-4-19). For other values of n,
use an adjusted value for length, L ', on the length scales on the charts. L' is calculated by the formula:
EQ4-6
where:
L = Actual length
n' = Actual value of Manning's n
n = Value of Manning's n shown on chart.
f. Using L' on the length scales in the charts, adjust the result for the Manning's n desired.
g. The appropriate ke curve is selected for the entrance condition desired. Typical values ofke are found in Table 1-4-14.
h. If the culvert is in outlet control and the headwater exceeds the allowable, a larger size can be selected corresponding to
acceptable headwater depth. In such a case, alternate solutions should be considered for corrugated steel structures with
lower roughness coefficients. See Table 1-4-15. A smaller size of paved pipe or helical pipe may be satisfactory.
1. Entrance conditions should also be considered. It may be economical to use a more efficient entrance than planned if a
size difference results . Check the lowest ke curve results.
J. For graphed hydraulic elements and properties of circular corrugated steel pipe and corrugated steel and structural plate
pipe-arches refer to Figure 1-4-19 and Figure 1-4-20.
1. For a comparison of waterway cross-sectional areas at equal depths of flow in circular pipe and pipe-arch refer to
Figure 1-4-21. Note that the pipe-arch handles a larger volume at the lower levels of flow.
m. Inlet control for Corrugated High Density Polyethylene Pipe: HW/D Scale (1) and (3) in Figure 1-4-6. Inlet Control -
Headwater Depths for Corrugated Metal Pipe Culverts, may be used to evaluate inlet control for Smooth lined (typeS)
and Unlined (type C) Corrugated High Density Polyethylene pipe. SW/D Scale (2) may also be considered for pipes
less than 24" in diameter.
n. Outlet control for Corrugated High Density Polyethylene Pipe: Use Figure 1-4-17. Outlet Control- Head for Concrete
Pipe Culverts with Submerged Outlet and Flowing Full to calculate outlet control for Smooth lined (type S) Corrugated
High Density Polyethylene Pipe (Manning's friction factor n=O.Ol2).
o. When using Figures 1-4-6 through 1-4-20 make sure to adjust the diameter (D) as needed to accommodate for
manufacturing tolerances.
'" /
10,000
EXAMPLE
8,000
(I)
168 D ~ 36 inches (3.0 feel)
6,000 Q ~ 66 cfs (2)
156 r
5 ,000 HW* HW
14 4
(3)
4 ,0 0 0 0 (feet) -5. r 6.
132 . 3 ,000 (1) 1.8 5.4 r
:I
.s (2) 2 .1 6 .3 ... f- 5. 6.
12 0
...... f- 5.
..
2 ,000
(3) 2.2 6.6 4.
j
108
j
r- 3. 4.
c
«
• D in feet
1,000
96 ...:>
0
3.
800 3.
......
:>
«
84 600 2.
500
---
"1
- - -+
~
40 0
f- 2 . '- 2.
~
"'"':z::
300
31:: - 1.5
0
~ "'...o. 200 c.
60 1.!1
~ ~ "'
Q: 1.5
e.... 54 g ....""
"'::11
Q:
"'
Q
"'....>
::;) ~
0 :z:: - 1.0 f- 1.0
...
0
....
... - 1.0
....
Q:
"'
0
.......
::11
30
HW SCALE
0
ENTRANCE
TYPE
....... ·"'
Q: ·"
.9
"'
i5
20
(1) Headwall
"'c31:: r- . 8 .8
,;
.; (2) Mitred to conform "'"':z:: .a
to slope
27
..."'
0
0
10
8 (3) Projecting
'- .7 f- ·.7
.
z
;!
24
6
!I To use scale (2) or (3) project
r- .7
· ~ .5
15 .5
1.0 .5
NOTE: The manufacturers recommended keeping HW/D to a maximum of 1.5 and preferably to no
more than 1.0.
Figure 1-4-6. Inlet Control- Headwater Depths for Corrugated Metal Pipe Culverts
.4
"~
z "' z SUBMERGED OUTLET CULVERT FLOWING FULL .5
1000 ::;
..."':I HW = H + h0 - LS 0
800 .6
120 For outlet crown not submerged , compute HW by
methods described In the design procedure.
600 108 .e
500 96
400 84
300
72
66
2
2.00 60
54
1/) 0 = 48
IIJ 48-
X /
(.)
