Your Ultimate Life Coaching Tools Library

2018 (+PDF & Exercises)

16 May 2017
Positive Psychology in Practice
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Success comes from knowing that you did your best to become the best that you are capable of
being. –John Wooden

What good is life coaching? Why do I need someone to tell me how to live my life? How would
listening to someone else talk about what they think I should do really help me? Am I not capable
of being my best self on my own?

These are some of the questions that many people have been asking themselves and has contributed
to a misunderstanding of what life coaching is, how it works, and how it can help people find out
what drives them and apply it to create a better and more fulfilling life.

If this description of life coaching sounds like it could benefit just about anybody, it’s because it
can. Life coaching is not therapy or counseling, which pairs a mental health professional with a
client who may be struggling with an illness or disability.

It’s not mentorship, in which a professional is paired with a more experienced professional. Life
coaching is also distinct from a training relationship, where a teacher or trainer agrees to share their
knowledge or skills with a client for a short period of time.

Life coaching can help fill in the gaps in our master plans and clarify the path from where we are to
where we want to be. It is a partnership between the life coach and the client designed to help the
client explore their options, focus on their goals, and create a personalized action plan.

Life coaches do not give their clients a list of boxes to tick or a strict set of steps to follow, rather
they aim to help their clients discover their own motives and goals, and aid them in finding the best
path towards them.
This article contains:
 40 Life Coaching Exercises, Tools, Techniques, & PDFs
 Life Coaching History: The Origin of Modern
 Life Coaching Philosophy: The Theories that Drive the Practice
 Life Coaching Basics: The Essentials for Effective Life Coaching
 Life Coaching Accreditation with the International Coaching Federation
 How to Choose the Right Life Coaching Training Course?
 Life Coaching Podcasts
 The Future of Life Coaching
 A Take Home Message
 References

The Positive Psychology Toolkit

Become a Science-Based Practitioner!

The Positive Psychology toolkit is a science-based, online platform containing 135+ exercises,
activities, interventions, questionnaires, assessments and scales.

40 Life Coaching Exercises, Tools, Techniques, & PDFs

Life coaching is not for the faint-hearted.

It’s a career path that allows you to put your skills to use helping others, facilitating their personal
and professional growth. The range of problems, challenges, and goals that clients bring to coaches
is so vast, it would take an entire article just to list them all.

With such a broad range of practice, there are many skills and tools that a life coach must have in
order to be successful. In this piece, we provide 40 exercises, tools, and tips for effective life
coaching, plus links to other resources that may prove useful.

Read on to see if there are any exercises or tools that you can apply to your practice!

“Coaching is unlocking a person’s potential to maximize their own performance. It’s helping them
to learn rather than teaching them.”– Timothy Gallwey

6 Life Coaching Exercises

There are numerous tools in the life coach’s toolbox, and each life coach will likely have their own
tools, exercises, and methods. However, there are some tools that have so much potential, they
would be at home in almost any coach’s practice.

Wheel of Life

One of the life coach’s most valuable and versatile tools is the Wheel of Life. It’s a simple and
easy-to-use exercise that can help clients find out which areas of their lives are most satisfying and
where they would like to focus attention on improving their quality of life (The Coaching Tools
Company, 2012).

There are only two steps to this exercise:

1) Review the 8 categories on the wheel and think about what would represent a satisfying life in

each area:

 Health
 Friends & Family
 Significant Other
 Personal Growth
 Fun & Leisure
 Home Environment
 Career
 Money

2) Draw a line across each segment that best represents the current level of satisfaction, with the
center of the wheel equal to 0 and the edge of the wheel equal to 10, the maximum level of
satisfaction.

The end result looks a bit like a spider web and can give your client a general idea of their overall
life satisfaction in relation to their desired life satisfaction.

You can find the Wheel of Life exercise and download a copy for yourself here. For more
information on how you can use the Wheel of Life, check out this article.
Spheres of Influence

One of the many ways that we tend to get off track or bogged down while striving towards our
goals relates to our “spheres of influence.” The idea behind the spheres of influence tool is that
there are three distinct areas we can sort the comings and goings of life into:

1. Things we can control

2. Things we can influence
3. Things we can’t influence, either right now or at all times

While we may feel like there is nothing under our control at times, there is always at least one thing
we have direct control over ourselves. Even when we are under enormous pressure or when we feel
trapped, we always have at least some level of control over our attitude and our behavior.

The second area is that of factors we can influence. We do not have direct control over these
factors, but we can put our effort into pushing them in the right direction. For instance, while we
cannot control others’ attitudes or behavior, we can offer them advice, guidance, or provide
evidence to help them make good decisions.

The final area is things that we have no control or influence over. This is the largest area since the
majority of what happens around us is not under our direct control. A good life coach will help his
or her clients to recognize and accept that there is much we cannot control, but will also help them
to find opportunities to effect change through taking control or influencing that which is within their
reach.

Life coaches can walk their clients through the spheres, helping them identify what is within their
control, what is in their sphere of influence, and what cannot be controlled. To read more about this
tool, plus learn how clients can apply the lessons learned to their work, click here.

Journaling

Keeping a journal can be useful for many different reasons, including as a life coaching exercise.
Daily journaling facilitates reflection and can spark useful brainstorming about how to better strive
toward your goals. Coaches can help ensure that their clients’ journaling is helpful by providing
some guidance.

