ASEAN Key Figures 2018 PDF

ASEAN KEY FIGURES
2018
one vision
one identity
one community
ASEAN Key Figures 2018
The ASEAN Secretariat

Jakarta
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established on 8 August 1967. The Member States of
the Association are Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore,
Thailand and Viet Nam.
The ASEAN Secretariat is based in Jakarta, Indonesia.
For inquiries, contact:

The ASEAN Secretariat
Community Relations Division (CRD)
70A Jalan Sisingamangaraja
Jakarta 12110
Indonesia
Phone: (62 21) 724-3372, 726-2991
Fax: (62 21) 739-8234, 724-3504
E-mail: public@asean.org
Catalogue-in-Publication Data

Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat, December 2018
315.95
1. ASEAN – Statistics
2. Social Aspect – Economic Aspect
ISBN 978-602-5798-16-0
ASEAN: A Community of Opportunities for All
The text of this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, provided proper acknowledgement is given and a
copy containing the reprinted material is sent to the Community Relations Division (CRD) of the ASEAN Secretariat,
Jakarta
General information on ASEAN appears online at the ASEAN Website: www.asean.org
Copyright Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 2018.

All rights reserved.
FOREWORD
The ASEAN Key Figures 2018 is the inaugural issue of a new publication by
the Statistics Division (ASEANstats) of the ASEAN Secretariat. The publication
provides readers with selected statistical indicators on ASEAN Member States
that are presented in a reader-friendly format, using distinctive charts, and
complemented with brief description on the definitions and observed patterns
of the indicators. It contributes to the effort of making statistics accessible and
informative to the general public.
Drawing mainly from the ASEANstats current databases, the publication
highlights the patterns and developments in ASEAN demography as well as
socio- economic landscape. Readers can find this publication and its associated
statistical data online at the ASEANStats website (www.aseanstats.org).
The statistics currently available in the ASEANstats databases are mainly
submitted by the national statistical offices of ASEAN Member States under the
purview of the ASEAN Community Statistical System (ACSS) Committee. To this
end, I would like to express my appreciation to the ASEAN Member States for
their continued commitment to ASEAN statistical cooperation.
I hope you find information in this publication useful.
DATO LIM JOCK HOI

Secretary-General of ASEAN
ASEAN Key Figures 2018 iii

iv ASEAN Key Figures 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
1 POPULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 EDUCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3 HEALTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
4 POVERTY, INEQUALITY, AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . .19
5 LABOUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6 ECONOMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
7 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
8 TRANSPORT, TOURISM AND COMMUNICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1. Population size and growth rate, ASEAN total,

1980-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Figure 1.2. Population age structure (% to total), ASEAN total,
2000-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Figure 1.3. and 1.4. Population age structure (% to total), ASEAN
Member States, 2000 and 2017. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Figure 1.5. Total fertility rate, ASEAN Member States, 2001-2015 . . . . . 4
Figure 1.6. Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), ASEAN
total, 1985-2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Figure 1.7. Life expectancy at birth (years), ASEAN total, 1980-2016 . . . . 6
Figure 1.8. Life expectancy at birth (years), ASEAN Member States,
2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
ASEAN Key Figures 2018 v

Figure 2.1. Adult literacy rate (%), ASEAN Member States, Total,
2000-2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Figure 2.2. and 2.3. Adult literacy rate (%), ASEAN Member States,
Males and Females, 2000-2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Figure 2.4. Net enrollment rate in primary education (%) by ASEAN
Member States, 2006-2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Figure 2.5. Net enrollment rate in secondary education (%) by
ASEAN Member States, 2006-2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Figure 2.6. Share of education expenditure to GDP (%) by ASEAN
Member States, 2001-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Figure 3.1. Coverage of immunisation against measles among

one-year old children (%), ASEAN Member States,
2000-2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Figure 3.2. Coverage of immunisation against DPT among one
year old children (%), ASEAN Member States, 2000-2016 . . . 16
Figure 3.3. Population with access to safe drinking water (%),
Figure 3.4. Population with access to improved sanitation (%),
Figure 3.5. Health expenditure to GDP (%), ASEAN Member States,
2005-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Figure 4.1. Population living with less than $1.25 PPP per day (%),
ASEAN total, 1990-2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Figure 4.2. Population living below the national poverty lines (%),
Figure 4.3. Gini ratio, ASEAN Member States, 2005-2016 . . . . . . . . . 21
Figure 4.4. Human Development Index, ASEAN Member States,
2000-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Figure 5.1. Labour force participation rate (%), ASEAN Member

States, 2007-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Figure 5.2. Labour force participation rate by gender (%), ASEAN
Member States, 2000 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Figure 5.3. Unemployment rate (%), ASEAN Member States,
2000-2017. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Figure 5.4. Share of employment by main economic sectors (%),
ASEAN Member States, various years . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
vi ASEAN Key Figures 2018

Figure 6.1. ASEAN GDP total values and per capita, 2000-2017 . . . . . . 27
Figure 6.2. GDP total values (US$billion), ASEAN Member States,
2000-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Figure 6.3a. GDP per capita (US$), Brunei Darussalam and
Singapore, 2000-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Figure 6.3b. GDP per capita (US$), in other ASEAN Member States,
2000-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Figure 6.4. GDP share by main economic sectors (%), ASEAN total,
2005-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Figure 6.5. GDP share by main economic sectors (%), ASEAN
Member States, 2005-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Figure 7.1. Value of exports and imports of goods and trade

balance (US$billion), ASEAN total, 2000-2017 . . . . . . . . . 33
Figure 7.2. Share of merchandise exports values by Intra-ASEAN
and Dialogue Partners (%), 2000-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Figure 7.3. Share of merchandise imports values by Intra-ASEAN
and Dialogue Partners (%), 2000-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Figure 7.4a. Values of exports and imports of goods (US$billion),
ASEAN Member States, 2000 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Figure 7.4b. Share of exports and imports of goods (%), ASEAN
Member States, 2000 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Figure 7.5. Share of manufacturing products to total exports (%),
Figure 7.6. Share of manufacturing products to total imports (%),
Figure 7.7. Share of agricultural products to total exports (%),
Figure 7.8. Share of agricultural products to total imports (%),
Figure 7.9. Values of exports and imports of services and trade
balance (US$billion), ASEAN total, 2005-2017 . . . . . . . . . 40
Figure 7.10. Values of intra and extra-ASEAN exports and imports
of services (US$billion), 2005-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Figure 7.11. Values of exports and imports of services (US$million),
ASEAN Member States, 2005, 2010 and 2017 . . . . . . . . .42
Figure 7.12. Share of exports of services by broad headings (%),
ASEAN total, 2000-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
ASEAN Key Figures 2018 vii