/
100 10 ~ 42 4
o"':..---z
aoY -
~/ 5
36
a: 33 '->oo 6
IIJ
1-
IIJ 30
::E
4
0 27
f)oo
t ,,1;,, 0
8
0 -~ 10
-~
24
21
18 20
15
12
HEAD FOR
CONCRETE PIPE CULVERTS
FLOWING FULL
n=0.012
Figure 1-4-17. Outlet Control- Head for Concrete Pipe Culverts with
Submerged Outlet and Flowing Full
(Reference 22)
d. Outlet Control. Using the size selected for inlet control use Figure 1-4-13 through Figure 1-4-1 8 to determine the
headwater depth in outlet control. If the depth here is greater than that for inlet control, the culvert is assumed to be in
outlet control and the higher depth applies.
e. Wall roughness factors used are stated on the flow charts (Table 1-4-17 through Table 1-4-19). For other values of n,
use an adjusted value for length, L ', on the length scales on the charts. L' is calculated by the formula:
EQ4-6
where:
L = Actual length
n' = Actual value of Manning's n
n = Value of Manning's n shown on chart.
f. Using L' on the length scales in the charts, adjust the result for the Manning's n desired.
g. The appropriate ke curve is selected for the entrance condition desired. Typical values ofke are found in Table 1-4-14.
h. If the culvert is in outlet control and the headwater exceeds the allowable, a larger size can be selected corresponding to
acceptable headwater depth. In such a case, alternate solutions should be considered for corrugated steel structures with
lower roughness coefficients. See Table 1-4-15. A smaller size of paved pipe or helical pipe may be satisfactory.
1. Entrance conditions should also be considered. It may be economical to use a more efficient entrance than planned if a
size difference results . Check the lowest ke curve results.
J. For graphed hydraulic elements and properties of circular corrugated steel pipe and corrugated steel and structural plate
pipe-arches refer to Figure 1-4-19 and Figure 1-4-20.
1. For a comparison of waterway cross-sectional areas at equal depths of flow in circular pipe and pipe-arch refer to
Figure 1-4-21. Note that the pipe-arch handles a larger volume at the lower levels of flow.
m. Inlet control for Corrugated High Density Polyethylene Pipe: HW/D Scale (1) and (3) in Figure 1-4-6. Inlet Control -
Headwater Depths for Corrugated Metal Pipe Culverts, may be used to evaluate inlet control for Smooth lined (typeS)
and Unlined (type C) Corrugated High Density Polyethylene pipe. SW/D Scale (2) may also be considered for pipes
less than 24" in diameter.
n. Outlet control for Corrugated High Density Polyethylene Pipe: Use Figure 1-4-17. Outlet Control- Head for Concrete
Pipe Culverts with Submerged Outlet and Flowing Full to calculate outlet control for Smooth lined (type S) Corrugated
High Density Polyethylene Pipe (Manning's friction factor n=O.Ol2).
o. When using Figures 1-4-6 through 1-4-20 make sure to adjust the diameter (D) as needed to accommodate for
manufacturing tolerances.
'" /
10,000
EXAMPLE
8,000
(I)
168 D ~ 36 inches (3.0 feel)
6,000 Q ~ 66 cfs (2)
156 r
5 ,000 HW* HW
14 4
(3)
4 ,0 0 0 0 (feet) -5. r 6.
132 . 3 ,000 (1) 1.8 5.4 r
:I
.s (2) 2 .1 6 .3 ... f- 5. 6.
12 0
...... f- 5.
..
2 ,000
(3) 2.2 6.6 4.
j
108
j
r- 3. 4.
c
«
• D in feet
1,000
96 ...:>
0
3.
800 3.
......
:>
«
84 600 2.
500
---
"1
- - -+
~
40 0
f- 2 . '- 2.
~
"'"':z::
300
31:: - 1.5
0
~ "'...o. 200 c.
60 1.!1
~ ~ "'
Q: 1.5
e.... 54 g ....""
"'::11
Q:
"'
Q
"'....>
::;) ~
0 :z:: - 1.0 f- 1.0
...
0
....
... - 1.0
....
Q:
"'
0
.......
::11
30
HW SCALE
0
ENTRANCE
TYPE
....... ·"'
Q: ·"
.9
"'
i5
20
(1) Headwall
"'c31:: r- . 8 .8
,;
.; (2) Mitred to conform "'"':z:: .a
to slope
27
..."'
0
0
10
8 (3) Projecting
'- .7 f- ·.7
.
z
;!
24
6
!I To use scale (2) or (3) project
r- .7
· ~ .5
15 .5
1.0 .5
NOTE: The manufacturers recommended keeping HW/D to a maximum of 1.5 and preferably to no
more than 1.0.