To guide your client in effective journaling, use can use the handy JOURNAL acronym (Coach
Federation, 2013):

 J – Judgement-free
Encourage your clients to write whatever is in their heart. This journal is personal, private,
and a safe space to express their thoughts and feelings.
 O – Observation
Journaling is an excellent opportunity for clients to step into an observer role. Instruct your
clients to write down things that happen to them and spend some time thinking about how
they interpret them.
 U – Understanding
Piggybacking off of observation, what we observe can help us reach understanding about
ourselves. How we perceive what happens to us is more important than what actually
 happens to us, and observing how we think can help us understand our own thought
patterns, which can lead to effective management of our thoughts and behaviors.
 R – Revelation
This process can often lead to revelations about our desires, our dreams, our goals, and
aspirations. Journaling can help us get in touch with our core selves.
 N – Needs Assessment
Keeping a daily journal makes it easier to notice problems and potential solutions, as the
simple act of writing something down can make it seem simpler and clearer. Keeping
everything bottled up can be extremely harmful, and just putting pen to paper can sometimes
be all that is needed to release some pressure.
 A – Awareness
Writing down your experiences helps your client to take a wider perspective on his or her
life, as well as reminding them of problem areas and things they have to be grateful for.
Raising awareness of these areas is the first step towards making the necessary changes and
appreciating what they have.
 L – Life
Quality Journaling is known to be an effective way to de-stress and decrease anxiety. Just a
few minutes a day can have a major impact on health and happiness.

To learn more about the JOURNAL acronym, check out this blog.

Action Brainstorming Worksheet

The action brainstorming worksheet can help clients get out of a rut or a sticky situation.

This easy to use tool is only one page long, with a table that is split into five columns. The
instructions are to think of actions or behaviors that you frequently engage in or would like to
engage in, and direct them into the appropriate column.

1. In the first column, the client is to write down the actions or behaviors they would like to
stop doing. These are behaviors that are not helpful for meeting any of their goals, or
actively harmful.
2. The second column should be filled with activities the client would like to do less of, such as
activities that are sometimes helpful but time-consuming, or ways to destress that have been
taken to an extreme.
 3. The middle column represents the actions or behaviors a client would like to keep doing.
This is where clients will write down the things they do that they are satisfied within their
current frequency, like regular exercise, paying their bills on time, or a weekly dinner with a
loved one.
4. The fourth column is the “do more” column, where clients are to write down the things they
would like to do more frequently. For example, maybe they want to engage in a fun and
fulfilling hobby more often or devote a little more time to a project that has real potential to
succeed.
5. The final column is the “start” column, which is where clients should list the actions and
behaviors they would like to begin doing. This could be anything that helps them meet their
goals, such as weekly yoga class for someone who is stressed, monthly networking for
someone who is looking for a better opportunity, or an annual vacation for someone who is
letting their life get overrun by work.

This easy-to-use, one-page tool can be viewed and downloaded here.

Understanding Our Goals

The Understanding Our Goals worksheet is intended to help clients figure out whether their goals
are worth their time and energy, or to help them prioritize their goals in terms of utility.

This worksheet invites readers to identify their top three current goals and asks a series of questions
to help them learn about why each goal is important to them and what they are hoping to gain.
These questions begin with the simple “Why do you want this goal? What does it give you?” and
essentially repeat several times to help the reader dr
 ill down into what they are really hoping
to achieve.

After answering these questions four times, the final question for each goal is “What will this goal
help you feel?” Once the reader has reached the heart of the goal, answering this question should be
easy.

As an example, take the goal of losing 20 pounds.

An answer to the first question may be “To look and feel better.”

The answer to the second repetition could be something like “Achieving this goal will allow me to
take pride in my body.”

The third iteration may elicit a response like “Taking pride in my body will help me feel better
about myself overall.”

The fourth question may then be answered with “Feeling better about myself overall will help me to
tackle my other goals and improve my quality of life.”

Finally, the answer to the ultimate question, “What will this goal help you feel?” might be
something like “Confident, proud of myself, and motivated to pursue all of my other goals.”

To see the worksheet for yourself or to download a copy for your clients, follow this link.
More Instructional Coaching Tools

The coaching website from Kristin Houser (www.mshouser.com) is an excellent resource for
instructional coaches, but the tools and tips are not limited to one kind of coach – they can be
adapted or modified to apply to all forms of coaching.

Here are some of her tools and processes for coaching, from beginning to end (Houser,
“Instructional Coaching Tools”):

A Coaching Kick-Off Meeting

This is a great way to begin a coaching relationship, as it gets both parties up to speed on what the
coach can offer and what the client is hoping to work on.

Questions to be answered at the kick-off meeting include “What’s going well?” and “What are they
struggling with?” This is also where the coach and client can set up a schedule and agree on a way
to keep in touch and track progress on goals.

Coaching Work Plan Tool

The coaching work plan tool includes space for identifying the client, the coaching goal,
brainstorming ways to support the goal(s), how you will track progress, and any other notes. As you
work through the coaching process, you can also note the progress that has been made and how you
can support the client moving forward.

This tool is an excellent way for coaches to stay organized and devote as much time as possible to
working with their clients.

Observation and Debrief Tool

This tool is geared towards teacher coaches, but it can be used with any client who a coach has the
opportunity to observe in action. It provides space to take notes on what the coach observes when
sitting in on a class or other client-led activity.

After the observation has ended, there are prompts to review the next steps and ask any clarifying
questions, as well as discussion prompts for the coach and client to go over together. Finally, it ends
with space for identifying the next steps.

These tools can help many coaches with many different kinds of clients, ensuring that the coach
stays organized and on top of their coaching duties.

