Jackson, L. E., Rashleigh, B., & McDonald, M. E. (2012).

Economic Value of Stream

Degradation across the Central Appalachians. Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy,
42(3), 188–197. https://doi.org/http://www.jrap-
journal.org/pastvolumes/mostpass:[_]recent.htm

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This scholarly, peer-reviewed article provides insight on the economic values of

freshwater streams in the Appalachian Mountain. The research was completed by the
efforts of Laura E. Jackson, Brenda Rashleigh, and Michael E. McDonald. The purpose
of their research was to see the economic effects of deteriorating stream health and
how it impacts the sportfish species found within those streams. Their research found
how much revenue the sport of fishing brings to the US economy, they were able to
calculate an estimate of the revenue being generated per km of stream. They held
studies to see which streams held any of four sportfish species within certain regions
and compared that number to how many streams had no indication of those species.
Using that they could figure out how much money was potentially lost through the
absence of those species. This article will provide good reason as to why stream health
in our ecosystems and the preservation of species are important by giving an example
of the kind of loss and impact it can have. The information found in the article will be
good for providing context to the importance of these streams and the life surrounding
them.

Watson, A., Merovich, G., Petty, J., & Gutta, J. (2017). Evaluating expected outcomes of acid
remediation in an intensively mined Appalachian watershed. Environmental Monitoring &
Assessment, 189(7), 1. Retrieved from
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The scholarly article provided by Andrew S. Watson & George T. Merovich Jr &
J. Todd Petty & J. Brady Gutta looked at what efforts can be done to improve stream
quality. Their research was done by recording the effects of restoration efforts on
different streams as well as having a few untreated streams for comparison. They
looked at the ecological impact of acidity in the streams by assessing the water
chemistry, the habitat, and the quality of life for fish species as well as aquatic insects.
The research shows the impact of mining in water systems and the effect had on
populations. Water quality restoration has been an effort for years now, and study seeks
to assess the usefulness and effectiveness seen in it. Great improvements were noted
in the treated streams and had even seen native species return to the habitat. The
information will go to provide the case for such efforts and why they are important
especially today.

Kim, J.-H., Yeom, D.-H., Kim, W.-K., & An, K.-G. (n.d.). Regional Ecological Health or Risk
Assessments of Stream Ecosystems Using Biomarkers and Bioindicators of Target
Species (Pale Chub). WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION, 227(12).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-3173-8
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The scholarly article by Ja-Hyun Kim & Dong-Hyuk Yeom & Woo-Keun Kim &
Kwang-Guk An, look into the importance of having bioindicators in order to determine
water quality and stability of the ecosystem. The article introduces the meaning of what
a bioindicator is, a species within a region whose life is sensitive to disturbances in its
habitat. These disturbances range from, loss or removal of habitat, chemical properties
of the water, landscape change in habitat. The source goes on to say these bioindicator
species are useful in order to note how a certain ecosystem is performing based on the
presence/condition of the species. This article will be used for the general knowledge of
bioindicators and what they mean for an ecosystem, seeing these species’ quality and
quantity improve will be good indications for how well implemented a stream restoration
is.

Pugh, M., Hutchins, M., Madritch, M., Siefferman, L., & Gangloff, M. (2016). Land-use and local
physical and chemical habitat parameters predict site occupancy by hellbender
salamanders. Hydrobiologia, 770(1), 105–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2570-
0
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The research done by M. Worth Pugh, Maya Hutchins, Michael Madritch, Lynn
Siefferman, Michael M. Gangloff from Appalachian State University suggests the impact
that humans have on local stream and ecosystems. Their study focuses on the Eastern
Hellbender species as it is a bioindicator species native to the region. Recently, the
Hellbender has seen a drastic reduction in habitat range. The research keys in on the
evidence that humans have negatively impacted the health quality of these animals’
habitat. Their data strongly suggest the relationship between humans and Hellbenders,
but there are also many other factors playing into it. Although not able to explicitly label
humans as the cause, their research shows strong correlation. This research will be
used to further indicate the importance of bioindicators in regions and the role they play,
as well as note some causes for the deteriorating health of streams.
Deffner, J., & Haase, P. (2018). The societal relevance of river restoration. Ecology & Society,
23(4), 259–273. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10530-230435
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The scholarly article by Jutta Deffner and Peter Haase looks at the social
perception of river/stream restoration. They look at how individuals see the importance
of their rivers after being restored. They ask them varying questions about the benefits
of restoration, in terms of ecology and social importance. This source caught my
attention because when writing a grant it is good to note the public’s opinion on the
matter you’re dealing with and the importance they see with it. This article is included
because it goes to make note of the aspects to restoration that aren’t always taken into
account. Each aspect is important to consider. The information found in this article will
be useful when talking about the broader significance of the project.