Figure 7.13. Share of imports of services by broad headings (%),
ASEAN total, 2000-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Figure 7.14. Inward flows of foreign direct investment, intra and
extra-ASEAN (US$billion), 2000-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Figure 7.15. Share of ASEAN top 5 foreign direct investment sources
(%), 2000, 2010 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Figure 7.16. Share of inward flows of foreign direct investment by
activities (%), 2012 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Figure 8.1. Road length (kilometres), ASEAN Member States,

2006-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Figure 8.2. Total number of registered road motor vehicles (000),
Figure 8.3. Number of registered road motor vehicles per 1000
population, ASEAN Member States, 2005-2017 . . . . . . . . 47
Figure 8.4. Number of international air passengers (000) by ASEAN
Member States, 2005-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Figure 8.5. Number of visitor arrival (000) by ASEAN Member
States, 2000- 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Figure 8.6. Intra and extra-ASEAN visitor arrival (000), 2000-2017 . . . . . 49
Figure 8.7. Number of internet users per 100 persons, ASEAN
Member States, 2000-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
LIST OF TABLES
Table 6.1. GDP growth rate (%), ASEAN Member States, 2000-2017 . . . 30
viii ASEAN Key Figures 2018

INTRODUCTION
The ASEAN Key Figures 2018 is the inaugural issue of the new publication
by the Statistics Division of the ASEAN Secretariat (ASEANstats). The publication
originates from ASEANstats’ two previous publications: the- ASEAN Economic
Community Chartbook and ASEAN Community in Figures (ACIF), both of
which were discontinued in 2017.
The new publication aims to provide statistical updates on ASEAN economic
and social progress across multiple dimensions. It uses charts, with brief and
easily understood narrative on the meanings of the indicators, trends and some
patterns. This new publication is part of ongoing efforts by ASEANstats to
further promote the visibility of ASEAN regional statistical cooperation while
contributing towards the monitoring of economic and social progress in ASEAN.
The ASEAN Key Figures 2018 is organised into 9 chapters, which is started
with the introduction on the publication, followed by specific topics on
population, education, health, poverty, inequality and human development,
labour, economy, international trade in goods and services, foreign direct
investment, transport, tourism and communication.
The data1 presented in this publication are mainly based on the ASEAN Member
States (AMS) submitted data, and is accessible from the ASEANstats website at
the following link: https://www.aseanstats.org/
1 Some data in this publication are estimated by ASEANstats. Unless otherwise is stated, these estimated
figures are in no way considered as the official statistics, and are used only to provide indicative information.
ASEAN Key Figures 2018 ix

x ASEAN Key Figures 2018
1 POPULATION
Introduction leads to increases in the shares of

youth and working-age population,
ASEAN population has almost doubled
albeit at different stages of transitions
over the last four decades – reaching
among ASEAN Member States (AMS).
642.1 million in 2017. Population
increase in ASEAN was mainly due
Population: size and structure
to natural increases and membership
expansions, the latter notably during Total number of population in 10 AMS
1984-1999. reached 642.1 million in 2017. This
population size has almost doubled
Observed changes in population age
from 355.2 million in 1980. The
structures indicate that ASEAN is
increase in ASEAN population was
experiencing demographic transition
mainly due to natural increases and
as reflected in declining fertility and
membership expansions; the latter with
mortality levels during the last few
the accession of Brunei Darussalam in
decades. This demographic transition
1984, Viet Nam in 1995, Lao PDR and
Figure 1.1. Population size and growth rate, ASEAN total, 1980-2017
700 2.5%
600
2.0%
500
1.5%
in million
400
300
1.0%
200
0.5%
100
0 0.0%
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Population size (million persons) Population growth rate (%, annual)
Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.

100%
5.3% 6.7%
5.8%
8.5%
80% ASEAN Key Figures 2018 1
48.1%
60% 50.4%
Myanmar in 1997, and Cambodia in (Figure 1.2). While the share of youth
1999. population has dropped from 40.7%
in 2000 to 34.5% in 2017, the share
On average, ASEAN population grew
of productive working-age population
around 7.5 million persons annually
has increased from 48.1% to 50.4%
between
700 1980 and 2017. Figure 1.1 2.5%
during the same period. The share of
indicates that the annual population
600 population aged over 55 years also
growth rate has been in a declining 2.0%
increased from 11.1% in 2000 to
trend,500from over 2% prior to 1992 to
15.2% in 2017.
around 1.2% during the last five years. 1.5%
in million
400
Changes in population age structure
ASEAN population is generally
indicate the ongoing process of
characterised
300 by high proportion of 1.0%
demographic transition, which is
youth200and productive working-age
associated with declining fertility and
population. The population below
mortality levels in AMS during0.5%the
the age
100 of 20 and within the age of
last few decades. However, the stages
20-54 years accounted for 34.5%
0 of the demographic transitions0.0% vary
and 50.4% of the region’s total
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
across the 10 AMS, reflecting the
population in 2017, respectively
Population size (million persons)
different levels of development.
Population growth rate (%, annual)
Figure 1.2. Population age structure (% to total), ASEAN total, 2000-2017

100%
5.3% 6.7%
5.8%
8.5%
80%
48.1%
60% 50.4%
40%
31.0%
20% 25.7%
9.7% 8.8%
0%
2000 2005 2010 2015 2017
0-4 5-19 20-54 55-64 65+