Figure 1-4-6. Inlet Control- Headwater Depths for Corrugated Metal Pipe Culverts
.4
"~
z "' z SUBMERGED OUTLET CULVERT FLOWING FULL .5
1000 ::;
..."':I HW = H + h0 - LS 0
800 .6
120 For outlet crown not submerged , compute HW by
methods described In the design procedure.
600 108 .e
500 96
400 84
300
72
66
2
2.00 60
54
1/) 0 = 48
IIJ 48-
X /
(.)
/
100 10 ~ 42 4
o"':..---z
aoY -
~/ 5
36
a: 33 '->oo 6
IIJ
1-
IIJ 30
::E
4
0 27
f)oo
t ,,1;,, 0
8
0 -~ 10
-~
24
21
18 20
15
12
HEAD FOR
CONCRETE PIPE CULVERTS
FLOWING FULL
n=0.012
Figure 1-4-17. Outlet Control- Head for Concrete Pipe Culverts with
Submerged Outlet and Flowing Full
(Reference 22)
of the owner and/or project engineer and after consultation with the manufacturer. Such repairs must follow applicable
specifications and accepted industry standards. Materials should be stored to avoid damage. Observance of any special
handling methods required shall be verified and recorded. The inspector is responsible for monitoring the contractor's
observance of these requirements.
The design engineer or other so qualified individual should prepare an operations and maintenance plan. Guidance in
preparing such a plan can be found in ASCE 14-93 "Standard Guidelines for Operation and Maintenance of Urban Subsurface
Drainage."
Individual railroads may require specific precautions as deemed advisable to insure the safety of the trains, tracks and
construction workers throughout the perforated pipe underdrain installation process, particularly when installed adjacent to
live track. Regardless of the installation methods chosen, the track must be adequately supported during construction. All
procedures involved in the installation must comply with applicable guidelines and regulations, including FRA and OSHA
requirements.
4.21.1.1 Introduction
Because an acceptable allowable stress design methodology doesn't exist for corrugated HDPE pipe, this design example was
created to assist new users of AASHTO's Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications, to evaluate
corrugated HDPE pipe in railroad applications. All "AASHTO LRFD" references in this design example refer to the
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, Fifth Edition - 2010 revision. This example contains all necessary equations
for evaluating corrugated HDPE pipe under railroads, but does not contain all tables and commentary available in the
AASHTO LRFD code.
In the design example Strength Limit State 1 and Service Limit State 1 are reviewed. Strength Limit State 1 will generate the
greatest factored load for HDPE pipe, and Service Limit State 1 verifies that service limits are met per the AASHTO LRFD
Bridge Design Guidelines. The deflection requirement within the code is the only parameter investigated using Service Limit
State 1. In this design example, the springline limit states control over the crown limit states, therefore only the springline limit
states are shown.
• 24" conugated HDPE pipe AASHTO M294 typeS (see asterisk below).
* Pipe section properties are unique to each manufactured product and must be obtained from the manufacturer.
P
sp
J( Hw -~)+o 11% )r,
144
J H -( Hw
144
-~))r. (12.12.3.7- 2)
Where:
P sp =soil-prism pressure, evaluated at pipe springline (psi), AASHTO LRFD Eq. 12.12.3.7-2
27 7 27 7 27 7
(( 2.5'- · ")+o.u · ")solb./ 3
24 12 I ft
( 5'-( 2.5'- · ")]12olh./
24 I ft 3 .
~P = + =3.93psz
144 144
Note: AASHTO LRFD Section 12.12.3.7 allows for the use of three different equations to determine the soil prism
earth load. For this example, AASTO LRFD Equation (12.12.3.7-2) was used because ground water is above the
crown of pipe, but below the ground surface.
lfthe water table would have been above the top of the pipe and at or above the ground surface, we would have used
AASHTO LRFD Eq. 12.12.3.7-1.
H +0.11 DOJrb
p =( 12 (12.12.3.7- 1) 1
sp 144
If the water table would have been below the top of the pipe we would have use AASHTO LRFD Eq.12.12.3 .7-3.
5 17
v'AF = o. 76- o. 11( H - 1. ) (12.12.3.5- 3)
SH +2.92
2 17
VAF = 0. 7 6 - 0.71( .4 - 1. ) = o. 6
2.4+2.92
Where:
<Ps =resistance factor for soil stiffness. Suggested standard practice is to design for a standard proctor backfill density five
percent less than specified by the contract documents, unless compaction levels are field verified.