For more instructional coaching tools, there is an excellent resource page from
www.instructionalcoaching.com that you can access here. You will find teaching tools, forms, and
exercises that can take coaching from effective to highly impactful.
Coaching Assessment Tools

Coaches know that to make a change, you need to first assess your current state. Assessment tools
are a great way to do this, and there are dozens if not hundreds of different assessments in disparate
areas that can help.

No matter the area of life that a client is committed to improving, there is probably an assessment
that can help them get started!

Here, we go over four essential areas that coaches often help their clients understand, improve, or
maximize (Stinnett, 2011):

 Leadership
 Personality
 Emotional Intelligence
 Personal Directions

These areas are identified in the context of leadership coaching, but we find that they are extremely
relevant for life coaching as well. What is the intention of life coaching, if not to help the client take
leadership of their own life?

Leadership Assessment

Leadership is a common area that coaches are called in to assess and improve. Whether it’s
leadership in the boardroom, in a work team, or in one’s own personal life, leadership skills are an
excellent resource to have in your toolbox.

These are some of the most popular leadership assessment tools.

Leadership Competency Inventory

The Leadership Competency Inventory measures leadership skills as a function of four leadership
dimensions:

 Information seeking
  Conceptual thinking
 Strategic orientation
 Service orientation

This assessment is composed of 46 items gauging the degree to which the user has demonstrated
certain behaviors. If the client is interested in getting a more holistic view of their leadership skills
and abilities, they can have their colleagues, subordinates, or even friends respond to these items as
well.

To learn more about the Leadership Competency Inventory, click here.

Leader Effectiveness and Adaptability Description (LEAD)

This assessment from developers Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard helps the client figure out
their leadership style and generates scores in four leadership areas:

 Supports
 Coaches
 Delegates
 Directs

The quadrant in which the client has the highest score is considered their dominant style, while the
next highest score or scores represent their fallback style or the style they can use when their
dominant style is not appropriate or effective.

This assessment is most useful for those who must practice active leadership in their work, but it
can help those who may someday take on a more leading role to learn and prepare for that future.

You can download the assessment and try it for yourself or your clients here.

Leadership Style Questionnaire (Bergquist)

This questionnaire is similar to the previous assessment, in that it divides leadership style into four
quadrants. However, this assessment replaces the “Supports” quadrant with “Facilitating.”

The different styles can be briefly described as follows:

Directing
A leader high in the “Directing” style likely provides detailed instructions, specific goals, and works
closely with staff.

Coaching

A coaching leader likes to motivate and encourage staff, both praising their success and providing
feedback for them to improve.

Facilitating

A facilitating leader involves staff in the decision-making process, listens to their comments and
concerns, and is likely to have an “open-door” policy.

Delegating

A leader high in “Delegating” provides less detail than a directing leader, and expects staff to find
their own way in navigating their goals and objectives.

Like the LEAD, this assessment can be a useful tool for leaders and future leaders to think about
their own personal style. This questionnaire can be accessed by anyone through SurveyMonkey at
this link.

Personality Assessment

Personality assessments are very common in all types of coaching, as well as the classroom, a
therapist’s office, and in guidance counseling.

While there is no personality assessment that can tell you exactly who you are and what is most
important to you, the results from these assessments can be an excellent guide to learning more
about yourself and making sure your goals line up with your priorities.

A few of the most popular personality assessments are described below.

Myers-Briggs

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator ®, or MBTI ®, is perhaps the most well-known personality
inventory. It narrows down the test taker’s personality based on four bipolar dimensions:
 1. Favorite world: Extraversion or Introversion
2. Information: Sensing or Intuition
3. Decisions: Thinking or Feeling
4. Structure: Judging or Perceiving

Individuals can fall anywhere along the spectrum between the two poles, but they will always be a
bit closer to one than the other. This results in 16 possible personality types, all with their own
unique characteristics.

This tool has been put to good use in the corporate world as well as in schools and universities. The
idea is that when you know more about your distinct preferences, you can learn how to put them to
best use. Your results are not a crystal ball in which you can see your life plan, but they can be a
useful resource when building an outline of your future goals.

You can learn more about the MBTI or complete the assessment here.

VIA Inventory of Strengths (Seligman)

The Values in Action Inventory of Strengths, or VIA-IS, is another popular assessment tool. This is
slightly different from the MBTI in that it focuses on values instead of traits or preferences. It still
provides a window into understanding your personality, but it focuses on your strengths instead of
neutral factors.

There are 24 character strengths, divided into 6 categories:

The VIA-IS will rank your strengths from most dominant to least, with a special emphasis on your
top five. These top five strengths are where you draw the most energy from, and represent you at
your personal best. The intention is to modify your life so you can put your top strengths to use as
much as possible.

To take the free, 15-minute VIA-IS, click here.

Personal Values Questionnaire

The Personal Values Questionnaire can help your clients to understand themselves better, think
about the choices they make, and ensure that their actions and behaviors are in line with their
values. A mismatch between values and actions can lead to unhappiness and emotional distress,
while a good match can facilitate growth and enhance well-being.

This assessment, created by researcher David McClelland, will help individuals find out how
important the three social values (achievement, affiliation, and power) are to them. The idea behind
this assessment is that these values drive our behavior, and can help explain why we do the things
we do or have the motivations that we do.

This assessment can be completed online for the cost of $25. It only takes 15 minutes to complete,
and it can provide valuable information for the coach and the client about their needs and desires in
life. Click here to learn more about the Personal Values Questionnaire.

Emotional Intelligence Assessment

Emotional intelligence was identified and described long after the original idea of intelligence was
defined, but it may be even more important than standard intelligence as we understand it.

These three assessments are some of the most popular ways to measure emotional intelligence.

