Astron. Astrophys.
358, 287–298 (2000)
Search for γ Doradus variable stars in the Pleiades cluster
S. Martı́n and E. Rodrı́guez
Instituto de Astrofı́sica de Andalucı́a, CSIC, P.O. Box 3004, 18080 Granada, Spain
Received 5 October 1999 / Accepted 24 March 2000
Abstract. Photometric observations in the uvbyβ system of
A-F type stars in the Pleiades cluster have been performed in
order to detect pulsating variable stars of γ Doradus type in the
lower part of the Cepheid instability strip. In order to obtain
more information about the behaviour of the studied objects
and to be able to distinguish between long period variable and
non-variable stars, two statistical methods have been developed.
Several of these stars show some type of variability but only two
of the observed objects, H1284 and S29, can be safely classified
as γ Dor stars. Furthermore, these observations have provided
us with Strömgren and Hβ photometry, non-existing up to now
for some of them, which permitted us to perform a photometric
study of the Pleiades cluster.
Key words: stars: variables: general – Galaxy: open clusters
and associations: individual: Pleiades – methods: statistical –
techniques: photometric
1. Introduction
During the last few years an increasing number of new variables
have been detected on the intersection between the main se-
quence in the HR diagram and the cool border of the Cepheid in-
stability strip. These new F-type stars show variability on longer
time scales, from 0.5 to 3 days, with respect to the typical δ Sct
or SX Phe periodicities, and amplitudes below 0m .1. This group
of pulsating variable stars has been named γ Doradus and there
are few known candidates of this type up to date. A complete
updated list of bona fide members, beside a group of candi-
date stars, has been published by Handler & Krisciunas (1997).
Some of these objects have been studied thoroughly by means of
multisite campaigns: HD 224638 and HD 224945 (Mantegazza
et al., 1994), γ Dor (Balona, 1996), 9 Aurigae (Zerbi et al.,
1997a), HR 2740 (Poretti et al. 1997), HD 108100 (Breger
et al., 1997), HD 164615 (Zerbi et al., 1997b) and HR 8799
(Rodrı́guez & Zerbi, 1995; Zerbi et al., 1999; Gray & Kaye,
1999). More recently, three new γ Doradus variables have been
discovered: HR 8330 (Kaye, 1999c), HD 62454 and HD 68192
(Kaye, 1999b). A good description of this new class of pulsat-
Send offprint requests to: S. Martı́n (susana@iaa.es)
ASTRONOMY
AND
ASTROPHYSICS
ing stars is given by Kaye et al. (1999a) together with a brief
discussion about the physical mechanics involved.
On the other hand, the study of main-sequence variable stars
in open clusters is clearly advantageous for the determination of
the relationship between pulsation, age and abundance. For this
reason, most authors perform the search for pulsating stars be-
longing to the lower part of the instability strip in open clusters.
Antonello & Mantegazza (1986) and Zerbi et al. (1998) found
long-period and short-period variable stars in the young open
cluster NGC 2516, whose log age is 8.02 (Lyngå, 1987). Also
Hyades (Krisciunas et al., 1995) and M 34 (Krisciunas & Patten,
1998), with log age equal to 8.82 and 8.29, respectively, were
searched for new γ Dor candidates. Their results showed that
this type of pulsation was not found in Hyades cluster whereas
in some of the selected stars in the open cluster M 34 there was
evidence of low amplitude variability. Thus, could we assume
that the presence of γ Dor stars is more probable in open clus-
ters in certain ranges of age? It would be interesting to observe
a larger number of open clusters to investigate if the age is a
determinant factor or other physical parameters account for.
For these reasons, one of the open clusters selected for our
study on γ Dor variables, is the Pleiades cluster, which, due to
its nearness and stellar richness, is one of the most studied in
the last years. A large variety of methods and photometric and
spectroscopic analyses have been performed to investigate the
cluster properties such as its age, distance, reddening and size.
The aim of this work is to find variable stars, long period vari-
ables mainly, in this cluster whose log age is 7.89 (Lyngå, 1987),
using different statistical tests.
2. Observations
The observations were made using the 0.9-m telescope at Ob-
servatorio de Sierra Nevada, Spain, by means of a Strömgren
six-channel simultaneous photometer (Nielsen, 1983) between
the years 1995 to 1998. The measurements were collected dur-
ing nineteen nights using the four uvby filters and one night
using Hβ. The stars checked out are reported in Table 1. The
labels correspond to Hertzsprung (1947) H series, and Trumpler
(1921) S series, respectively.
Objects with V <10m .0 and 2.m 650 < β < 2.m 800 were
selected. The limit in V was imposed in order to get a good
288 S. Martı́n & E. Rodrı́guez: Search for γ Doradus variable stars in the Pleiades cluster

