Electrical Machines II, 2018-19 Even Semester, B.

Tech 4th Semester

ELECTRICAL MACHINES II

Unit I [14Hrs]
Three Phase Synchronous Generators: Synchronous Generator Construction (both
Cylindrical Rotor and Salient Pole type), the Speed of Rotation of a Synchronous
Generator, Induced voltage in A.C Machines, The Internal Generated Voltage of a
Synchronous Generator, The Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Generator (Armature
Reaction Reactance, Synchronous Reactance and Impedance).
Cylindrical Rotor type Three Phase Synchronous Generators: The Phasor Diagram
of a Synchronous Generator, Power and Torque in Synchronous Generators (Power
Angle Equation and Power Angle Characteristic), Measuring Synchronous Generator
Model Parameters (Open Circuit and Short Circuit Tests and Determination of
Synchronous Impedance and Reactance, The Short Circuit Ratio), Voltage Regulation
and Speed Regulation. Voltage Regulation by Synchronous Impedance Method.

Unit - II [12Hrs]
Salient Pole type Three Phase Synchronous Generators: Two Reaction Concept,
Development of the Equivalent Circuit of a Salient Pole type Three Phase Synchronous
Generator (Direct axis and Quadrature axis Reactance, Phasor Diagram for various load
power factors,), Torque and Power Equations of Salient Pole Synchronous Generator
(Power Angle Equation and Power Angle Characteristic with stator resistance neglected).
Slip Test for determination of direct axis and Quadrature axis Reactance. Parallel
operation of Three Phase A.C. Synchronous Generators The Conditions Required for
Paralleling, The General Procedure for Paralleling Generators,
Three Phase Synchronous Motors: Basic Principles of Motor operation, Steady State
Synchronous Motor operation, Starting Synchronous Motors, Operation of synchronous
motors connected to bus and phasor diagram for normal, under and over exited
condition, V&A curves, Synchronous motor application.

Unit III [14 Hrs.]

Three phase induction machines:
Constructional features and types; 3-phase distributed winding production of rotating
magnetic field, Principle of Operation, The Effect of Coil Pitch and distribution factor on
A.C. Machines, winding factor, Concept of Slip, Slip Speed; Phasor diagram and
Development of equivalent circuit and derivation of torque equation; Typical torque-slip
characteristic and influence of different parameters on it, No-Load and Blocked Rotor
tests, Determination of Parameters, power flow diagram, Losses and Efficiency, Methods
of starting and speed control. Cogging, Crawling.

Unit IV [08 Hrs.]

Single phase induction machines: Double field revolving theory, Methods of starting
using auxiliary winding, development of equivalent circuit. No-Load and Blocked Rotor
tests, Determination of Parameters Speed Control of Single Phase Induction Motors.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, GIET MAIN CAMPUS, AUTONOMOUS, GUNUPUR 1
Electrical Machines II, 2018-19 Even Semester, B.Tech 4th Semester

Unit IV [08 Hrs.]

Single phase induction machines: Double field revolving theory, Methods of starting

using auxiliary winding, development of equivalent circuit. No-Load and Blocked Rotor

tests, Determination of Parameters Speed Control of Single Phase Induction Motors.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, GIET MAIN CAMPUS, AUTONOMOUS, GUNUPUR 2
Electrical Machines II, 2018-19 Even Semester, B.Tech 4th Semester

Single phase induction machines

A single phase induction motor is very similar to a 3-phase squirrel cage

induction motor. It has (i) a squirrel-cage rotor identical to a 3-phase motor and
(ii) a single-phase winding on the stator. Construction is similar as that of 3-
phase squirrel induction motor
 A single phase induction motor has two main parts
 Stator
 Similar to 3-phase induction motor
 consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow, Laminated
cylindrical core
 core, constructed from stacked laminations (why?), having a
number of evenly spaced slots, providing the space for the stator
winding

Principle:
 When stator winding is fed from a single phase supply, an
alternating (pulsating) field is produced.
 Due to this alternating flux an alternating EMF (current) is
induced in the rotor conductors
 Now when a current carrying conductor is place in magnetic
filed it experiences a force.
 But after each half cycle the direction of induced current is
change and hence the direction of force (torque) is changed after
each half cycle.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, GIET MAIN CAMPUS, AUTONOMOUS, GUNUPUR 3
Electrical Machines II, 2018-19 Even Semester, B.Tech 4th Semester