2000
100%
7.2% 9.1%
90% 7.2%
9.8%
80%
2 ASEAN Key Figures 2018
37.7% 38.0%
70% 44.0%
55.1% 49.0% 47.0% 46.7%
48.9% 48.1%
60%
57.2%
54.1%
50%
31.0%
20% 25.7%
9.7% 8.8%
0%
2000 2005 2010 2015 2017
Figure 1.3. and 1.4. Population
0-4 age structure
5-19 20-54 (%55-64
to total),
65+ ASEAN Member States, 2000
and 2017.
2000
100%
7.2% 9.1%
90% 7.2%
9.8%
80%
37.7% 38.0%
70% 44.0%
55.1% 49.0% 47.0% 46.7%
48.9% 48.1%
60%
57.2%
54.1%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
ASEAN
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
0-4 5-19 20-54 55-64 > 65
2017
100%
13.0% 11.5%
90%
80% 12.5%
14.2%
70%
47.6% 47.4%
49.8% 48.9%
60% 56.0% 51.0% 53.0% 50.4%
51.1%
50% 51.7%
51.9%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
ASEAN
0-4 5-19 20-54 55-64 > 65
Figure
5 1.3 and 1.4 shows that attained an older age structure and
Singapore and Thailand have already are experiencing declining proportions
4
Number of children/woman
2.9 2.9
3 2.6
2.4
2.2 ASEAN Key Figures 2018 3
1.9 2.0
2 1.8
1.5
1.2
1
54.1%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
of youth
0% and working-age population Fertility
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
ASEAN
during 2000-2017. The shares of
Total fertility rate (TFR), which indicates
population aged over 55 years in
the average number of children born
Singapore and Thailand 0-4increased 20-54to 55-64
5-19 women > 65during their reproductive
from 14.4% and 18.9% in 2000 to
years, is one of the most important
27.2% and 24.0% in 2017 respectively.2017
100% contributor to population growth.
During
90% the same period, other A TFR of 2.1 13.0%is 11.5%
considered as the
AMS80%are experiencing a rise in the replacement14.2% level, meaning
12.5% that if, on
proportion
70%
of youth and working- average, every woman has 2.1 children
age 60%population, 49.8%presenting them
47.6%
and these
47.4% children survive to the age
56.0% 51.0% 53.0% 48.9% 50.4%
with the potential of demographic of 15, these children 51.1% would have
50% 51.7%
dividends. With the right strategy, replaced the51.9% mother and her partner
40%
this demographic dividend could upon death, keeping the population
bring30%about significant contributions size constant. Therefore, when the
to economic
20%
growth and poverty TFR is greater than 2.1, the population
reduction.
10% However, this demographic will eventually increase, and when it
dividend
0% can also present challenges is less than 2.1, the population will
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
ASEAN
in terms of providing education and eventually decrease.
creating employment opportunities.
0-4 5-19 20-54 55-64 > 65
Figure 1.5. Total fertility rate, ASEAN Member States, 2001-2015
4
2.9 2.9
3 2.6
2.4
2.2
1.9 2.0
2 1.8
1.5
1.2
1
0
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
2001 2005 2010 2015

100
86.3
90
80
70
0 live births
60
47.9
60% 51.0% 53.0% 48.9% 50.4%
56.0%
51.1%
50% 51.7%
51.9%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Figure 1.5 shows that TFRs in all 10 bringing about more burden on the
AMS 0%have been declining over time. economy through increasing health
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Viet Nam
ASEAN
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
TFRs in Singapore, Thailand, Brunei care and social security costs.
Darussalam, Malaysia and Viet Nam
fell below the replacement 5-19 at20-54Mortality
0-4 level 55-64 and Life Expectancy
> 65
less than 2 in 2015. Decline in TFRs

Mortality, along with fertility, is
were also recorded by Cambodia
also an important contributing
and 5Lao PDR at 2.6 and 2.9 in 2015,
factor to population growth. One
as compared to a TFR of almost 5 in
of the most widely used mortality
2001.4
indicators is under-five mortality rate,
The 3declining fertility

2.6
leads to fewer
2.9 or child mortality
2.9 rate. It measures
children relative to the 2.4
working- the 2.2 probability of a child dying 2.0
1.9
age 2 population.
1.8
This provides the between birth and five years 1.5
of age,
opportunity to avail more resources expressed per 1,000 1.2 live births. Child
1
and increase investment in child and mortality rate can indicate the social,
maternal
0
health, education, and other economic, and environmental health
supporting infrastructures. However, conditions in which the children live,
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Viet Nam
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
at the same time, sustained low fertility including their access to health care.
rates may signify an aging population, Thus, the indicators can be viewed
2001 2005 2010 2015
Figure 1.6. Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), ASEAN total, 1985-2016
100
86.3
90
80
70
per 1,000 live births
60
47.9
50
40
30
20 26.0
10
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016
Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database, “Celebrating ASEAN: 50 Years of

75 Evolution and Progress: A Statistical Publication”.
73.8
73
71 70.9
69
67
68.1
ASEAN Key Figures 2018 5
years
65
63 63.3
30
20 26.0
10
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016
Figure 1.7. Life expectancy at birth (years), ASEAN total, 1980-2016
75
73.8
73
71 70.9
69
68.1
67
years
65
63 63.3
61 61.1
59 58.9
57
55
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016
Female Male Total
Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database, “Celebrating ASEAN: 50 Years of

Evolution and Progress: A Statistical Publication”.
Myanmar
as a barometer
Lao PDR of child well-being in Darussalam, and high at 50.8 and
general Philippines
and child health in particular. 63.9 in Myanmar and Lao PDR. This
diversity aligns with the different levels
Figure Cambodia
1.6 shows that under-five
of development among AMS.
mortalityIndonesia
rate in ASEAN as a total has
experienced a sharp decline during the
Thailand The decline in child mortality is very
last threeMalaysia
decades; from 86 deaths per much associated with longer life
1,000 liveVietbirths
Nam in 1985 to 26 deaths expectancy. Life expectancy at birth
perBrunei
1,000 live births in 2016. This
Darussalam is defined as the average number of
represents an average annual drop by
Singapore
years that a newborn could expect to
3.8%. live if he or she were to pass through
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
life subject to the age-specific mortality
There is, however, disparity across years
rates of a given period. It simply
AMS in their under-five mortality rates.
measures the population longevity.
According to “World Health Statistics
2018” (WHO, 2018), the available Overall, the average life expectancy
data on under-five mortality rates in in AMS has reached nearly 71 years
AMS indicates a disparity, ranging in 2016, or an increase of around
from very low at 2.8 deaths per 1,000 10 years from 1980 (see Figure 1.7).
live births in Singapore, moderate at Gender comparison indicates that
8.3 and 9.9 in Malaysia and Brunei at 74 years, the life expectancy of