Table 1. Number of nights and measurements N of each star using was as following: C1 − C2 − C3− first group of stars −C1 −
uvby filters C2−C3−second group of stars −C1−C2−C3−, etc. In order
to reach an internal error of less than 0.m 002 per observation in
Year the filters v and b, each integration consisted of 40 to 70 seconds
Star 1995 1996 1997 1998 N depending of the brightness of the star.
H25 0 4 4 7 103 Table 2 lists the photometric values of the programmed stars.
H157 2 0 0 0 9 For the Hertzsprung list H-stars, the b − y, m0 , c0 , β, V and
H164 0 3 3 7 79 B − V data were taken from Mermilliod et al. (1997a) and the
H233 0 3 3 7 84 MK types from Mendoza (1956). For those S-stars of Trumpler’s
H338 2 0 0 0 9 list, the magnitude V , Strömgren indices and β are obtained in
H344 2 0 0 0 11
this work, while B −V is from Mermilliod et al. (1997a) and the
H470 2 0 0 0 9
MK types are from SAO Catalogue (Smithsonian Astrophysical
H530 2 0 0 0 9
H531 0 4 6 0 218 Observatory, 1971). The given values of vsini, in km s−1 , are
H605 2 3 5 7 116 taken from the Revised Catalogue of Stellar Rotational Veloci-
H697 0 4 5 0 81 ties (Uesugi & Fukuda, 1982) when known.
H956 2 0 0 0 12 The equations to transform the magnitude differences into
H1284 2 4 5 0 93 the standard uvbyβ system is the same as in Rodrı́guez et al.
H1338 0 0 6 7 280 (1997). Thus, using V , the photometric indices and β of C1
H1762 2 4 6 7 418 as reference, the values for the S-stars, of Trumpler, and their
H1766 2 0 0 0 13 standard errors were obtained. These results are given in Table 2,
H2617 2 3 5 7 111 where it can be seen that for the stars S9, S29 and S93, the
H3031 2 3 4 7 96
observed β values do not correspond to MK classification but
S9 2 0 0 0 11
to later spectral types.
S29 2 4 6 7 325
S37 2 0 0 0 9
S39 2 0 0 0 9 3. Photometric study of the Pleiades cluster
S45 2 0 0 0 9
S61 1 0 0 0 4 In order to derive the true distance modulus for each star, first
S67 2 0 0 0 8 the individual color excess was calculated. Thus, the dereddened
S93 2 3 3 7 90 indices and Mv were obtained, using the method described in
S127 2 0 0 0 7 Philip et al. (1976) for each spectral class. The following redden-
S184 2 0 0 0 8
ing ratios, E(c1 ) = 0.20E(b−y) and E(m1 ) = −0.32E(b−y)
(Crawford 1975) were used, so as the reference lines of Philip &
Egret (1980). Correcting for the visual absorption due to inter-
signal/noise ratio in a relatively short integration time; the lim- stellar matter Av = 4.3E(b − y), we obtain V0 and (V0 − Mv )
its in β indicate the location of the star in the HR diagram, as reported in Table 3. The reddening in the field of this cluster
where the γ Dor variables are being discovered. For those stars is somewhat variable. Breger (1984) made a study about this be-
without previous Strömgren or Hβ photometry, the selection for haviour and suggested that the reddening in the Pleiades cluster
observation was performed on the basis of their Johnson color is essentially constant, except for a region in the southwest of
indices 0.m 24 < B − V < 0.m 51 (Johnson & Mitchell, 1958) the cluster where a small cloud of interstellar matter causes a
where an average interstellar absorption E(B − V )=0.m 04 large extinction E(B − V ) between 0.m 1 to 0.m 4.
(Lyngå, 1987) was taken into account. Known variable can- Departing from the initial value of 0.m 04 mean red-
didate, H697 (Breger 1972) was included because its type of dening, and a distance modulus obtained from HIPPAR-
variability was undetermined. COS (mv − Mv )=5.m 33±0.06 (Mermilliod et al., 1997b)
For these observations, C1=H1762 was used as the main we have fitted isochrones using the code and input phy-
comparison star. During the first campaign in the year 1995, sics described in Claret (1995). These models are for stars
22 stars were observed. Due to the high number of stars and with (X,Y ,Z)=(0.70,0.28,0.02) including an overshooting from
to the fact that some of them did not show signs of variability, the convective core αov =0.20 and mixing length parame-
in 1996 we reduced the size of the original sample to seven. ter α=l/Hp =1.52. The V and B − V values used to fit
Beside these, new objects and two additional check stars were the isochrones on the colour magnitude diagram are con-
added, C2=H531 during the campaigns 1996 and 1997, and tained in the BDA data base developed by Mermilliod (1995;
C3=H1338 in the years 1997 and 1998. During the observations http://obswww.unige.ch/webda/). In Fig. 1a the isochrones for
here reported, the comparison C1=H1762 did not show any log age of 7.89 (Lyngå, 1987) and 8.00 (Meynet et al., 1993)
sign of variability. A small change in level of its light curve are shown and a new value of the distance modulus of 5.m 68
dropped C2 of the list in the last year. In general, depending is obtained when fitting the lower part of the diagram, which
on the number of programmed stars in each campaign and the is in very good agreement with the value 5.m 60 obtained by
conditions of the sky, the sequence of observations per night Meynet et al. (1993). In fact, the direct distance measured by
 S. Martı́n & E. Rodrı́guez: Search for γ Doradus variable stars in the Pleiades cluster 289

Table 2. Parameters of the observed stars

Star HD Number V b−y m1 c1 β B−V ST v sini

H25 23061 9.470 0.317 0.158 0.424 2.662 0.480 F5V 40
H157 23157 7.910 0.224 0.172 0.736 2.778 0.346 A9V 90
H164 23158 9.544 0.335 0.143 0.408 2.652 0.507 F5V 30
H233 23195 9.665 0.349 0.155 0.436 2.663 0.528 F6V 45
H338 23247 9.065 0.313 0.149 0.541 2.704 0.462 F2V < 40
H344 23246 8.167 0.174 0.183 0.759 2.773 0.268 A8V 195
H470 23289 8.949 0.263 0.158 0.525 2.699 0.403 F3V 20
H530 23326 8.963 0.250 0.164 0.514 2.691 0.388 F2V 10
H531 23325 8.578 0.218 0.182 0.777 2.794 0.338 Am 75
H605 23351 8.991 0.295 0.161 0.516 2.695 0.440 F3V 70
H697 23375 8.592 0.229 0.171 0.719 2.765 0.351 A9V 75
H956 23479 7.964 0.204 0.161 0.719 2.755 0.320 A7V 150
H1284 23585 8.369 0.190 0.178 0.717 2.780 0.298 A9V 100
H1338 23608 8.660 0.295 0.171 0.485 2.673 0.460 F3V 110
H1762 23733 8.265 0.234 0.168 0.677 2.736 0.361 A9V 175
H1766 23732 9.130 0.316 0.153 0.471 2.688 0.470 F4V 135
H2617 23986 9.310 0.238 0.160 0.666 2.738 – F0 –
H3031 24132 8.835 0.258 0.145 0.599 2.692 0.381 F2V 220
S9 22146 8.849 0.250 0.159 0.587 2.718 0.36 A5 –
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.004) (0.011)
S29 22702 8.811 0.238 0.159 0.681 2.747 0.35 A2 –
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.008)
S37 22887 9.162 0.301 0.151 0.458 2.668 0.45 F5 –
(0.003) (0.002) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003)
S39 22977 9.152 0.317 0.157 0.460 2.677 0.47 F8 –
(0.002) (0.001) (0.002) (0.005) (0.003)
S45 23133 8.580 0.313 0.154 0.457 2.668 0.47 F5 –
(0.002) (0.001) (0.002) (0.005) (0.005)
S61 23312 9.484 0.345 0.156 0.437 2.661 0.49 F5 –
(0.005) (0.006) (0.007) (0.008) (0.004)
S67 23327 9.118 0.333 0.156 0.630 2.701 0.50 F5 –
(0.002) (0.006) (0.003) (0.006) (0.003)
S93 23488 8.708 0.235 0.174 0.756 2.774 0.37 A0 –
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
S127 23792 8.383 0.265 0.166 0.515 2.689 0.40 F0 –
(0.004) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.005)
S184 24655 9.069 0.298 0.165 0.425 2.670 0.45 F8 –
(0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.007) (0.008)