 So pulsating flux acting on stationary squirrel cage rotor can’t

produce rotation and therefore 1-phase induction motor is
not self starting.
 However, if the rotor o such machine is given initial start by
hand or otherwise in either direction, then motor starts rotating
in that direction.
 Above peculiar behavior can be explained by
 Double filed revolving theory
 To make it self-starting, it can be temporarily converted into a
two-phase motor while starting. This can be achieved by
introducing an additional 'starting winding' also called as
auxillary winding.
 Hence, stator of a single phase motor has two windings: (i) Main
winding and (ii) Starting winding (auxiliary winding). These two
windings are connected in parallel across a single phase supply
and are spaced 90 electrical degrees apart. Phase difference of
90 degree can be achieved by connecting a capacitor in series
with the starting winding.
 Hence the motor behaves like a two-phase motor and the stator
produces revolving magnetic field which causes rotor to run.
Once motor gathers speed, say upto 80 or 90% of its normal
speed, the starting winding gets disconnected form the circuit
by means of a centrifugal switch, and the motor runs only on
main winding.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, GIET MAIN CAMPUS, AUTONOMOUS, GUNUPUR 4
Electrical Machines II, 2018-19 Even Semester, B.Tech 4th Semester

Type of single phase induction motors

 The single phase induction motors are made self starting by

providing an additional flux by some additional means(
Additional winding ). Now depending upon these additional
means the single phase induction motors are classified as:
 Split Phase induction motor
 Capacitor start induction motor
 Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor.
 Shaded pole induction motor.

Split-phase resistance start motor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, GIET MAIN CAMPUS, AUTONOMOUS, GUNUPUR 5
Electrical Machines II, 2018-19 Even Semester, B.Tech 4th Semester

This method of starting is mostly used in motor with low inertia

load or continuous operating load.
 These motors are suitable where a moderate starting torque is
required and
 where starting periods are infrequent e.g., to drive:
(a) fans (b) washing machines (c) oil burners (d) small
machine tools etc
Split-phase capacitor start motor
In this type of motor, an electrolytic capacitor is connected in series
with the auxiliary winding. Due to the presence of the capacitor, the
auxiliary winding current will now lead the applied voltage and the
main winding current will lag the applied voltage.

 Capacitor-start motors are used where high starting torque is

required and where the starting period may be long e.g., to
drive:
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, GIET MAIN CAMPUS, AUTONOMOUS, GUNUPUR 6
Electrical Machines II, 2018-19 Even Semester, B.Tech 4th Semester

(a) compressors (b) large fans (c) pumps (d) high inertia
loads
 The power rating of such motors lies between 120 W and 7-5
kW.
Capacitor-start – Capacitor-run induction motor
These motors are used for such applications where large starting
torque and quiet operations are required. These motors produce
constant torque and have better efficiency and power factor.

Because of constant torque, the motor is vibration free and can be

used in:
(a) hospitals (6) studios and (c) other places where silence is
important.

Shaded Pole Method

A part of each pole is wrapped with low resistance copper bands,
which form a closed loop (These copper bands are called shading
bands or shaded poles).

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, GIET MAIN CAMPUS, AUTONOMOUS, GUNUPUR 7
Electrical Machines II, 2018-19 Even Semester, B.Tech 4th Semester

• When a single-phase AC supply is given to the stator of an

induction motor, alternating flux will set up a current in the
shading bands.
• The flux in the shaded poles will lag the stator flux. The result
is similar to a rotating field moving from un-shaded to shaded
portion of the pole. This will produce the starting torque.
• Since starting torque, efficiency and power factor are very low,
thesemotors are only suitable for low power applications e.g., to
drive: (a) small fans (6) toys (c) hair driers (d) desk fans etc.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, GIET MAIN CAMPUS, AUTONOMOUS, GUNUPUR 8
Electrical Machines II, 2018-19 Even Semester, B.Tech 4th Semester

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

(Equivalent circuit at stand still based on double-field revolving theory )

(Equivalent circuit at any slip)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, GIET MAIN CAMPUS, AUTONOMOUS, GUNUPUR 9
Electrical Machines II, 2018-19 Even Semester, B.Tech 4th Semester

COMPARISON OF SINGLE-PHASE AND THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

 Single-phase induction motors are simple in construction, reliable and

economical for small power rating as compared to three-phase induction motors.

 The electrical power factor of single-phase induction motors is low as compared

to three-phase induction motors.

 For the same size, single-phase induction motors develop about 50% of the
output as that of three-phase induction motors.

 The starting torque is low for asynchronous motors.

 The efficiency of single-phase induction motors is less as compared to that of

three-phase induction motors.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, GIET MAIN CAMPUS, AUTONOMOUS, GUNUPUR 10