61 61.1
59 58.9
57
55
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016
Female Male Total
Figure 1.8. Life expectancy at birth (years), ASEAN Member States, 2017
Myanmar
Lao PDR
Philippines
Cambodia
Indonesia
Thailand
Malaysia
Viet Nam
Brunei Darussalam
Singapore
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
years
females in all AMS was higher than Cambodia, to the lowest at below 70
males at 68 years in 2016. in Pjilippines, Lao PDR and Myanmar.
A baby girl born in 2016 in ASEAN This chapter has provided an
could expect to live, on average, until understanding on ASEAN population
the age of 74 years, or 11 years longer dynamics, both as a total and by
than her counterpart born in 1980. individual member states. All in all,
Whereas a baby boy born in 2016 ASEAN population has grown over
in ASEAN could expect to live, on the last four decades, mainly owing
average, to the age of 68 years, or 9 to natural increases and membership
years longer than his counterpart born expansion. This population growth
in 1980. is followed by changes in population
age structure – with more youth
Disparity in life expectancy was also
and working age population, and
recorded among AMS. Figure 1.8
associated with the declines in
presents life expectancy in AMS,
mortality and fertility. The drops in
ranging from over 80 years in
under-five mortality rate is eventually
Singapore and Brunei Darussalam,
bringing about longer life expectancy
between 70 and 80 in Viet Nam,
in all AMS.
Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and

2 EDUCATION
Introduction and write with understanding a short

simple statement on his/her everyday
Adult literacy rate, net enrollment
life. Figure 2.1 shows that majority
rate, and percentage of educational
AMS have achieved relatively high
spending to GDP are among various
adult literacy rate at 95% or above in
educational indicators that are
2015 or 2016 (the latest available data
important for monitoring the progress
varied among AMS). While the rate in
in the educational development of a
Cambodia and Lao PDR was relatively
particular country. During the last two
lower at 84.4% in 2016 and 84.7% in
decades, progressive improvement
2015 respectively, progress has been
has been seen in these indicators
quite significant in both countries
across all AMS.
during the last fifteen years.
Adult literacy rate Gender disaggregation of adult
literacy rate indicates that while male
Adult literacy rate is defined as the
adult literacy rates was reported to be
percentage of population aged 15
higher than female adult literacy rate
years and over who can both read
Figure 2.1. Adult literacy rate (%), ASEAN Member States, Total, 2000-2016
100% 96.6 96.4 97.0 97.0
95.4 94.2 95.0
95% 92.7 92.6 92.5 92.5
88.6 89.7 90.2
90% 88.7 88.0
84.4 84.7
85%
80%
75%
69.4 69.6
70%
65%
60%
55%
50%
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
2000 2010 2016*

Males
Note: *For Lao PDR, Philippines and Thailand, the latest available98.7data is 2015
100% 97.8 97.2 97.0 96.6
95.2 95.8 96.0 96.6 94.9
95% 93.0 92.8 92.5 93.9
90.0 90.0 92.0 89.0
90%
85%
80.3 81.4 ASEAN Key Figures 2018 9
80%
75%
60%
55%
50%
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
Figure 2.2. and 2.3. Adult literacy
2000 rate (%), ASEAN Member
2010 2016* States, Males and Females,
2000-2016
Males
100% 97.8 98.7
97.2 95.8 96.0 96.6 97.0 96.6
95.2 94.9 93.9
95% 93.0 92.8 92.5
90.0 90.0 92.0 89.0
90%
85% 81.4
80.3
80%
75%
70%
65%
60%
55%
50%
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
2000 2010 2016*
Females
100% 96.8 97.0
95.3 95.4
95% 93.6 92.6 92.7 93.5
90.2 90.5
90% 87.1 88.6
85.4 86.4 86.6
84.3
85%
79.3 79.4
80%
75%
70%
65%
59.9 58.5
60%
55%
50%
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
2000 2010 2016*

Note:
100%
*For
100.0 Lao PDR, Philippines and99.9
Thailand,
98.1
the latest available
100.0data is 2015
98.0 98.0
97.0 96.8 96.6 97.0
94.7 95.5 95.2
93.5 93.5
in all AMS, there
91.3 have been significant Lao PDR
91.2 between 2000 and91.2 2015.
improvements
90% in female adult literacy (See Figure 2.2 and 2.3).
rate, especially in Cambodia82.6 and
80%
76.1
70%
10 60%
50%
ei
ia
ia
ia
d
ar
R
75%
70%
65%
60%
55%
50%
Net enrollment rate in primary the rate in other AMS reached
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
and secondary education around 93%-97% in 2016. Likewise,
net enrollment rate in secondary
Net enrollment rate in primary 2000 and 2010 2016*
education has also improved
secondary education is defined as the Females during the same period, achieving
number
100% of pupils (of any age) who
95.3 99.5% in 96.8 Singapore
95.4 followed
97.0
by
are95%
enrolled in primary and 93.6secondary 92.6 92.7 93.5
90.2 Brunei Darussalam (83.2%),
90.5 Viet Nam
education
90% as a percentage of the 86.4 87.1
88.6
86.6
84.3 85.4 (82.1%), Thailand (77.3%), Indonesia
total
85% children of official school age
79.3 79.4 (76.8%), Philippines (74.2%), and
population.
80%
Figure 2.4 shows that net
75% Malaysia (68.5) (Figure 2.5). At the
enrollment rate in primary education
70% same time, lower rate was observed
have markedly improved between
65% in Cambodia (37.1%), Lao PDR
2006
60% and 2016 in Brunei Darussalam,
59.9 58.5
(58.9%) and Myanmar (56.2%),
Malaysia,
55% Singapore, Thailand,
they still demonstrated considerable
and50%Viet Nam with enrollment rate
improvement over their corresponding
reaching 98% or above whereas
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
rates during 2006 and 2016.

Figure 2.4. Net enrollment rate
2000 in primary
2010 education (%) by ASEAN Member States,
2016*
2006-2016
100.0 99.9 100.0
100% 97.0 98.1 98.0 98.0
96.8 96.6 97.0
94.7 95.5 95.2
93.5 93.5
91.3 91.2 91.2
90%
82.6
80%
76.1
70%
60%
50%
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
2006 2010 2016

99.5
100% 94.5
88.0 87.4
90% 83.2 82.1
80% 76.8 77.3
74.2
68.4 68.5 69.6
70%
57.5 58.9
60% 56.2
50% 44.3 45.4 ASEAN Key Figures 2018 11

40% 37.1
34.3
30%
60%
50%
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
Figure 2.5. Net enrollment rate in 2006
secondary
2010 education
2016 (%) by ASEAN Member States,
2006-2016
99.5
100% 94.5
88.0 87.4
90% 83.2 82.1
80% 76.8 77.3
74.2
68.4 68.5 69.6
70%
57.5 58.9
60% 56.2
50% 44.3 45.4
40% 37.1
34.3
30%
21.3
20%
10%
0%
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
2006 2010 2016