HIPPARCOS is smaller than the photometric distance, as it
was suggested by Mermilliod et al. (1997b). Both isochrones
on the colour magnitude diagram in the Strömgren system for
the observed stars are plotted in Fig. 1b. The (b-y)0 and V0
values in that figure are those calculated in this paper (Ta-
ble 3) with the real distance modulus obtained from the relation
(V − Mv )0 =(V − Mv )−3.1E(B − V )=5.m 56. Finally, in the
third figure (Fig. 1c) the positions in the HR diagram are drawn
where the ZAMS line comes from Philip & Egret (1980) and
the observational edges were obtained for the instability strip in
the δ Sct region by Rodrı́guez et al. (1994).
As can be seen in Fig. 1c, some stars are identified as bina-
ries: H157 (Abt & Hunter, 1965), H164 (Raboud & Mermilliod,
1998), H605 (Anderson et al., 1966), H1338 (Soderblom et al.,
1993) and H1762 (Liu et al., 1991). Despite being considered
non-member by Rosvick et al. (1992), S45 and S67, were clas-
sified as Pleiades stars by van Leeuwen et al. (1986) and later
by Soderblom et al. (1993) by means of high-resolution spec-
troscopy. When comparing the mean distance modulus with the
individual values, the negative deviation of S45 is probably due
to it being a double star whose angular separation is close to 1.8
arcsec (Worley & Douglass, 1984). Similar behaviour presents
S127, possibly related with an eventual binarity. Other stars,
like S67 and H3031, show a positive deviation of nearly one
magnitude. Both stars show a high δc1 index and it could be
due to the fact that these objects are affected by rotation; in fact,
H3031 has a rotational velocity vsini of 230 km s−1 (Anderson
et al., 1966). On the other hand, although H2617 has the same
distance modulus as previous stars, due to its position in the
HR diagram (below the ZAMS line) it can be considered as
non-member.
290 S. Martı́n & E. Rodrı́guez: Search for γ Doradus variable stars in the Pleiades cluster

Table 3. Dereddened values and the distance modulus V0 − Mv for each star

Star E(b − y) (b − y)0 m0 c0 δm1 δc1 Mv V0 V0 − Mv

H25 0.024 0.293 0.166 0.419 0.008 0.000 3.72 9.367 5.65
H157 0.058 0.166 0.191 0.724 0.004 −0.012 2.88 7.661 4.78
H164 0.033 0.302 0.154 0.401 0.023 0.006 3.78 9.402 5.62
H233 0.055 0.294 0.173 0.425 0.000 0.003 3.67 9.429 5.76
H338 0.072 0.241 0.172 0.527 0.001 −0.015 3.40 8.755 5.36
H344 0.007 0.167 0.185 0.758 0.008 0.032 2.55 8.137 5.59
H470 0.018 0.241 0.164 0.521 0.009 −0.004 3.34 8.872 5.53
H530 −0.004 0.250 0.164 0.514 0.009 0.016 3.22 8.963 5.74
H531 0.068 0.150 0.204 0.763 −0.002 −0.005 2.76 8.286 5.53
H605 0.043 0.252 0.175 0.507 −0.003 −0.005 3.39 8.806 5.42
H697 0.051 0.178 0.187 0.709 0.003 −0.001 2.81 8.373 5.56
H956 0.018 0.186 0.167 0.715 0.020 0.025 2.63 7.887 5.26
H1284 0.024 0.166 0.186 0.712 0.010 −0.028 3.01 8.266 5.26
H1338 0.015 0.280 0.176 0.482 −0.005 0.035 3.21 8.596 5.32
H1762 0.029 0.205 0.177 0.671 0.003 0.028 2.72 8.140 5.39
H1766 0.054 0.262 0.170 0.460 0.001 −0.029 3.68 8.898 5.22
H2617 0.034 0.204 0.171 0.659 0.010 0.008 2.85 9.164 6.31
H3031 0.012 0.246 0.149 0.597 0.023 0.094 2.47 8.783 6.31
S9 0.027 0.223 0.168 0.582 0.009 0.003 3.12 8.733 5.61
S29 0.042 0.196 0.172 0.673 0.011 −0.002 2.88 8.630 5.75
S37 0.019 0.282 0.157 0.454 0.015 0.019 3.444 9.080 5.64
S39 0.042 0.275 0.170 0.452 0.000 −0.006 3.57 8.971 5.40
S45 0.029 0.284 0.163 0.451 0.008 0.016 3.47 8.455 4.98
S61 0.049 0.296 0.172 0.427 0.002 0.010 3.62 9.273 5.65
S67 0.091 0.242 0.185 0.612 −0.012 0.080 2.54 8.727 6.19
S93 0.067 0.168 0.195 0.743 −0.002 0.015 2.68 8.420 5.74
S127 0.008 0.257 0.168 0.513 0.003 0.021 3.19 8.349 5.16
S184 0.013 0.285 0.169 0.422 0.002 −0.017 3.78 9.013 5.23

A mean colour excess E(b − y)=0.m 037±0.m 023 was cal-
culated from the single members and non-rotating stars. This
result is in very good agreement with those derived by Craw-
ford & Perry (1976) for A and F stars, of 0.m 037±0.m 019 and
0.m 033±0.m 022 respectively.
obtain good results, the statistical methods were computed only
for those program stars with more of two nights of observation
(see Table 1) and only, in the v and b bands. Two observing
nights belonging to year 1997, where suppressed, for statistical
tests purposes, due to their poor photometric quality.