Ms =secant constrained soil modulus as specified in AASHTO LRFD Table 12.12.3.5-1 (psi)
R =radius from center of pipe to centroid of pipe profile (ID/2+c), obtain from pipe manufacturer.
EP =short or long term modulus of pipe material as specified in AASHTO LRFD Table 12.12.3.3-1
Ag =gross area of pipe wall per unit length of pipe (in. 2!in.)
Note: VAF is only used in calculating prism loads for long term loading conditions; therefore, use only the long
term material modulus to calculate the VAF.
62.4lb / 3 (1)(2.5')
/ ft = l.08psi (12.12.3.8- 1)
144
Where:
(l2.12.3.10.Ib- 1) 1
be =pw (12.12.3.10.1b- 2)
1-0.22
(12.12.3.10.1b - 3)
p= A,
A,
(12.12.3.10.1b- 4)
Where:
Aeff. = effective area of pipe wall per unit length of pipe as specified in AASHTO LRFD Article 12.12.3.10.lb
(in. 2/in.), AASHTO LRFD Eq. 12.12.3.10.lb-l, or use stub compression test AASHTO T341. Value available
from manufacturer.
Ag= gross area of pipe wall per unit length of pipe (in.2!in.)
Eye= factored compression strain limit of the pipe wall matetial as specified in AASHTO LRFD Table 12.12.3.3-1
k= plate buckling coefficient. Use edge support coefficient, 4.0 for elements with both edges supported.
Table 1-4-56. Idealized Pipe Profile Section Properties (Manufactured Product Specific)
w p
Crest 0 .124 1.556 1.556 1.270 0 .65 1.013
Web 0 .172 1.786 1.621 0.954 0.81 1.307
Factored Compressive Strain (~>uc), refer to AASHTO LRFD Eq. 12.12.3 .10.lc-l
(12.12.3.10.ld - 1)
(12.12.3.10.lc- 1)
sue = [1 .05((1 .3)(1 .5)(1.0)~0~6)~3.93 psi)+(~ .3)(1.08psi)) + (1.0)(1.?~)(~6.67psi)(l.l ~)](27.7) = 0.0 357in/in
(0.236nr hn)(21000psz) (0.236m- lzn)(llOOOOpsz) 2
Where:
Tu= factored thrust per unit length (lb/in.)AASHTO LRFD Eq. 12.12.3.10.lc-3 .
Pu= factored load as specified in AASHTO LRFD Eq. 12.12.3.5-1 (use in Tu calculation)
TJn ·= load modifier as specified in AASHTO LRFD Article 1.3.2, as they apply to vertical earth loads on culverts
Ynr= load factor for vertical pressure from dead load of earth fill, as specified in AASHTO LRFD Article 3.4.1
Kyr installation factor typically taken as 1.5 to provide traditional safety. Use of a value less than 1.5 requires
additional monitoring of the installation during construction and provisions for such monitoring shall be provided
on the contract document.
YwA= load factor for hydrostatic pressure, as specified in AASHTO LRFD Article 3.4.1
llLL= load modifier as specified in AASHTO LRFD Article 1.3 .2, as they apply to live loads
yLL= load factor for live load, as specified in AASHTO LRFD Article 3.4.1
Pr= live load pressure (LL) with dynamic load allowance (psi)
=the lesser of
~:F resistance factor for thrust effects, value is 1. 0 per AASHTO LRFD, Section 12
Note: PL =live load pressure (LL), was converted from values found in AREMA Table 1-4-24, Live Load
Pressure for Cooper E-80.
(12.12.3.10.1e- 1)
I
R, = 11.4 11 .4 10
' D ?5 51" = . (12.12.3.10.1e- 1)
11+-- 11+ ---·_
12H 12(5')
6
= l.2C"(EJ Ji( ¢,M s(l- 2v):~ R (12.12.3.10.1e- 3)
1 ~
3
_1.2(0.55)[(21000)(0.1331))3 [(0.9)(1431)(1-2(0.4)) ] - ·. .
&bck - 2 (1.0)-0.150m / m
' (0.236)(21000) (1-(0.4))
Where:
<l>bck= resistance factor for global buckling, value is 0.7 per AASHTO LRFD, Section 12
Ip= moment of inertia of pipe profile per unit length of pipe (in.4/in.) (Since the unit length of pipe is 1.0 then IP
and I are the same (see 4.21.1.2 for I).
v= Poisson's ratio of soil is available in many geotechnical references such as Selig (1990).
Note: Material properties for buckling should be long term only, see AASHTO LRFD, section 12.12.3.3.