7.5
Education
7.5% expenditure to GDP GDP GDP has been on the rise for
some AMS between 2010 and 2017
Expenditure
6.5% on education is regarded
(Figure 2.6). In 2017, the latest year
as 5.5%
investment in human capital as it
of data5.0availability, the figures varied
contributes towards skill formation 4.8
4.4 across AMS with Malaysia, Brunei
which
4.5%
raises the ability to work 4.1
3.7 3.6 Darussalam and Thailand
3.6 recording
and3.5% produce, thus contributing 3.3
the top three
3.0
rate at 5.0%,
2.9 4.4% and
to economic growth. 2.3The share 2.4
2.5% 4.1%, respectively.
of education expenditure
1.7 1.9 to total
2.0
1.5%
0.5%
Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand
Darussalam
2001 2005 2010 2017

21.3
20%
10%
0%
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
Figure 2.6. Share of education expenditure
2006 2010 to 2016
GDP (%) by ASEAN Member States,
2001-2017
7.5
7.5%
6.5%
5.5% 5.0
4.8
4.4
4.5% 4.1
3.7 3.6 3.6
3.5% 3.3
3.0 2.9
2.3 2.4
2.5%
1.7 1.9 2.0
1.5%
0.5%
Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand
Darussalam
2001 2005 2010 2017

3 HEALTH
Introduction Coverage of immunisation among
one-year old children
The social progress of the AMS can be
monitored among others using health Immunisation is one of the most cost-
related indicators, such as under five effective public health interventions to
mortality rate and life expectancy at reduce child mortality and morbidity
birth, which were reported earlier associated with infectious diseases.
in Chapter 1. This chapter focuses The coverage of immunisation among
on the indicators on provisions of one-year old children is defined as the
public health facilities for better living proportion of one-year old children
conditions, namely the coverage of who were immunised to the total
immunisation among one-year old children aged one year. Figure 3.1
children, access to safe drinking water and 3.2 report on the coverage of
and improved sanitation, and the immunisation against measles and
share of health spending to GDP. diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT),
respectively, between 2006 and 2016.
Figure 3.1. Coverage of immunisation against measles among one-year old children
(%), ASEAN Member States, 2000-2016
99.0 98.0 99.0 99.0
100% 97.0
96.0 95.0
94.4 94.0
91.0
90% 88.4
86.5
84.0
81.0
80.0
80%
76.0
72.8
70%
60.0
60% 57.1
55.4
50%
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
2000 2005 2010 2016

99.0 100.0 98.0 98.0 99.0 97.8
100% 95.3 96.0 97.0 96.0
90.0 90.0
90% 84.8 86.0
82.0 82.0
80% 78.0
75.0

59.0
60%
52.8
60.0
60% 57.1
55.4
50%
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
Figure 3.2. Coverage2000of immunisation
2005 against DPT
2010 among one
2016year old children (%),
ASEAN Member States, 2000-2016
99.0 100.0 98.0 98.0 99.0 97.8
100% 95.3 96.0 97.0 96.0
90.0 90.0
90% 84.8 86.0
82.0 82.0
80% 78.0
75.0
70%
59.0
60%
52.8
50%
40%
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Brunei
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
2000 2005 2010 2016

99.0 100.0 96.5 100.0 100.0 98.4 97.8 98.0
100%
Measles immunisation has consistently 94.0 Access to 92.0 safe drinking water and
85.0
covered
80% well over 90% of 72.0 total children 76.3
77.5 improved
80.2 80.1 sanitation
70.0
aged 1 year in 64.8 Brunei Darussalam,
Access to safe drinking water
Malaysia,
60% Singapore, Thailand, and
51.0
and improved sanitation are key
Viet Nam during the 43.0 time period.
40% contributors to improved health
Significant progres was recorded in
status of the population. Figure 3.3
other
20% AMSs, from 55.4% in 2000
indicates that the whole population
to 81.0% in 2016 in Cambodia,
in Brunei Darussalam and Singapore
from0% 60.0% to 76.0% in Lao PDR,
have access to safe drinking water in
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
57.1% to 72.8% in Indonesia, and

2017. Access to safe drinking water
84.0% to 91.0% in Myanmar. Similar
2005 2010were2017also near universal in Viet Nam
patterns are also observed in Figure
at 98.0%, Thailand at 97.8% and
3.2 for DPT immunisation, with the
Malaysia at 96.5% in 2017. As for the
100.0 100.0 98.1
highest
100% coverage recorded in 2016 in 96.0
98.0
92.0 other AMSs, significant improvement
93.0
Brunei Darussalam (100 %), Malaysia 86.0
80.0 in the
76.3
80.7access to safe drinking 82.1 water
(98.0%),
80% Singapore 76.0
(96.0%), Thailand
75.3 74.4
67.9 has been recorded over the period.
(99.0%) and Viet Nam (96.0%). 61.0
60%
50.0
45.0
40%
27.0
20%
0%
16
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
2005 2010 2017

2000 2005 2010 2016
50%
40%
99.0 100.0 98.0 98.0 99.0 97.8
100% 96.0 97.0
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Brunei
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
95.3 96.0
90.0 90.0
90% 84.8 86.0
82.0 82.0
Figure
80% 3.3. Population
75.0 with access to safe drinking water (%), ASEAN Member States,
2000 2005 2010 78.0 2016
2005-2017
70%
99.0 100.059.0 96.5 100.0 100.0 98.4 97.8 98.0
100%
60% 94.0 92.0
52.8 85.0
77.5 80.2 80.1
50%
80% 76.3
72.0 70.0
64.8
40%
60%
51.0
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Brunei
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
43.0
40%
20%
2000 2005 2010 2016
0%
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
99.0 100.0 96.5 100.0 100.0 98.4 97.8 98.0

100% 94.0 92.0
85.0
2005
77.5 2010 80.2 80.1
2017
80% 76.3
72.0 70.0
64.8
60% 98.0 96.0 100.0 100.0 98.1
100% 51.0
93.0
Figure 3.4 92.0
shows that43.0Singapore has Darussalam
86.0 (92.0%). As for the other
40% 80.0 82.1
full80%population coverage
76.0 of 75.3
access AMS,80.7
76.3 with the
74.4 exception of Philippines,
to 20%
improved sanitation 67.9 at 100% in access to improved sanitation 61.0
showed
2017.
60% This is followed by Malaysia
50.0 steady progress during the period of
(96.0%),
0% Thailand (93.0%), and45.0
Brunei 2005-2017.
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
40%
27.0
20%
Figure 3.4. Population with access2005
to improved
2010 sanitation (%), ASEAN Member States,
2017
2005-2017
0%
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
98.0 96.0 100.0 100.0 98.1