4. Statistical tests 4.1. Test 1

In order to extract information on variability from the data
star−minus−C1 (standard magnitude differences) and its cor-
responding light curves were derived for each star listed in Ta-
ble 1. In some cases, it is difficult to detect variations for long
period stars (P>0.25 days) with small amplitudes in the dif-
ferential light curves; short baseline data at the maximum or
minimum could be interpreted as constant. Hence, we devised
a way to detect changes in the mean luminosity of the observed
stars from night to night during the campaigns. Antonello &
Mantegazza (1986) and later by Zerbi et al. (1998) developed
statistical methods for detecting short period variability (P<0.25
days), of δ Scuti type, for stars observed in cycles of one night.
With the purpose to find long period variability, we applied two
different kinds of statistical tests. The first method (Test 1) eval-
uates the variances of the star−minus−C1 with respect to the
minimum value calculated along the observations. In the second
method (Test 2), the mean values for star−minus−C1 are com-
pared between different nights. On the other hand, in order to
As previously mentioned, a way to detect long period variability
is calculating the differential variance of each star-minus-C1
respect to mean value. In order to obtain the significance of
each variance compared with the smallest variance obtained
throughout the campaigns, the statistical F -test was used.
For this, purpose the mean magnitude differences of each
stari −minus−C1 for each night, k, ∆mik , are derived. The
variance computed for a number of nights, Ni , where the star i
has been observed, may be expressed as
!
Ni Ni
1 X 1 X
σi2 = (∆mik )2 − ( ∆mik )2 (1)
Ni − 1 Ni
k=1 k=1
In order to apply the statistical F -test to compare the vari-
ance corresponding to different stars during the same period
of observation, only those nights are taken in which the same
objects are observed. This gives rise to different combinations
of objects and nights. In order to get best results we compare
 S. Martı́n & E. Rodrı́guez: Search for γ Doradus variable stars in the Pleiades cluster 291

Table 4. Values of σi2 (10−5 mag2 ) and Fi for each star with respect
to H1762 in the filters v and b. N is the number of compared nights
and F is the percentile value for N-1 degrees of freedom with α=0.01

N=5 F=16.00 N=7 F=8.47

σi2 Fi σi2 Fi
Star v b v b v b v b
H25 1.021 2.056 3.64 8.13 – – – –
H164 2.027 2.410 7.22 9.53 – – – –
H233 2.380 6.675 8.47 26.40 – – – –
H531 8.191 4.645 29.17 18.37 8.309 4.523 22.27 7.27
H605 0.568 0.874 2.02 3.46 0.506 0.622 1.36 –
H697 26.729 13.543 95.19 53.57 25.910 13.299 69.43 21.37
H1284 4.517 2.443 16.09 9.66 4.119 2.127 11.04 3.42
H1338 – – – – – – – –
H2617 0.281 1.054 – 4.17 0.373 0.810 – 1.30
H3031 1.093 0.253 3.89 – – – – –
S29 22.461 17.901 79.99 70.81 15.984 12.805 42.84 20.57
S93 1.196 0.432 4.26 1.67 – – – –
N=9 F=6.03 N=12 F=4.54
H25 3.643 2.259 2.00 2.69 4.988 4.255 2.98 3.02
H164 8.780 4.613 4.83 5.50 10.096 8.208 6.03 5.83
H233 4.665 2.412 2.56 2.87 9.740 10.072 5.81 7.16
H531 – – – – – – – –
H605 1.892 0.839 1.04 – 2.581 2.016 1.54 1.43
H697 – – – – – – – –
H1284 – – – – – – – –
H1338 34.671 11.743 19.06 14.00 – – – –
H2617 2.142 0.860 1.18 1.03 1.849 1.580 1.10 1.12
H3031 2.259 1.519 1.24 1.81 1.924 1.407 1.15 –
S29 27.361 21.030 15.04 25.06 35.238 27.701 21.04 19.69
S93 1.819 1.669 – 1.99 1.675 1.407 – 1.33

sponding percentile value F (Ni − 1, Ni − 1, α). Here, Ni − 1

is the degree of freedom, whose value is the same for the stars
that have been observed in the same number of nights. For this
analysis we performed four possible combinations: five, seven,
nine and twelve nights, respectively. The quantities of σi2 and
Fi for both bands v and b, are reported in Table 4.

Fig. 1. a Fit of the log age 7.89 and 8.00 isochrones on the ((B −
V ), Mv ) diagram whose distance modulus and reddening are 5.m 68
and 0.m 04 respectively. b Isochrones in the uvby system for the ob-
served stars with the dereddening indices are calculated in this work.
c The position of these stars in the HR diagram: filled 2 and 4 rep-
resent known and suspected binaries, respectively. The ? symbols are
the candidates to be γ Dor variables (H1284 and S29)
the largest number of common observed stars in the maximum
number of nights.
The statistical F -test for each problem star i is Fi =
2
σi2 /σmin , where the minimum variance σmin 2
is computed in
both colours, v and b, for each selected group of stars. In order
to discriminate stellar variability with a signif icance α=0.01,
i.e., with an error of 1%, Fi must be greater than the corre-
4.2. Test 2
Test 2 is devised to establish whether two distributions of one
star−minus−C1 corresponding to two different nights have the
same mean level of luminosity or not. Thus, for determining the
significance of a difference of means the Student0 s t test was
used.
Suppose that we have one star, i, with samples Ni1 and
Ni2 obtained from two different nights 1 and 2 whose mean
luminosities relative to the main comparison star C1, are ∆mi1
2 2
and ∆mi2 and their variances, σi1 and σi2 , respectively. Note
that here Ni1 and Ni2 are the number of data collected for the
star i during the nights 1 and 2, respectively. We can compute t
for each star i by means of the expression:
∆mi1 − ∆mi2
ti = q (2)
σ N1i1 + N1i2
292 S. Martı́n & E. Rodrı́guez: Search for γ Doradus variable stars in the Pleiades cluster

