THE SKELETAL SYSTEM • Break down bone matrix for remodeling and

• Parts of the skeletal system release of calcium

• Bones (skeleton) • Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and
• Joints osteoclasts
• Cartilages
• Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to CHANGES IN HUMAN SKELETON
muscle) • In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage
• Divided into two divisions • During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by
• Axial skeleton bone
• Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle • Cartilage remains in isolated areas
• Bridge of the nose
FUNCTIONS OF BONES • Parts of ribs
• Support of the body • Joints
• Protection of soft organs
• Movement due to attached skeletal muscles BONE GROWTH
• Storage of minerals and fats • Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during
• Blood cell formation childhood
• New cartilage is continuously formed
BONES OF THE HUMAN BODY • Older cartilage becomes ossified
• The skeleton has 206 bones • Cartilage is broken down
• Two basic types of bone tissue • Bone replaces cartilage
• Compact bone
• Homogeneous BONE FRACTURES
• Spongy bone • A break in abone
• Small needle-like pieces of bone • Types of bone fractures
• Many open spaces • Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not
penetrate the skin
CLASSIFICATION BY SHAPE • Open (compound) fracture – broken bone
1. Long bones penetrates through the skin
• Typically longer than wide • Bone fractures are treated
• Have a shaft with heads at both ends by reduction and immobilization
• Contain mostly compact bone • Realignment of the bone
• Examples: Femur, humerus

ANATOMY OF LONG BONES

• Diaphysis
• Shaft
• Composed of compact bone
• Epiphysis
• Ends of the bone
• Composed mostly of spongy bone
• Periosteum
• Outside covering of the diaphysis
• Fibrous connective tissue membrane
• Sharpey’s fibers
• Secure periosteum to underlying bone
• Arteries
• Supply bone cells with nutrients

2. Short bones HEALING OF BONE FRACTURE

• Generally cube-shape
• Contain mostly spongy bone
• Examples: Carpals, tarsals
3. Flat bones
• Thin and flattened
• Usually curved
• Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of
spongy bone
• Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum !
4. Irregular bones Axial skeleton supports and protects organs of head, neck and
• Irregular shape trunk
• Do not fit into other bone classification categories Axial skeleton:
• Example: Vertebrae and hip skull (cranium and facial bones)
hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles associated with
SURFACE FEATURES OF BONES swallowing)
• Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments vertebral column (vertebrae and disks)
• Passages for nerves and blood vessels bony thorax (ribs and sternum)
• Categories of bone markings
• Projections and processes – grow out from the Appendicular skeleton includes bones of limbs and bones that
bone surface anchor them to the axialskeleton
• Depressions or cavities – indentations Appendicular skeleton:
TYPES OF BONE CELLS pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae)
• Osteocytes upper limbs (arms)
• Mature bone cells pelvic girdle (sacrum, coccyx)
• Osteoblasts lower limbs (legs)
• Bone-forming cells Articulation- where joints meet, connect, and are
• Osteoclasts formed.
• Bone-destroying cells
22 bones in skull 6 in middle ears Ball and Socket- A ball and socket joint allows for radial
1 hyoid bone movement in almost any direction. They are found in the hips
26 in vertebral column and shoulders. (Hip, Shoulder)
25 in thoracic cage Gliding-In a gliding or plane joint bones slide past each other.
4 in pectoral girdle 60 in upper limbs 60 in lower Mid-carpal and mid-tarsal joints are gliding joints. (Hands,
limbs Feet) Saddle- This type of joint occurs when the touching
2 in pelvic girdle surfaces of two bones have both concave and convex regions
206 bones in all with the shapes of the two bones complementing one other and
allowing a wide range of movement. (Thumb)
AXIAL SKELETON
• Forms the longitudinal part of the body STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH THE SYNOVIAL
• Divided into three parts JOINT
• Skull • Bursa – flattened fibrous sacs
• Vertebral column • Lined with synovial membranes
• Bony thorax • Filled with synovial fluid
SKULL • Not actually part of the joint
8-sutured bones in cranium • Tendon sheath
Facial bones: 13 sutured bones, 1 mandible • Elongated bursa that wraps around atendon
Cranium - encases brain attachments for muscles sinuses
DISEASES
PARANASAL SINUSES ARTHRITIS
• Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