100% 93.0
92.0
86.0
80.0 80.7 82.1
76.0 2005 201076.3 2017
80% 75.3 74.4
67.9
61.0
60%
8% 50.0
7.1 45.0 7.1
7%
40%
27.0
6% 5.7
5.5
20% 4.9
5% 4.8 4.7
4.2 4.1
0%
4% 3.9
3.5
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
3.0 3.2 3.1

3% 2.6 2.8
2.4 2.3
1.9
2005 2010 1.92017
2%
1%
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
8%
7.1 7.1
7%
2005 2010 2017 ASEAN Key Figures 2018 17
6% 5.7
5.5
4.8 4.9
5% 4.7
2005 2010 2017
98.0 96.0 100.0 100.0 98.1

100% 93.0
92.0
86.0
80.0 80.7 82.1
80% 76.0 75.3 76.3 74.4
67.9
Health
60%
expenditure to GDP at 7.1%, followed by 61.0 Cambodia
50.0 at 5.7%, Singapore at 4.9% and
Health expenditure as a proportion
45.0
Philippines at 4.7%. Relatively lower
to 40%total GDP has continuously
27.0 rate was observed in Indonesia, Brunei
increased between 2005 and 2017
20% Darussalam, Myanmar and Lao PDR at
in most of AMS. The top four rate
below 3% in 2017.
in 2017
0% was recorded by Viet Nam
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
2005 2010 2017
Figure 3.5. Health expenditure to GDP (%), ASEAN Member States, 2005-2017
8%
7.1 7.1
7%
6% 5.7
5.5
4.8 4.9
5% 4.7
4.2 4.1
4% 3.9
3.5
3.0 3.2 3.1
3% 2.6 2.8
2.4 2.3
1.9 1.9
2%
1%
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
2005 2010 2017

4 POVERTY, INEQUALITY, AND HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
Introduction Poverty incidence

Progress in the social wellbeing of The proportion of ASEAN population
ASEAN population can be monitored, living with less than $1.25 PPP per
among others, by examining the day has consistently declined from
extent to which the AMS reduces the 47% in 1990, 22% in 2005, to 14%
incidence of poverty as well as income in 2015 (see Figure 4.1), ASEAN has
inequality. This chapter highlights therefore gone beyond the Millennium
the trends in poverty rates, income Development Goals (MDG) target of
inequalities, and human development poverty level for the region of 23.5%.
in ASEAN.
Figure 4.1. Population living with less than $1.25 PPP per day (%), ASEAN total, 1990-
2015
50% 47.0
45%
39.0 38.0
40%
35%
30%
MDG target 2015: 23.5%
25% 22.0
19.0
20%
14.0
15%
10%
5%
0%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Source: ASEAN Secretariat (2017), “ASEAN Statistical Report on Millennium

50% Development Goals 2017”. 48.2
40%
33.0 33.5 32.1
30% 26.0 26.8
23.2 21.6
18.1
20% 16.0
14.0
10.9 ASEAN
8.6 Key Figures 2018 19
10% 5.7 7.0
0.4
19.0
20%
14.0
15%
10%
5%
0%
1990
Figure 4.2. Population 1995 below the
living 2000national 2005
poverty lines2010 2015
(%), ASEAN Member
States, 2005-2016
50% 48.2
40%
33.0 33.5 32.1
30% 26.0 26.8
23.2 21.6
18.1
20% 16.0
14.0
10.9
8.6
10% 5.7 7.0
0.4
0%
dia ia R sia r s nd
bo es PD lay ma ine aila Na
m
on o Ma an ilipp Th t
Ca
m Ind La My Ph Vie
2005 2010 2016

0.50
At the country level, the available data Income inequality
0.47
on the proportions of population 0.46
0.45 Income
0.44 inequality refers to
0.45the uneven
living below the national poverty 0.44
0.42 distribution of 0.42 income between
lines across AMS indicates that AMS 0.40
0.40 individuals
0.40
or households in a given
in 0.40
general experienced a decline in
0.38 0.38
0.36 country. One of the most0.38 frequently
poverty incidence between 2005
used measures of income inequality
and0.352016, as shown in0.33Figure 4.2.
is Gini Coefficient (Ratio). The value of
Large reduction0.31in poverty levels was
0.30 Gini Ratio spreads from 0, as a perfect
recorded by Thailand and Viet Nam,
equality, to 1, as a perfect inequality, in
from 26.8% in 2005 to 8.6% in
income distribution of the population.
20160.25 and from 18.1% to 7.0%
ia sia R sia s e d m
over the same od period,ne respectively.
PD lay GiniippineRatios ap in most
or ilan AMS Na range
a mb n do Lao Ma h il i ng T ha iet
Significant I
C poverty reduction was also between
P 0.31 and 0.46 in 2016 (see
S V
demonstrated by Cambodia, where Figure 4.3), and can be categorized as

the rate has declined from 2005
33.0%2009 in “medium
2012
inequality”.
2016
There have been
2005 to 14.0% in 2016. increases in Gini Ratios in Indonesia,
1.000 Lao PDR, Malaysia, Thailand and
0.932
0.900 0.853
Viet Nam between 2005 and 2016,
0.802
0.800 0.755
0.699 0.694 0.694
0.700
0.601 0.582
0.600 0.578
20 0.500
0.400
0.300
0.4
0%
dia sia R sia ar es nd am
bo ne PD lay nm pin aila tN
m Ind
o
La
o Ma My
a
hil
ip Th Vie
Ca P
2005 2010 2016

Figure 4.3. Gini ratio, ASEAN Member States, 2005-2016
0.50
0.47
0.46
0.45 0.44 0.45
0.44
0.42 0.42
0.40 0.40 0.40

0.40
0.38 0.38 0.38
0.36
0.35
0.33
0.31
0.30
0.25
dia ia R sia s e nd
es PD lay ine or am
bo on ipp ap aila tN
m Ind La
o Ma il Sin
g Th Vie
Ca Ph
2005 2009 2012 2016