Table 5. Values of ti in the filter v and b. The selected night corresponds to HJD=2450789

Nights(HJD) Filter H25 H164 H233 H531 H605 H697 H1284 H1338 H2617 H3031 S29 S93
2450000.+
0049 v – – – – 10.00 – −0.78 – 5.99 3.33 0.07 2.37
b – – – – 9.07 – 0.50 – 6.57 3.17 0.43 2.39
0053 v – – – – −2.21 – 0.35 – −3.03 −0.80 −0.40 −0.52
b – – – – −0.41 – 1.43 – −1.39 1.37 0.36 1.43
0420 v 2.67 2.28 4.17 15.72 3.55 13.25 4.50 – 0.44 −0.04 1.25 −0.80
b 9.29 4.84 9.18 14.52 4.61 11.74 3.47 – 3.76 1.75 1.59 0.00
0421 v 2.44 −0.95 1.87 10.35 3.56 12.06 1.99 – −0.56 0.71 2.41 0.26
b 3.76 3.55 7.30 9.38 3.54 9.75 2.15 – 1.66 1.52 2.87 1.98
0425 v 1.89 – – 14.45 – 16.32 6.84 – – – 3.19 –
b 6.18 – – 11.45 – 15.21 5.88 – – – 3.51 –
0427 v 0.85 0.00 1.76 11.11 0.82 12.00 1.93 – −0.73 −1.46 −2.16 −3.32
b 3.73 3.64 6.44 10.10 1.94 10.46 1.85 – 0.76 0.60 −1.60 −0.63
0782 v 0.33 – – −0.27 0.61 −0.04 −0.35 −1.52 −1.73 0.59 2.30 –
b 5.30 – – 2.31 1.43 0.47 0.19 −0.12 0.41 2.05 2.86 –
0783 v 2.88 2.52 0.58 1.03 2.88 0.27 0.03 0.53 0.57 2.69 1.35 1.84
b 3.62 2.78 0.61 3.21 −0.12 0.93 0.84 2.27 −0.42 1.97 1.54 1.76
0784 v – – – −0.95 0.37 −0.34 0.78 −1.30 −0.26 – 1.52 –
b – – – 0.21 0.91 −0.66 1.31 −1.18 −0.39 – 1.49 –
1045 v −4.86 −5.16 −4.87 – −1.27 – – 36.39 −2.34 −2.62 4.48 −3.49
b −1.85 −3.56 −5.61 – −1.89 – – 21.05 −1.25 −2.49 4.81 −2.92
1046 v −2.81 −3.52 −3.45 – −0.82 – – 41.13 −0.07 −1.15 −3.28 −0.97
b 2.02 0.89 −0.37 – −0.48 – – 28.95 0.00 0.67 −2.68 0.05
1047 v −6.18 −5.02 −5.22 – −3.98 – – 28.14 −1.41 −2.20 1.84 −4.24
b −2.58 −3.11 −2.94 – −3.40 – – 18.62 −1.40 −0.96 2.11 −5.62
1053 v −6.86 −5.20 −6.68 – −1.31 – – 44.01 −0.95 −1.60 −0.36 −1.89
b −1.74 −2.44 −1.72 – −2.52 – – 25.71 −0.20 0.82 0.12 −1.99
1055 v −2.52 −9.46 −4.28 – −0.54 – – 33.75 −4.99 −4.69 −1.83 −2.59
b −1.39 −6.06 −2.47 – −1.73 – – 19.49 −5.10 −4.20 −1.80 −3.61
1057 v −5.67 −6.75 −5.44 – −3.98 – – 40.16 −2.70 −2.06 −2.89 −2.07
b −1.64 −2.08 −4.04 – −3.86 – – 27.63 −1.28 −0.89 −2.58 −1.88
1060 v −4.15 −4.55 −6.69 – −2.20 – – 38.61 −2.65 −2.02 −2.14 −1.72
b −2.61 −3.16 −4.72 – −2.26 – – 22.14 −0.91 0.35 −2.20 −3.62

where 5. Results
Before using the tests, from a visual inspection of the resulting
s
2 + N σ2
Ni1 σi1 i2 i2
σ= (3) differential light curves, we could see that the star S29 shows
Ni1 + Ni2 − 2 a relatively short period of about 10 hours and large amplitude
(full amplitude is close to 0.m 08) while H1284 presents a similar
and the degree of freedom being Ni1 + N12 − 2.
period but smaller amplitude, as shown in Fig. 2. The stars H531,
In order the mean of the luminosities to be equal with a
H697 and H1338 exhibit changes of level from year to year and
significance α=0.01, that is, with a 99% of probability, ti must
not always in the same direction. In the first two cases these
be out of the range of the critical values −tc and tc . These
changes are produced between 1996 and 1997 with a decrease
theoretical values depend on the level of confidence and the size
in magnitude of approximately 0.m 04 to 0.m 05 in the v band
of the samples. The larger α and the samples are, the smaller
while H1338 shows an increase close to 0.m 06 in the light curve
will be the value of |tc | and thereby, a bigger number of stars will
from 1997 to 1998. These variations are not shown in any of the
be out of the interval −tc and tc . Thus, since we have more than
other observed objects.
two nights to apply the test, that one with the largest number of
data and observed stars is selected and compared with respect
to the rest. In this case, the night HJD=2450789 was chosen. 5.1. Test 1
In Table 5 the numerical results of Student0 s ti for each star
With the Fi and F results we present a new table (Table 7) where
in the two colours, v and b, are listed while the corresponding
the variable (V) and constant (C) stars are shown. It can be seen
values of ±tc are presented in Table 6.
that in all the possible combinations carried out for the stars
H25, H605, H2617, H3031 and S93, there no sign of variability
 S. Martı́n & E. Rodrı́guez: Search for γ Doradus variable stars in the Pleiades cluster 293