HYOID BONE
• The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
• Serves as a moveable base for the tongue

VERTEBRAL COLUMN
• Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs
• The spine has a normal curvature
• Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location
Vertebral column
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic
!
5 lumbar
1 sacrum (5 fused
1 coccyx (4 fused)
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Vertebrae vary in size and morphology

BONY THORAX
Thoracic cage ribs
thoracic vertebrae
sternum
costal cartilages
True ribs are directly attached to the sternum (first seven pairs)
Three false ribs are joined to the 7TH rib
Two pairs of floating ribs

JOINTS
Fibrous-Fibrous joints connect bones without allowing
any movement.
o Fibrous joints hold the bones of your skull and
pelvis together.
Cartilaginous-Cartilaginous joints are joints in which !
the bones are attached by cartilage.
o These joints allow for only a little movement, BURSITIS
such as in the spine or ribs. • Inflammation of the Bursa sac
Synovial-Synovial joints allow for much more • Can become inflamed from injury or infection
movement than cartilaginous joints. • Localized pain or swelling
o Cavities between bones in synovial joints are
filled with synovial fluid. TENDONITIS
• This fluid helps lubricate and protect the • Inflammation of the tendon.
bones. Bursa sacks contain the synovial • Movement becomes painful.
fluid. • Most common cause of tendonitis is overuse.
• A joint, or articulation, is the place where two bones
come together. CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
• There are three types of joints classified by the amount of • Swelling or change in position of the tissue within the
movement they allow: carpal tunnel squeezes and irritates the median nerve.
• Causes tingling and numbness of the
▪ Immovable
Thumb, index, and the middle fingers
▪ Slightly movable
▪ Freely movable
OSTEOPOROSIS
TYPES OF JOINTS • Means "porous bones."
Hinge – allows extension and retraction of the appendages • Bones have lost minerals (especially calcium) making
(e.g. elbows) them weak, brittle, and susceptible to fractures
• Most common places where fractures occur are the
back, hips, and wrists.
SCOLIOSIS
• Abnormal curvature of the spine.
• One or more abnormal
• More girls than boys have severe scoliosis.

KYPHOSIS
• Spine may develop a hump.
• Can occur as a result of developmental problems or
degenerative diseases

LORDOSIS
• A curvature of the vertebrae in the lower back area,
giving a "swayback" appearance.

RICKETS
• Softening and weakening of bones in children
• Usually because of an extreme and
Prolonged vitamin D deficiency.

GOUT
• Results from an overload of uric acid in the body.
• Leads to the formation of urate crystals that deposit
in the joints.
• Crystals in the joints causes recurring attacks of joint
inflammation (arthritis).
• Chronic gout may cause joint destruction, decreased
kidney function, and kidney stones.

ACROMEGALY
• Occurs when the body produces too much of the
hormones that control growth.
• Tissues grow larger than normal.
• Excessive growth can cause serious disease and
even premature death.
SPINA BIFIDA
• Birth defect that involves the incomplete development
of the spinal cord or its coverings.
• spina bifida literally means "split" or "open" spine.
• The condition usually is detected before a baby is born
and treated right away.

CLUBFOOT
• Deformity of the whole foot that is present at birth.
• The child is born with the foot pointing down and
twisted inwards at the ankle.
SARCOMA
• Osteosarcoma
• Most common type of bone cancer. Most commonly
found in children and adolescents

MYELOMA
• Cancer in which abnormal cells collect in the bone
marrow and form tumors
LEUKEMIA
• Cancer of the blood cells
• Starts in the bone marrow where blood cells are
• The bone marrow starts to make a lot of abnormal
white blood cells, called leukemia cells.
• Leukemia cells don't do the work of normal WBC’s and
they don't stop growing when they should.