1.000
0.932
indicating
0.900
rise in income
0.853
inequality. years of schooling; 3) and the ability
Meanwhile, a sharp decline
0.802 in Gini to achieve a decent standard of living
0.800 0.755
Ratios was observed in Cambodia as measured
0.699 0.694 by gross national income
0.694
0.700
from 0.42 in 2005 to 0.31 in 2016. per capita (UNDP 2018).
0.601 0.582 0.578
0.600
Figure 4.4 presents trends in HDI
Human0.500 Development Index
for 10 AMS during 2000-2017.
0.400
In addition to poverty and income Following UNDP’s HDI categorization,
inequality,
0.300 Human Development Index three countries – Singapore, Brunei
(HDI)0.200
is another important indicator Darussalam and Malaysia were in the
for 0.100
measuring the social well-being very high HDI category (with values
of a0.000
country’s population. HDI is a of 0.800 or above), one country –
composite index focusing on the Thailand was in the high HDI category
re
lam
sia
es
sia
am
dia
ar
R
an
PD
nm
po
pin
y
bo
N
ala
ssa
ail
on
ga
three basic dimensions of human (0.700 – 0.799), and the remaining

ilip
ya
o
m
Th
t
M
Ind
ru
Vie
La
Sin
M
Ca
Ph
Da
ei
development: 1) the ability to lead a six countries were in the medium HDI
un
Br
long and healthy life as2000 2005

measured by 2010category
2015 2017
(0.550 – 0.699) in 2017.
life expectancy at birth; 2) the ability
HDI values increased in all 10 AMS
to acquire knowledge as measured by
during the last 17 years, but at different
mean years of schooling and expected

0.42 0.42
0.40 0.40 0.40

0.40
0.38 0.38 0.38
0.36
0.35
0.33
0.31
rates.
0.30 Cambodia, Myanmar, Lao PDR, with a recorded 11% increase in
and Viet Nam experienced the fastest HDI values. HDI values of Indonesia,
growth,
0.25 with HDI values increased by Philippines, and Malaysia grew by
17%, 15%, b14% ia sia
andone12%, R
respectively, ysi
a
around es or
e nd m
od PD ala pin 8%; ap whereas aila that eof Na Brunei
a m d a o M ih lip i n g T h it
between C2000 andIn 2017. This L
was then Darussalam increased by 3% during
P S V
followed by Thailand and Singapore, the same period.

2005 2009 2012 2016
Figure 4.4. Human Development Index, ASEAN Member States, 2000-2017
1.000
0.932
0.900 0.853
0.802
0.800 0.755
0.699 0.694 0.694
0.700
0.601 0.582
0.600 0.578
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
re
lam
ia
es
ia
am
dia
ar
R
an
ys
es
PD
nm
po
pin
bo
tN
ala
ssa
ail
on
ga
ilip
ya
o
m
Th
M
Ind
ru
Vie
La
Sin
M
Ca
Ph
Da
ei
un
Br
2000 2005 2010 2015 2017
Source: UNDP, Human Development Reports series.

5 LABOUR
Introduction Labour force participation rate

Understanding the trends of labour The labour force participation
market in ASEAN is important for rate measures the proportion of a
designing effective policies for job country’s working-age population
creation. As the population in the that engages actively in the labour
region continues to grow along with market, either by working or looking
the size of working-age population, for work; it can indicate the size of the
the economy should keep up by supply of labour available to engage in
providing employment opportunities the production of goods and services,
for the growing labour force. This relative to the population at working
section describes trends in the age (ILO, 2016). Figure 5.1 present the
labour force participation rates, trends of labour force participation
unemployment rates and employment rate (LFPR) in AMS between 2007
by main economic sectors in AMS over and 2017. LFPR varied across AMS,
the last decade. ranging from 60-70% in Philippines,
Figure 5.1. Labour force participation rate (%), ASEAN Member States, 2007-2017
100%
90% 86.6 84.2

84.4
80% 74.5 76.3
72.5
69.5 69.0 68.0 67.7 68.1
70% 70.0 66.2 63.3 65.0 64.8 63.2
61.5 60.7
60%
51.2
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Brunei
2005 2010 2017

100%
90% 88.1
83.0 82.4 81.2
80.1 78.0
80% 77.2 76.1 76.0 76.9
73.4 71.2 71.6
70%
62.4 ASEAN Key Figures 2018 23
59.8 59.8
60% 55.0 54.7
50% 47.7
45.2
20%
10%
0%
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Brunei
Figure 5.2. Labour force participation
2005 rate
2010 by gender
2017(%), ASEAN Member States,
2000 and 2017
100%
90% 88.1
83.0 82.4 81.2
80.1 78.0
80% 77.2 76.1 76.0 76.9
73.4 71.2 71.6
70%
62.4
59.8 59.8
60% 55.0 54.7
50% 47.7
45.2
40%
30%
20%
10%
-
Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
Darussalam
2000 Males 2017 Males 2000 Females 2017 Females
Myanmar,
10% Indonesia, Singapore, Unemployment rate
Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam, to
The unemployment rate measures
75-85%
8% in Cambodia, Lao PDR and
the under utilisation of the labour
Viet Nam in6.12017. 6.6
6%
supply, reflecting the inability of
5.3
Gender comparison of LFPR offers those working-age population who
insight
4% into any gender-differentiated 3.4are actively seeking work to find
3.1
extent of the working-age population’s employment. The unemployment
2.1 2.0
participation
2% in the1.6work force. Figure rate in all AMS were1.2 relatively
1.8
5.2 indicates that in all 10 AMS, there low. As shown by Figure 5.3, the
was0%a higher male participation rate than unemployment rates tend to fluctuate
in 2017. The gender disparity in all AMS over the observed period of
female Darussalam
in LFPR was highest in the 2000 Philippines
2010 2000-2017,
2015 2017 following the fluctuation
at 76.1% for males as compared to in the economic environment.