Table 6. Values of ±tc for both filters corresponding to Table 5

Nights(HJD) H25 H164 H233 H531 H605 H697 H1284 H1338 H2617 H3031 S29 S93
2450000.+
0049 – – – – 3.06 – 3.06 – 3.06 3.06 2.70 3.06
0053 – – – – 2.98 – 2.98 – 2.92 2.92 2.70 2.98
0420 2.88 2.88 2.88 2.66 2.84 2.88 2.88 – 2.88 2.88 2.69 2.88
0421 3.01 3.01 2.98 2.68 3.01 3.01 3.01 – 3.01 3.01 2.70 3.01
0425 2.83 – – 2.68 – 2.83 2.83 – – – 2.68 –
0427 3.06 3.06 3.01 2.68 3.06 3.06 3.06 – 3.06 3.06 2.69 3.06
0782 2.92 – – 2.66 2.92 2.90 2.92 2.65 2.92 2.92 2.66 –
0783 2.92 2.92 2.90 2.65 2.92 2.92 2.92 2.65 2.95 2.98 2.65 2.95
0784 – – – 2.66 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.66 2.86 – 2.66 –
1045 3.11 3.06 3.01 – 3.06 – – 2.67 3.11 3.11 2.68 3.06
1046 3.11 3.11 3.06 – 3.11 – – 2.68 3.11 3.11 2.69 3.11
1047 2.98 2.98 2.95 – 3.01 – – 2.68 3.01 3.01 2.67 2.98
1053 3.01 3.06 2.98 – 3.01 – – 2.66 3.01 3.01 2.67 3.01
1055 3.01 3.01 2.98 – 3.01 – – 2.67 3.06 3.06 2.68 3.06
1057 3.11 3.06 3.01 – 3.06 – – 2.67 3.06 3.06 2.68 3.06
1060 3.11 3.11 2.95 – 3.11 – – 2.68 3.17 3.17 2.68 3.17

has been found. The opposite case is that of the stars H697 and
S29 with the largest indices of variability in both filters. We can
classify H1338 as belonging to this group of non-constant stars,
despite having a single result for F =9. The star H1284 shows
significant variability in the v colour. The b filter presents a
smaller amplitude than v, which is a typical behaviour of A-F
type pulsating stars (see Table 10).
For the remaining objects studied, the results suggest that
H164 is practically constant whereas H531 could be considered
as variable. The different values of the statistics Fi for the star
H233 cast doubt on its constancy or variability. In these last
cases, the results obtained from the Test 2 will be important for
the evaluation of the possible nature of the star.

5.2. Test 2
Fig. 2. Differential light curves, in the v filter, of S29 (top) and H1284
(bottom) with respect to C1=H1762 versus Heliocentric Julian Day Tables 5 and 6 list the values corresponding to ti (filters v and b)
and ±tc , respectively. The stars H164, H233, H531, H697 and
Table 7. Results of Test 1. “V” and “C” mean variable and constant H1338 appear as variable, while S29 is shown as constant prac-
star, respectively tically in the majority of the nights. The result obtained for this
variable star is due to the fact that the corresponding variances
N=5 N=7 N=9 N=12 for the selected night (HJD=2450789) cause high values of σ
Star v b v b v b v b in Eq. (3) and small values in ti . This kind of analysis can not
H25 C C – – C C C C tell us much about H1284 because of its small amplitude that
H164 C C – – C C V V makes its variance similar to a constant star. In this method, the
H233 C V – – C C V V constant objects classified in the previous test, continue to show
H531 V V V C – – – – non-variability, except H25.
H605 C C C C C C C C In order to be able to obtain more information about these
H697 V V V V – – – – stars and, mainly, for those stars that show changes in their of
H1284 V C V C – – – – level of luminosity from year to year, we compared the nights
H1338 – – – – V V – – belonging to the same campaign. Thus for every campaign, ti
H2617 C C C C C C C C values and the corresponding ±tc were calculated. From this
H3031 C C – – C C C C
analysis, variations from day to day could be detected and the
S29 V V V V V V V V
S93 C C – – C C C C
results are listed in Tables 8 and 9, respectively. These tables
reflect that H1338 presents small variations in several nights of
294 S. Martı́n & E. Rodrı́guez: Search for γ Doradus variable stars in the Pleiades cluster

Table 8. Values of ti in the filter v and b obtained to compare nights in the same year

Nights(HJD) Filter H25 H164 H233 H531 H605 H697 H1284 H1338 H2617 H3031 S29 S93
2450000.+
0049−0053 v – – – – −5.79 – 1.14 – −5.01 −3.36 −0.35 −2.37
b – – – – −6.36 – 0.87 – −3.95 −1.87 −0.07 −0.32
0420−0421 v −1.01 −2.38 −1.88 −3.47 −0.90 −1.74 −1.66 – −1.11 0.54 1.00 0.79
b −2.94 −1.88 −2.37 −3.56 −1.00 −1.85 −0.98 – −2.34 −0.09 1.24 1.40
0420−0425 v −1.01 – – −0.75 – 2.43 2.35 – – – 1.17 –
b −2.98 – – −1.72 – 1.85 1.75 – – – 1.19 –
0420−0427 v −1.62 −1.74 −1.84 −1.47 −1.51 0.36 −1.67 – −1.11 −1.06 −2.54 −2.07
b −4.52 −1.02 −2.06 −1.17 −1.97 1.21 −0.84 – −1.81 −0.64 −2.53 −0.42
0789−0782 v 0.33 – – −0.27 0.61 −0.04 −0.35 −1.52 −1.73 0.59 2.30 –
b 5.30 – – 2.31 1.43 0.47 0.19 −0.12 0.41 2.05 2.86 –
0789−0783 v 2.88 2.52 0.58 1.03 2.88 0.27 0.03 0.53 0.57 2.69 1.35 1.84
b 3.62 2.78 0.61 3.21 −0.12 0.93 0.84 2.27 −0.42 1.97 1.54 1.76
0789−0784 v – – – −0.95 0.37 −0.34 0.78 −1.30 −0.26 – 1.52 –
b – – – 0.21 0.91 −0.66 1.31 −1.18 −0.39 – 1.49 –
1045−1046 v −0.96 −1.48 0.19 – −1.35 – – 0.85 0.74 0.79 −3.71 0.30
b −0.70 −0.76 0.57 – −1.56 – – −0.72 0.19 1.41 −3.60 −0.25
1045−1047 v 2.51 1.09 1.51 – 0.18 – – 7.07 2.15 1.22 −11.52 1.38
b 2.57 5.13 2.47 – 1.14 – – 8.05 0.80 2.59 −10.32 1.79
1045−1053 v −1.65 −0.85 0.20 – 0.37 – – 3.38 1.44 1.11 −4.95 0.59
b 0.26 1.95 2.37 – −0.79 – – 2.69 1.04 3.63 −4.78 0.70
1045−1055 v 0.12 −4.41 −0.20 – 0.40 – – 1.53 −3.58 −1.76 −9.49 0.20
b −0.17 −2.75 0.80 – 0.22 – – 0.79 −2.56 −1.38 −10.03 0.08
1045−1057 v −1.17 −1.72 −0.23 – −2.05 – – 6.05 −0.77 0.24 −6.37 0.41
b 0.09 0.66 −0.26 – −2.17 – – 5.83 −0.32 0.79 −6.22 0.35
1045−1060 v −1.01 −0.52 −1.88 – −0.78 – – 4.63 −0.73 0.44 −10.52 0.73
b −0.98 −0.34 −1.12 – −0.93 – – 3.36 0.24 2.68 −10.61 −0.26