Flexural Strain
(12.12.3.10.2b- 4)
(12.12.3.10.lc- 2)
11 1 = 0.05(24")-(0.02)(25.51") = 0.7in
5t
(c)(/}./)
= YEr' Df R D
(l2.12.3.10.2b- 3)
5
1 (112.76"
=(1.3)(5 .6) ·OT"')( 25.51"
07" ) = 0.017in lin
.J ·
Where:
Sse= service
compressive strain due to thrust, as specified in AASTO LRFD Article 12.12.3.10.lc and taken as positive
for compression
Ts= service thrust per unit length (lb/in.) AASHTO LRFD Eq. 12.12.2.2-4
Ps= design service load (psi) AASHTO LRFD Eq. 12.12.3.5-2 (used in T 5 calculation)
c= the larger of the distance from neutral axis of profile to the extreme inner most or outer most fiber (in.)
D_r shape factor as specified in AASHTO LRFD Table 12.12.3 .1 0.2b-l. The shape factors for corrugated PE pipe
can be reduced by 1.0 from the table values to account for the effect of the low hoop stiffness ratio.
(12.12.3.lj0.2b- 2)
(12.12.3.10.2b- 1
Where:
£y 1= service long-term tension strain limit of the pipe wall material as specified in AASHTO LRFD Table 12.12.3.3-1
)2 242
FF = _'--_ = . = 0.040inllb. (12.12.3.6- 1)
EI (l10000psi)(0.1331in 4 /in)
Where:
(12.12.2.2- 2)
11
t
=l (1.5)(0.1)(3 .93)(27.7") ] l
(1.16)(16.67X0.1)(27.7) ]
(2 1000)(0 .1331) +0 .061(1431) + (110000)(0.1331) +0 .061(1431) +
co 02 )(r _1)
. ),)
12.76 3 12.763
!1 1 = 1.26in = 4.94%
Where:
1'11= total deflection of pipe expressed in a reduction of the vertical diameter taken as a reduction of the vertical diameter
taken as positive for reduction of the vertical diameter and expansion of horizontal diameter (in.)
KB= bedding coefficient, a value of 0.1 is typical, AASHTO LRFD, section 12, page 104
DL= deflection lag factor, a value of 1.5 is typical, AASHTO LRFD, section 12, page 104
4.21 .1.1 INTRODUCTION- Brief explanation of why we are using AASHTO's LRFD Design Methodology.
4.21.1.2 APPLICATION SPECIFIC DESIGN INPUT- Site and Manufacturer specific product data determined.
© 2012, Ame ri can Railway Engin eering and Maintenance-of-Way Associa tion
4.21.1.4 RESISTANCE TO AXIAL THRUST - Pipe properties specific to profile and resistance factors determined. Live
loads incorporated into design.
4.21.1.5 THRUST STRAIN LIMITS: To ensure the pipe wall section doesn' t fail in thrust, the factored compressive strain
must be less than or equal to the pipe's thrust strain limit. The design example shows that the factored compressive strain is
less than the thrust strain limit, which means that the pipe wall will not crush under the designated loading conditions.
4.21.1.6 BENDING AND THRUST STRAIN- To ensure the pipe wall will not buckle, the critical buckling strain must be
less than or equal to the general buckling strain limit. The design example shows that the critical buckling strain was less than
the general buckling strain limit, which means the pipe wall will not buckle.
4.21 .1.7 COMBINED STRAIN- To ensure the pipe wall doesn't excessively bend as a result of compression or does not yield
in tension, the combined compressive strain and combined tension strain are reviewed. To account for variability in site
conditions factors are applied to these values. The factored combined compressive strain must be less than the limiting
combined compressive strain and the factored combined tension strain must be less than the limiting combined tension strain.
The design example shows that both the factored combined compressive strain and factored combined tension strain are less
than the limiting strain values.
4.21.1.8 FLEXIBILITY FACTOR- To ensure the pipe will adequately perform during installation. The Flexibility Factor is
checked. In this example the calculated flexibility factor less than the designated value.
4.21.1.9 CALCULATED DEFLECTION - To verify the pipe doesn't excessively deflect, and maintains a shape that allows
the LRFD design equations to function properly, deflection calculated and checked. Provided the pipe deflects less than 5%, it
will meet all LRFD requirements. In some cases, deflection may extend up to 7.5% before pipe repair or removal is
recommended. However, when pipes are between 5.0% and 7.5% additional evaluation should be done on the system to
ensure all design criteria are met. The design example shows that the calculated deflection is less than 5.0%.