Emotional and Social Competency Inventory

The Emotional and Social Competency Inventory, or ESCI, is a measure of emotional and social
competency based on completed questionnaires from the individual as well as those they nominate
to receive feedback from. They can nominate family members, friends, coworkers, direct reports, or
others who they interact with on a regular basis.

This feedback is analyzed to produce a report on the individual’s emotional and social competency
that they can use to learn more about themselves and how they are perceived by others. This can be
valuable feedback for anyone who is looking to improve or make changes in their behavior to
pursue their goals, especially if their goals involve others (e.g., a goal of getting promoted or
becoming a better friend).

This assessment is available here and will take about 30 to 45 minutes to complete.

Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test

This self-report test from researcher Nicola Schutte, and generates a measure of emotional
intelligence based on four subscales:

1. Emotion perception
2. Utilizing emotions
3. Managing self-relevant emotions
4. Managing others’ emotions

The test consists of 33 items on a scale from 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree). The results
include a score for each sub-scale and a total EI score.
Results of this test can be used to help you and your client explore their emotional patterns and set
goals for better identification, understanding, and/or management of emotions.

Click here to learn more about the SEIT.

Wong’s Emotional Intelligence Scale

This scale from researcher Chi-Sum Wong also measures four areas of emotional intelligence,
although they differ from the SEIT:

 Appraisal and expression of emotion in the self

 Appraisal and recognition of emotion in others
 Regulation of emotion in the self
 Use of emotion to facilitate performance

This assessment includes 20 scenarios where the respondent is tasked with choosing their most
likely response and 20 “ability pairs” where the respondent must choose which ability best
represents their strength.

You can learn more about this scale here.

Personal Directions Tool

The Personal Directions Inventory is an assessment that provides feedback on 11 quality of life
variables and 17 motivational dimensions. Completing this tool can give clients an idea of the
desires that motivate them, where they are devoting their energy, and where they should devote
their energy going forward.

The 17 directions are split into six categories as follows:

Affiliating

 Receiving
 Belonging
 Expressing

Attracting

 Gaining
 Stature
 Entertaining

Perceiving

 Creating
 Interpreting
Mastering

 Excelling
 Enduring
 Structuring

Challenging

 Maneuvering
 Winning
 Controlling

Maintaining

 Stability
 Independence
 Irreproachability

The section on your “personal world” is split into xx categories based on which “self” it concerns:

Professional/Public Self

 Career
 Economic
 Community
 Interpersonal

Leisure Self

 Recreation
 Travel
 Nature
 Palate
 Arts

Personal Self

 Practical
 Arts
 Home
  Romance
 Family

Inner Self

 Intellectual
 Ideological
 Physical
 Emotional
 Spiritual

This tool provides results along all of these dimensions, helping the client to understand what is
important to him or her and focusing their attention on the areas they want to improve.

To use this tool for yourself, you can learn more or place an order here.

Coaching Tools for Managers in the Workplace

Everywhere you turn, there are tips and guides for effective coaching. It can be hard to sort out
which tips are helpful and which are simply common sense or not useful. These tips for effective
coaching in the workplace are from a variety of sources. Some may be applicable to you and some
may not, but at least a few of them should resonate with your unique circumstances.

In a piece from the Harvard Business Review, Monique Valcour lays out her tips for good
management and good coaching:

 Listen deeply
Don’t just hear your employees, but truly listen to them.
 Ask, don’t tell
Your path is not the same as your employees’; use open-ended questions to help your
employees articulate their own goals.
 Create and sustain a developmental alliance
Your role as a coach is not a one-off role; help your employees to learn and grow with
support, trust, and follow-ups.
 Focus on moving forward positively
Acknowledge your employees’ challenges and frustrations, but help them push past the
negative to look forward. Encourage them to think about potential areas for growth instead
of areas of frustration.
 Build accountability
Make sure you follow through on the commitments you make. Stay accountable to your
employees, and make sure they never feel forgotten or ignored in your coaching
relationship.
You can read more about these tips here.

Susan Heathfield from The Balance offers another set of tips for coaching in the workplace,
specifically for HR staff and managers (2016).

1) You need permission to coach

This is especially true of an HR professional, but it is also true of all coaching relationships. You
cannot be an effective coach when all parties have not wholeheartedly consented to the coaching
relationship. There are many different types of coaching relationships that can be effective, but the
coach and client must decide together (or with the client’s manager) which relationship best fits the
circumstances.

2) The coach is not in control

Heathfield writes that HR professionals are not the major decision makers when coaching in the
workplace – that is the purview of the client and his or her manager. You can offer your services
and encourage the client and manager to take advantage, but it is ultimately not up to you.

3) Be a knowledgeable couch and resource

It is essential that a good coach answers “I don’t know” when asked a question that he or she cannot
answer. Be focused on your goal of supporting the client and facilitating growth and development,
not on knowing all the right answers.

4) Help the client develop his or her own solutions

It is not your job as a coach to tell the client what to do. It is your job to help the client explore the
available options and use his or her personal knowledge and experience to find the right solutions.

5) Practice highly honed communication skills for coaching

Coaching requires enhanced communication skills, including active listening, in which you give the
client your full attention instead of relying on assumptions, and paying attention to body language,
tone, and facial expressions as well as words.

6) The coach is always an educator

As a coach, your job is to help the client become self-sufficient. This requires you to take on the
role of a teacher or unofficial trainer at some points. The coach’s job is to provide the client with the
tools they need to be effective.

To read up on these six tips, check out the original article here.