Table 9. Values of ±tc for both filters corresponding to Table 8

Nights(HJD) H25 H164 H233 H531 H605 H697 H1284 H1338 H2617 H3031 S29 S93
2450000.+
0049−0053 – – – – 3.17 – 3.17 – 3.06 3.06 3.17 3.17
0420−0421 2.95 2.95 2.98 2.73 2.90 2.95 2.95 – 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95
0420−0425 2.81 – – 2.72 – 2.81 2.81 – – – 2.81 –
0420−0427 2.98 2.98 3.01 2.73 2.92 2.98 2.98 – 2.98 2.98 2.84 2.98
0789−0782 2.92 – – 2.66 2.92 2.90 2.92 2.65 2.92 2.92 2.66 –
0789−0783 2.92 2.92 2.90 2.65 2.92 2.92 2.92 2.65 2.95 2.98 2.65 2.95
0789−0784 – – – 2.66 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.66 2.86 – 2.66 –
1045−1046 3.25 3.17 3.17 – 3.25 – – 2.76 3.36 3.36 2.74 3.17
1045−1047 3.71 3.50 3.50 – 3.50 – – 2.76 3.71 3.71 2.78 3.50
1045−1053 3.36 3.36 3.25 – 3.25 – – 2.72 3.36 3.36 2.73 3.25
1045−1055 3.36 3.25 3.25 – 3.25 – – 2.75 3.50 3.50 2.75 3.36
1045−1057 3.71 3.36 3.36 – 3.36 – – 2.75 3.50 3.50 2.75 3.36
1045−1060 3.71 3.50 3.17 – 3.50 – – 2.76 3.71 4.03 2.76 3.71

1998. For the same epoch, the |ti | values of S29 became larger 5.3. Analysis of frequencies
because of the small number of hours of observations close to
Frequency analyses were carried out on each of the twelve stars
maximum or minimum luminosity. The rest of stars practically
listed in Table 4 in order to detect periodic variations in their
do not show any variability except for the stars H25 and H164
light curves. The method used is that described in Rodrı́guez
in some nights, and not always in the same band.
et al. (1998) where single-frequency and multiple-frequency
 S. Martı́n & E. Rodrı́guez: Search for γ Doradus variable stars in the Pleiades cluster
Fig. 3. Power spectra of H1284 in the v filter before and after prewhiten-
ing the frequencies ν1 =2.9507 cd−1 to our data
Fig. 4. Power spectra of S29 in the v filter before and after prewhitening
the frequencies ν1 =2.5668 cd−1 and ν2 =1.3950 cd−1 to our data
techniques are combined using both Fourier and multiple least
squares algorithms.
Firstly, the analysis was made using the filters v and b be-
cause the intensity, and hence the precision of the data, is larger
in these two bands than in the other two, u and y, for A-F type
stars. Moreover, when dealing with pulsations in this part of the
HR diagram, the amplitudes are also larger in the v and b bands.
Due to the relatively small amount of collected data and its dis-
295
tribution in time, only periodicities in the range from about one
hour to a few days (typical of δ Sct and γ Dor variable stars)
can be investigated. Thus, possible changes in luminosity from
year to year as detected in this work for some stars do not lead
to reliable results. In fact, when the analysis of frequencies was
carried out on the stars listed in Table 4, significant periodicities
were found only for the stars S29 and H1284. Two frequencies
ν 1 =2.5668 cd−1 and ν 2 =1.3950 cd−1 were found in S29 and
only one ν=2.9507 cd−1 in H1284, typical values for γ Dor
type variations. The results were consistent in all four filters.
The type of variation and the reliability of the frequencies are
also supported by the amplitudes and phases derived for each
band.
Figs. 3 and 4 show the power spectra before and after
prewhitening the corresponding frequencies. The results of the
Fourier fitting to our data are listed in Tables 10 and 11 with the
amplitudes, phases, mean values, residuals and variance reduc-
tions calculated for all four uvby filters. Residuals mean stan-
dard deviations determined from the residuals of the solutions.
The errorbars listed for the frequencies are the formal values
obtained from the corresponding nonlinear least squares fits.
These values seem to be a optimistic estimate as compared with
the spectral resolution of our sample (0.0014 d−1 for H1284
and 0.0010 d−1 for S29) computed as the reciprocal of the our
time baseline 1/∆T. The variance reduction (var. red.) is defined
as (σ orig −σ final )/σ orig . The corresponding phase diagrams are
shown in Figs. 5 and 6. In the case of the variable S29 (v filter)
the 32% and 33% of the variances are explained by ν 1 and ν 2 ,
respectively. When we use the full solution, the original variance
is reduced in 54%. Similar values are obtained for the b filter. In
the case of H1284, the frequency ν=2.9507 cd−1 explains the
original variance in about 17%, 29%, 26% and 20% for the u,
v, b and y filters, respectively. Nevertheless, the results listed in
Tables 10 and 11 are not definitive and additional periodicities
might be present in any of these two stars. In particular, the fre-
quency ν=2.9507 cd−1 does not explain a large fraction of the
variability of H1284. This, together with the fact that the phase
diagram looks fine, is an indication of the presence of additional
modes of which the frequencies have an amplitude below the
detection threshold. In fact, some other peaks seem to be present
in the periodograms of H1284 however, the low amplitude and
our limited dataset prevent us to derive additional reliable fre-
quencies. In this respect, more observations are necessary in
order to get a definite conclusion.
On the other hand, even assuming H1284 as a monoperiodic
variable, the causes of the variability are intrinsic (not external
as, for example, those occurring in a ellipsoidal variable as due
to a geometrical effect) because different amplitudes are shown
in each filter as listed in Table 10. In the case of a ellipsoidal
variable, no variations in the colour indices are expected; hence,
no differences in the amplitudes corresponding to different fil-
ters are expected too. Moreover, the amplitude ratios of H1284,
between different filters, are very similar to those corresponding
to ν1 and ν2 for the variable S29, suggesting both stars belong
to the same type of variables.
296 S. Martı́n & E. Rodrı́guez: Search for γ Doradus variable stars in the Pleiades cluster