Finally, Martha Duesterhoft provides 5 coaching skills that every manager should have:

 Taking an “Ask vs. Tell” approach

Good coaches don’t tell employees what to do, they ask them the right questions and help
them formulate their own solutions.
 Focusing on the employee vs. the task
Employee development is the most important factor here, not the outcome of a small task.
Focus on the employee’s growth rather than just their objective performance.
 Avoid “fixing” anyone
Coaching is not about “fixing” people – it’s about helping them grow and develop as
individuals and as employees. Good coaches emphasize the learning process rather than
focusing on flaws or faults.
 Setting up clear accountability structures knowing that coaching happens as needed and in-
the-moment.
Setting up specific times for coaching sessions can be helpful, but so much of the coaching
that takes place in the workplace happens in the moment and on the job. Be open to making
each moment a learning moment, if it calls for it.

Click here to read this article and learn more about these necessary skills.

If you’re interested in learning more about coaching skills in the workplace, consider the University
of California at Davis course on this subject. The upcoming offering begins May 1, but keep your
eyes peeled for future courses. You can learn more about this course by clicking here.

3 Useful PDFs for Coaches

Before we leave you, we want to provide a few PDFs that we have found useful. Some of these are
guides and manuals for coaching and others include valuable exercises and tools you can use in
your practice. Click on each link to learn more.

1. 25 Free Coaching Tools and Techniques

2. Life Coaching Handbook (link)
3. Life Coaching Toolkit Guide (link)

Life Coaching History: The Origin of Modern Coaching

Life coaching may be a relatively new term (PR Newswire, 2012), but the practice has grown out of
decades of theories and research in social psychology, clinical psychology, and professional
coaching. It has its roots in humanistic and transpersonal psychology, and even draws from
Sigmund Freud’s ideas of unconscious motivators and symbolic thinking (Williams, 2012). Here
are a few of its influences:

The Influence of Humanistic Psychology

Humanistic psychology views human behavior from a whole-person perspective, trying to

understand and explain behavior from the individual’s point of view instead of the observer’s. In
this area of psychology, the idea of a coach or mentor giving directions to their client on which path
will give them fulfillment would be met with cynicism and perhaps even laughter.

This emphasis on understanding behavior from the individual’s perspective infused the practice and
theory of life coaching, encouraging coaches to consider their clients’ thoughts, emotions, and
behaviors to be much more important than their own.

Life coaching also drew from humanistic psychology to adopt unconditional positive regard into
the coaching relationship (Williams, 2012). In the practice of life coaching, it is essential that
coaches give their clients a safe and encouraging space to engage, explore, and grow (Jarosz, 2016).

Contributions of Transpersonal Psychology

Transpersonal psychology is a sub-field of psychology that dares to tread where few psychologists
have, in the arena of the spirit or soul. This field of study includes theories and practices that
explore self-actualization, development beyond conventional means or measures, and spirituality.

Life coaching draws from the transpersonal psychology perspective, especially in the attempt to
help clients achieve wholeness (Williams, 2012). Transpersonal psychology is concerned with
human wholeness and integration, the idea of uniting an individual’s different sides or levels of
consciousness into a cohesive whole.

Life coaches often help lead their clients towards understanding and reconciling their multiple parts
or identities in order to further develop, or become a whole that is “greater than the sum of its
parts.”

The Unconscious Mind and Life Coaching

Much of Freud’s understanding of the three different parts of the human psyche is now considered
out of date, but his views on the importance of the unconscious mind and symbolic thinking have
had a significant influence on the development of life coaching.

Coaches often operate on the idea that each human has a unique talent or potential hidden
underneath layers of unconscious belief systems based on personal experience.

While modern life coaches don’t usually see the myriad symbols and the meanings Freud ascribed
to them, life coaches operate on the understanding that delving into the symbolic can unlock a
client’s greater potential.
Life Coaching Philosophy: The Theories that Drive the
Practice
As with any field of study or practice, there are numerous theories about how life coaching delivers
results. Life coaching, in particular, contains within its academic borders many theories and ideas
from many different disciplines (Williams, 2012).

Covering all of them is far beyond the scope of this article, but there are a few theories that are the
main drivers of the field, these are:

Adult Transformational Learning

The transformative learning theory holds that humans form a specific worldview, informed by
their experiences, and we use it to understand and interact with our environment (Gloss, 2012). We
use frames of reference, containing thought patterns and points of view, to interpret events and
assign meaning to the things that happen to us.

These frames of reference are unconscious filters, elicited automatically without conscious thought
and inform how we approach the events we are faced within our lives.

This means that if we do not put in the effort to explore our frames of reference and understand our
unique, ingrained thought patterns, we are virtually running blind when it comes to learning how to
grow and change our habits.

This idea of transformation through the awareness and processing of unconscious thoughts and
beliefs is central to the philosophy of life coaching because it means that if we do not take the time
and make the effort to step back and critically examine our own frames of reference, transformative
change is nearly impossible to achieve.

After all, what is the point of life coaching if not to achieve transformative positive change?

Emotional Intelligence

The theory of emotional intelligence posits that there are multiple types of intelligence beyond the
commonly held idea of intelligence as a cognitive resource.

Emotional intelligence is defined as a social intelligence that informs our ability to interact with
others, drawing from our own internal understanding of feelings and emotions (Gloss, 2012).

Emotional intelligence includes recognizing and understanding emotions in ourselves and in others,
how we use them to inform our thoughts and how we manage our emotional experiences.

Those high in emotional intelligence have a greater handle on identifying and dealing with their
own emotions, as well as identifying and considering the emotions of others, while those low in
emotional intelligence often don’t stop to think about what they are feeling and then act
accordingly, they are also more likely to misread the motives and intentions of others.

Emotional intelligence theory is a widely studied and publicized theory that has influenced virtually
all areas of psychological inquiry and informed many professional fields.
In life coaching, emotional intelligence is a vital concept to understand. Coaches frequently use
their knowledge of emotional intelligence to help clients identify and understand their emotions,
help them learn to manage their emotions, and aid them in using their own emotions as tools rather
than seeing them as challenges to be overcome.

Cognitive Behavioral Theory

Cognitive behavioral theory is grounded in behavior theory and cognitive theory and is the
foundation of many popular tools used in therapy and counseling. The behavior side is based on the
idea that humans learn by connecting an event and its consequence and draws from classic ideas
about learning and conditioning (Fazel, 2013).

The cognitive side emphasizes the importance of how we interpret events and how we think about
and choose our responses to these events (Gloss, 2012).

The ABC theory is located within this area, a theory that puts forth three factors: the activating
event, the behavior that occurs as a result, and the consequences (Gloss, 2012).

Life coaches draw from this theory to help clients change their behavior by learning to understand
their thoughts after an activating event, which leads to more favorable behavioral consequences.

Cognitive behavioral theory allows life coaches to pursue one of the main goals of their practice:
helping clients identify their unique frames of reference and any potentially problematic beliefs, to
think critically about them, and to modify these beliefs to become more adaptive and productive
people (Williams, 2012).

Experimental Learning Theory

This theory describes a model of adult learning and development that can be succinctly described as
learning by doing (Fazel, 2013). The theory posits that individuals learn through acting and
reflecting, thinking abstractly about their actions and the resulting outcomes.

This process is cyclical, in which experience leads to reflection and abstraction, which prompts
individuals to experiment with new beliefs or actions, in turn leading to further reflection (Fazel,
2013).
A life coach can facilitate at all levels of this cyclical process, by encouraging clients to reflect on
their actions and the consequences, motivating them to try new actions or set new beliefs and
providing support as they explore and grow.

The focus on experience and experimentation makes this theory a good fit for life coaching since
it matches life coaching’s emphasis on the client as the driver of the coaching relationship.

Life Coaching as an Art and a Science

While these theories have had a significant influence on the development and current state of life
coaching, not all coaches purposely draw from the literature to inform their practice. Many
practitioners view their field as more of an art than a science.

For an example of life coaching as an art form, see the TED talk from Tony Robbins on the lessons
he has learned about coaching and what drives humans to do what they do.

Robbins makes some excellent points here, including the acknowledgment that emotions can often
drive humans to specific behavior far more effectively than reason.

He paints a picture of a complex and involved process of discovery and transformation with each of
his clients, and it is clear that he draws from his own experience as much as, if not even more than,
life coaching theories and research.

Life Coaching Basics: The Essentials for Effective Life

Coaching
If drawing exclusively from the scientific literature is not always sufficient for effective life
coaching, what are the other important factors that determine success?

Assumptions for Effective Life Coaching

First, life coaching operates on a few assumptions that are necessary for a successful coaching
endeavor (Jarosz, 2016):

1. Clients are, in general, mentally healthy and as a whole do not suffer from mental health
issues that obstruct their ability to achieve their goals.
2. Clients are not empty receptacles for the coach’s knowledge and experience but are creative,
resourceful, adaptive, and whole in and of themselves.
3. Clients possess the ability to make changes to their thinking, belief systems, and
behaviors, and are able to grow.

Desirable Skills for Effective Life Coaching

As mentioned earlier, unconditional positive regard is an important piece of life coaching. It is one
of several skills that make a life coaching session a success including (Jarosz, 2016):

 Making no judgments and no assumptions about the client (aside from the three assumptions
listed above).
 Being skilled in active listening and be able to focus on the client.
 Motivating the client by being challenging and empowering, supporting clients by
acknowledging their efforts and successes, and holding clients accountable for their actions.
 Being aware that the coaching relationship is dynamic, being ready to adapt and flexible to
the client’s changing needs.

Required Components for Life Coaching

Beyond the assumptions and skills that set the stage for a great coaching relationship, there are
some factors to life coaching that are absolutely vital for success (Jarosz, 2016):

 The practice of life coaching must acknowledge and encourage what is good in the client
and empower them to reach their greatest potential through their greatest strengths.
 Life coaching must occur in a safe and open environment for the client; the coach must
create a space where clients feel safe enough to grow.
 Perhaps most important of all, the coach and client must be on equal footing in the
relationship, sharing the responsibility for defining and maintaining the coaching
relationship.
 Life coaching must be undertaken with a client-centered approach that focuses on the client
as an individual with unique needs, strengths, and experience.
 The focus of life coaching must be on the client’s whole self, not just specific pieces of the
client’s personality or in only certain spheres of the client’s life.

 As noted earlier, life coaching must be dynamic, as the nature of coaching involves a great
deal of change in the client’s circumstances, priorities, and needs.

Characteristics of Successful Life Coaching

While the components listed above are the base requirements for a healthy coaching relationship,
there are more characteristics that can take a life coaching relationship from good to great, such as:

 An objective. The coaching process must have an objective, whether it is to help the client
find fulfillment, life balance, or to optimize the client’s life to promote learning.
  A goal. Life coaching must operate with a set goal that is realistic, achievable, and
measurable.

 A client-centered approach. A great life coaching experience extends this approach to all
levels and all interactions, keeping the focus on the changing needs and goals of the client at
all times.

 A focus on the present but with a future-oriented mindset. While life coaching must be
based on the client’s current circumstances and opportunities, the coaching process must be
aware of how current beliefs and behaviors will affect the client’s future and plan for future
that is both desirable and attainable for the client.