Table 10. Results from Fourier analysis on H1284

u v b V
Frequency A ϕ A ϕ A ϕ A ϕ
(mag) (rad) (mag) (rad) (mag) (rad) (mag) (rad)
ν=2.9507 0.0051 4.254 0.0069 4.602 0.0059 4.613 0.0045 4.633
2 14 298 8 122 7 129 6 150
mean value -0.0012 0.0002 0.0419 0.0878
(mag) 10 6 5 5
residuals 0.0099 0.0055 0.0049 0.0044
(mag)
var. red. 0.17 0.29 0.26 0.20
Tor (HJD) 2450049.4264

Table 11. Results from Fourier analysis on S29

u v b V
Frequency A ϕ A ϕ A ϕ A ϕ
(mag) (rad) (mag) (rad) (mag) (rad) (mag) (rad)
ν1 =2.5668 0.0160 0.790 0.0235 0.750 0.0201 0.752 0.0167 0.717
1 11 71 10 43 9 44 9 51
ν2 =1.3950 0.0140 2.933 0.0194 3.202 0.0174 3.177 0.0149 3.173
2 11 84 10 53 9 53 9 64
mean value 0.5456 0.5450 0.5506 0.5469
(mag) 9 8 7 6
residuals 0.0126 0.0112 0.0099 0.0095
(mag)
var. red. 0.37 0.54 0.54 0.49
Tor (HJD) 2450782.4444

6. Discussion Table 12. Results of the both tests. “V” and “C” mean variable and
constant star, respectively
From the frequency analysis, the variation of the colour indices
and the positions in the HR diagram (Fig. 1c), it can be consid- Star Test 1 Test 2 Type
ered that the stars H1284 and S29 are γ Dor variables. Moreover, v b v b
we find that the frequencies 2.9507 cd−1 and 2.5668 cd−1 , cor-
H25 C C V V C?
responding to both stars, are the highest known to date beside
H164 C? C? V V V?
HR 6767, ν=2.37345 c/d (Kaye, 1998). H233 C? V V V V
On the other hand, both methods confirm the variability of H531 V V V V V
H531 and H697, showing changes of luminosity from 1996 to H605 C C C C C
1997, but no significant variability within the same year. Sim- H697 V V V V V
ilar cases are the stars H164 and H233 whose variations were H1284 V C C C V
more pronounced between the campaigns of 1997 and 1998. The H1338 V V V V V
behaviour of these objects cannot be explained by variations re- H2617 C C C C C
lated to the internal mechanics of the star. Thus, we think that the H3031 C C V C C
binarity, as is the case of H164, is a main factor in the nature of S29 V V V V V
S93 C C C C C
these objects. Due to the results of Test 1 and 2 we cannot decide
if H25 is a constant or variable star while the constancy of the
H605, H2617, H3031 and S93 is very clear. The object H1338 is of the tests. In Table 12 we summarize the results of both tests
a double-lined spectroscopic binary (SB2). Raboud & Mermil- performed in this paper.
liod (1998) observed a quasi-orbit with a period of 7d .7570 and
proposes the existence of a third companion, which produces a
7. Conclusions
dip visible when the components are at maximum separation in
radial velocity. This factor could be the cause of the photometric From uvbyβ photometric observations of a selected sample of
variations of this star, which are reflected clearly in the results A-F type stars in the Pleiades cluster, two new γ Dor variables
 S. Martı́n & E. Rodrı́guez: Search for γ Doradus variable stars in the Pleiades cluster
Fig. 5. Phase diagram for H1284 in all four filters and ν=2.9507 cd−1
were detected: H1284 and S29. Using new statistical methods
we have obtained more information than the results reflected
by only the light curves. In the majority of the cases, these
tests have allowed us to distinguish between variable and non-
variable stars. The hypothesis of binarity is the one which best
fits for explaining changes of the luminosity from year to year in
some of the studied objects. In this work we have also obtained
values into the uvbyβ system for stars in the corona of the cluster,
which lacked of any previous measurements. From a photome-
tric study we have seen how these values are situated on the
isochrones diagram, in whose fit, a new value of real distance
modulus of 5.m 56 has been obtained.
Considering the results of this investigation, it would be
interesting to develop a multisite campaign in order to perform
a more complete analysis of the behaviour of some of these
stars, mainly for H1284 and S29. We are actually working on
this.
Acknowledgements. Acknowledgements are especially made to per-
sonnel of the Observatorio de Sierra Nevada for assistance during the
observations. We thank Filippo Zerbi and Victor Costa for their valu-
able comments and suggestions, and Antonio Claret for providing the
program for the calculus of isochrones and useful discussions. In this
research use has been made of the Base Des Amas (WEBDA) and the
297
Fig. 6. Phase diagrams for S29 in the v filter. From top to bottom:
ν1 =2.5668 cd−1 , ν2 =1.3950 cd−1 and residuals
Simbad database, operated at the centre de Données Stellaires, Stras-
bourg, France.
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