Benefits of Effective Life Coaching

Researchers have found many potential positive results of life coaching, but some of the most
common outcomes include (Jarosz, 2016):

1. A stronger sense of identity and purpose for the client.

2. The client living the life that they have dreamed about, through enhanced mental health and
increased quality of life and goal attainment. This is across a broad range of goals
including starting a business, expanding their social life, creating more work/life balance
and improving their financial status. Achieved through smart goal setting and better follow-
through, self-regulation, enhanced communication and problem-solving skills, and client
empowerment with the support of the coach (Green, Oades, & Grant, 2006).
3. Positive change in client behavior and beliefs, including improved self-confidence, self-
acceptance, and insight into one’s self (Grant, 2008).
4. Reduced self-reflection and boosted insight.
5. A better quality of life in general, with greater well-being, increased hope and decreased
stress (Grant, 2003; Green, Grant, & Rynsaardt, 2007).

In addition to benefits for the client, life coaching is often a fulfilling and positive experience for
coaches. Some certified international life coaches report immense satisfaction from watching their
clients’ lives change in positive ways.
Coaches gaining fulfillment from the coaching process and the collaborative relationship with their
clients, the autonomy and flexibility inherent in their profession, and the sense of successfully
applying their skills (Newnham-Kanas, Morrow, & Irwin, 2012).

Life Coaching Accreditation with the International Coaching

Federation
As it turns out, anyone with a desire to help others reach their goals and a commitment to effective
coaching can become a life coach. However, in order to become a reputable life coach, you must
obtain the appropriate certification.

There are many certification programs an aspiring life coach can complete to acquire the necessary
skills, and the International Coaching Federation provides the necessary framework to infuse the
industry with more rigor and professionalism.

TheInternational Coach Federation evaluates coaching programs and provides institutional and
individual accreditation and certification to life coaches and institutions that meet their standards. In
a line of work that is attempting to establish itself as a respectable and legitimate profession,
organizations such as these provide a much-needed service.

TheInternational Coach Federation offers the “Training Program Search Service”, an

advanced search tool which allows aspiring life coaches to search for programs across the world on
the basis of their personal preferences.

Along with this service the ICF also certifies aspiring coaches based on three different
levels; Associate Certified Coach, Professional Certified Coach, and Master Certified Coach.

Associate Certified Coach

An Associate Certified Coach (ACC) certification is the easiest of the three types to obtain. This
certification is aimed towards individuals who have had some coaching experience but have not yet
deeply explored the field. An aspiring life coach looking to receive this certification can follow one
of two paths:

The ICF ACTP Application Path

Requirements: Completion of Accredited Coach Training Program (ACTP) (offered by the ICF), 2
recommendation letters from certified coaches

Number of Hours: 100 or more hours of direct client coaching

Fee: ranges from $100 to $300

The ICF Portfolio Application Path

For those who do not have the time or money to enroll in an accredited coaching program,
becoming certified is still a possibility through submitting a portfolio.

Requirements: 2 letters of recommendation from certified coaches

Hours: 100 or more hours of client coaching, at least 60 hours of training in a coach specific area
and 10 hours of work with a Mentor Coach

Fee: Ranges from $100 to $300 + $200 (exam fee)

Examination: Oral

Professional Certified Coach

The Professional Certified Coach (PCC) certification is one step up and is designed for
individuals who have more extensive experience in the field of life coaching and would like to
obtain certification that will help them advance more quickly. Similar to the ACC certification,
there are two paths for this certification as well:

ICF ACTP Application Path

Requirements:2 letters of recommendation from certified coaches

Number of Hours: 750 client coaching hours

Fee: $300 to $500

The ICF Portfolio Applications

Requirements: A portfolio, 2 letters of recommendation from qualified coaches, 10 hours with a

mentor coachNumbers of hours: 750 client coaching hours, 125 hours of training in the specific
coaching area

Fee: $100-$300 + $275 (examination fee)

Examination: 3 part exam

Master Certified Coach

A Master Certified Coach (MCC) certification is the highest level that a life coach can obtain.

Requirements: 2 letters of recommendation from certified coaches

Hours: 2500 or more hours of direct client coaching experience, at least 200 hours of coach specific
training, 10 hours of training with a qualified Mentor Coach

Fee: $300 to $500 + $275 (examination fee)

Exam: 3 part exam

The road to becoming a certified life coach is often winding and intimidating. However, whether
you decide to become an Associate Certified Coach, Professional Certified Coach, or Master
Certified Coach, you’re sure to deem the process a rewarding journey.

How to Choose the Right Life Coaching Training Course?

Earning a life-coaching certificate is a simple process but choosing the right one is tedious. Thus, it
is imperative to understand thoroughly about what these programs can offer before deciding on a
program.

These 10 questions can help you make the right course choice:

 What are you considering when choosing a program- Cost, duration, distance vs. onsite,
time commitment?
 Is the program accredited?
 Are the faculty members within the program certified?
 What is the program’s philosophy?
 What area of coaching does the program specialize in?
 Do you agree with the approach the program takes to coaching?
 Does it align well with your values?
 Is the coaching curriculum evidence-based?
 Is the program ethical?
 Does the program provide opportunities for practice?

The best courses will offer plenty of chances for you to implement the skills learned, and this
coupled with regular supervision and critical feedback will help you build the coaching skills you
need to become a successful, accredited life coach.
Life Coaching Podcasts
For more information on the practice of life coaching and tools that you can use in your own life,
check out the excellent podcasts by the Life Coach School and the wealth of information at the
School of Coaching Mastery Blog.

The Future of Life Coaching

As a $2 billion dollar industry with around 50,000 practicing life coaches worldwide, life coaching
is a bustling and varied practice (Jarosz, 2012). With so many different practitioners, styles of
coaching, and courses there are many ideas out there about where the field should go next.

Some researchers in this area believe life coaching needs to settle on a more unified definition and
approach (Jarosz, 2012), while others are more concerned with strengthening the theories behind
life coaching with more empirical research (Fazel, 2013; Grant, 2008).

Some life coaching professionals are concerned with expanding life coaching to reach more people
in more realms of life through family life coaching (Allen, 2013) or health and lifestyle coaching
(Venditti, Wylie-Rosett, Delahanty, Mele, Hoskin, & Edelstein, 2014).

Meanwhile, more colleges and universities are seeing the signs of a healthy future for life coaching,
and offering programs and courses focused on the field (“Inside the Coaching Industry”, 2015).

No matter the future, life coaching has found an appropriate home with positive psychology with its
focus on strengths instead of weaknesses and the assumption of ability instead of disability. The
outlook is looking good for this growing field, and it seems that society is reaping the benefits.

The great thing in the world is not so much where we stand as in what direction we are moving. –
Oliver Wendell Holmes

Motivation and Goal Setting

“A small body of determined spirits fired by an unquenchable faith in their mission can alter the
course of history.”
– Mahatma Gandhi

For some clients, focusing on a goal is all it takes to become motivated to achieve it. For others,
however, self-determination does not come as easily. In fact, according to Eric Barker of Time
magazine, motivation plays a larger role in the success of an endeavour than knowledge and money
(Time Magazine, 2014).

In many situations, people believe that rewards are the best source of motivation. Unfortunately,
rewards only work temporarily as recipients can begin to believe that they must earn a reward to
continue being motivated, or they may feel that the reward is not good enough for the work that has
been done (Barker, 2014).
Progress itself, along with positive emotion and a mentality geared toward the goal are proven and
sustainable positive motivators over time. MindTools provides some excellent guidelines for
setting attainable goals.

Make it a Habit

“We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit.”
– Aristotle

One incredibly vital lesson you can learn and impart onto your clients is that positive behavioral
change does not happen overnight. In order to make progress, takes practice and
perseverance towards the goal, taking one day at a time.

From suggestions like a workout or reading a book to spending more time with people who
motivate you and make you happy, the article provides a wide idea which can inspire new habits for
a positive change.

For the Love of Learning

“Never stop learning, because life never stops teaching.”

There are always going to be new exercises, recent studies and approaches on the cutting edge and
staying on top of them is the challenge of every professional, new or seasoned.

Life Coach Rachel Spencer offers her advice on how to stay in the know:

1. Use social media- follow other life coaches, institutions or associations

2. Subscribe to websites, academic journals or blogs which will keep you informed with
regular updates, Coaching Toward Happiness is one example.
3. Access the Free Management Library for links and articles to gain even more knowledge
about the best ways to help your clients.

Stick to it
“Many of life’s failures are people who did not realize how close they were to success when they
gave up.”
-Thomas A. Edison

You may feel like nothing has worked for your client so far. You’ve tried exercises, goal-setting,
team-building, but your client isn’t seeing much progress. Don’t give up, you never know whether
you and your client are on the brink of success!

Studies have shown that life coaching really does work, despite the apprehensive doubt in its
beginning stages. By combining several facets of psychology with a personalized approach for
active listening, life coaching has the capacity to generate results.

Mark, the subject of a study by Biswas-Diener, successfully changed his attitude and stress level
about his new work position in just ten sessions with his life coach (2009). This was possible with
the VIA Character Survey, with which your client can become of what assets are already present
ready to be cultivated. Working from strengths gives you a good foundation on which to build.

“The final forming of a person’s character lies in their own hands.”

– Anne Frank

As a life coach, you are training or preparing your client for success in life, but his or her success is
ultimately dependent upon individual drive and perseverance. You can train your clients to the best
of your ability and their capacity, read the latest studies, and follow the newest procedures, but the
end result is based on the motivation of your client, and the true skill is in recognising when to pull
back and give your client the space to learn and grow no longer needing your support.

A Take Home Message

As always, we hope this piece has been helpful. Life coaching is a noble venture, filled with
generous and inspiring coaches and clients who are eager to learn. If even one coaching
relationship is enhanced by these tips, tools, and techniques, we will consider it a worthwhile use of
our time!

Please let us know in the comments if you’ve tried any of these tips and tools, or if there are other
tools you love that we did not include.

Thanks for reading, and happy coaching!

The Positive Psychology Toolkit

 Become a Science-Based Practitioner!

The Positive Psychology toolkit is a science-based, online platform containing 135+ exercises,
activities, interventions, questionnaires, assessments and scales.

About the Authors

Courtney Ackerman is a graduate of the positive organizational psychology and

evaluation program at Claremont Graduate University. She is currently working as a researcher for
the State of California and her professional interests include survey research, well-being in the
workplace, and compassion.

Emily Schultz is a 26 years old psychologist. She works in special education and is interested in
English and writing.
Lexis Clark is a Graduate Student at the University of Kentucky working towards her Master’s
degree in Counseling Psychology. She aims to use the therapeutic skills learned in her program to
facilitate the development of positive mindsets in clinical populations.

Heather Sodowsky is a graduate student at American Military University, currently

holding a Bachelor’s degree in Psychology. She is an avid learner and aspires to be a teacher and
writer. She is the mother of a son and two bonus daughters. In her spare time, she enjoys reading,
playing softball, and spending time with her family.

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