45.2%
100%
for females in 2017, followed by Having experienced relatively high
Myanmar
90%
(78.0% vs. 47.7%), Indonesia unemployment rate in several AMS in
(83.0% vs. 55.0%) and Malaysia (80.1% 2000 possibly due to impacts of the
80%
vs. 54.7%). However,47.6% the gaps in LFPR Asian 47.9%
1999 financial crisis, the rate
70%
between males and females have was lowest in Thailand, Myanmar,
60%
narrowed during the recent years. Cambodia and84.1% Lao PDR at below 2%
50% 38.5%
40%
71.7% 48.1%
30%
54.9%
48.8%
20% 41.9%
24 ASEAN Key Figures 201831.9% 28.3% 30.2%
10%
0%
Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
20%
10%
-
Darussalam
2000 Males 2017 Males 2000 Females 2017 Females
Figure 5.3. Unemployment rate (%), ASEAN Member States, 2000-2017.
10%
8%
6.6
6.1
6% 5.3
4% 3.4
3.1
1.8 2.1 2.0

2% 1.6
1.2
0%
Darussalam
2000 2010 2015 2017

100%
in 2017.
90%
These were then followed by of total employment), Viet Nam (41.9
Viet Nam (2.0%), Myanmar (2.1%), %), Indonesia (31.9 %), Thailand
80%
Singapore (3.1%)47.6%
and Malaysia (3.4%). (30.2%), and the Philippines (28.3%).
47.9%
70%
At the same time, Philippines recorded
60% On the other84.1% hand, manufacturing
a higher unemployment rate at 6.6%,
sector which also includes construction
followed
50%
by Brunei Darussalam (6.1%) 38.5%
and other sectors contributed 48.1%
and40%Indonesia (5.3%). 71.7% 48.1%
of total employment in Malaysia,
30%
54.9%
38.5% in Thailand, and 25.1% in
Employment
20% by economic sectors 48.8% 41.9%
31.9% Viet Nam.28.3% The share 30.2%of employment
Figure 5.4 presents the employment in this secondary sector was lowest in
10%
structure
0% by main economic sectors
Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR
Lao PDR at 15.6% in 2015.
Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
in 10 AMS,
(2014)based on the(2015)
(2017) most recent
(2017) (2017) (2016) (2017) (2016) (2016)
Finally, the share of employment in
available data. Agricultural sector
Agriculture the services
Manufacturing Services sector was the highest
was a key contributor to employment
in Singapore, covering 84.1% of
in Lao PDR and Cambodia with over
the country total workers in 2017,
71.7% and 54.9% of the total workers
followed by Philippines (47.9%) and
in both countries engaged in this sector,
Indonesia (47.6%). The contribution
respectively. Elsewhere, agriculture
of the services sector to employment
also remained a key contributor to
remains relatively low in Lao PDR at
jobs, including in Myanmar (48.8%
12.7%.

4% 3.4
3.1
1.8 2.1 2.0

2% 1.6
1.2
0%
Darussalam
Figure 5.4. Share of employment
2000 by
2010main 2015
economic sectors (%), ASEAN Member
2017
States, various years
100%
90%
80%
47.6% 47.9%
70%
60% 84.1%
50% 38.5%
40%
71.7% 48.1%
30%
54.9%
48.8%
20% 41.9%
31.9% 28.3% 30.2%
10%
0%
Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
(2014) (2017) (2015) (2017) (2017) (2016) (2017) (2016) (2016)
Agriculture Manufacturing Services

6 ECONOMY
Introduction Gross Domestic Products (GDP)

ASEAN has made tremendous GDP measures the value of all final
economic progress over the recent goods and services produced in a
decades. With current combined gross country or region over a particular
domestic products (GDP) of almost period of time. Figure 6.1 reports the
US$2.8 trillion in 2017, ASEAN is now trends of ASEAN GDP total values
collectively ranked as the world 5th and per capita from 2000 to 2017.
largest and Asian 3rd largest economy. The ASEAN total GDP value in 2017
This chapter presents an overview reached US$2.77 trillion, almost four
of the ASEAN’s economy through and a half times the value in 2000 (at
updated data on GDP - both total US$615 billion).
values and per capita, GDP growth
The trend in ASEAN GDP per capita
and GDP by main economic sectors in
follows closely the trend for the
AMS and ASEAN as a total.
total GDP. After the fall experienced
Figure 6.1. ASEAN GDP total values and per capita, 2000-2017
3.00 5,000
2.77
2.75 4,500
4,308
2.50
4,000
2.25
3,500
2.00
GDP per capita (US$)
1.75 3,000
US$trillion
1.50 2,500
1.25 2,000
1.00
1,500
0.75 1,195
0.62
1,000
0.50
0.25 500
0.00 0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
GDP (in US$trillion) GDP per capita (in US$)

3,000
2,500
Brunei Darussalam
Lao PDR
2,000
ASEAN Cambodia
Key Figures 2018 27
Myanmar
S$billion
1,500
Viet Nam
1,500
0.75 1,195
0.62
1,000
0.50
0.25 500
0.00 0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
GDP (in US$trillion) GDP per capita (in US$)
Figure 6.2. GDP total values (US$billion), ASEAN Member States, 2000-2017
3,000
2,500
Brunei Darussalam
Lao PDR
2,000
Cambodia
Myanmar
US$billion
1,500
Viet Nam
Philippines
1,000 Malaysia
Singapore
500 Thailand
Indonesia
-
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

70,000
during the 1997-98 Asian Financial Singapore and Brunei Darussalam
57,722
Crisis,60,000
ASEAN GDP per capita strongly were considerably higher than the
increased
50,000
from 2002 to 2008. Another other AMS, reaching US$57,772 and
decline was observed in 2009, likely US$28,986 respectively, in 2017. The
as a 40,000
result of the 2008-2008 Global 2017 GDP per capita of other AMS
US$
Finance Crisis, followed by another stood at US$9,899 for Malaysia, 28,986

30,000
period of growth
23,794 –albeit fluctuating, US$6,736 for Thailand, US$3,872 for
reaching
20,000 US$4,308 in 2017. Indonesia,
Singapore
US$2,992 for Philippines,
US$2,390 for Viet Nam, US$2,531
As Figure 6.2 shows the breakdown
18,469 Brunei Darussalam
10,000 Lao PDR, US$1,421 for Cambodia, and
of ASEAN’s total GDP by AMS
US$1,229 for Myanmar. While GDP
from 2000- to 2017, indicating the
per2009
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 capita increased
2010 2011 2012 2013 significantly in all
2014 2015 2016 2017
diversity in economic size among
AMS during 2000-2017, very rapid
ASEAN membership with Indonesia
increases were mainly recorded in
accounting
12000 for the largest share.
Malaysia
Lao PDR (with an increase of 662.0%),
Thailand
Figure
10000
6.3 highlights
Indonesia
the trends Myanmar (502.3%), Viet Nam
9,899
in GDP per capitaPhilippines by AMS from (492.3%) and Cambodia (394.0%).
2000 to 2017. GDP Lao PDRper capita in
8000
Viet Nam
Cambodia 6,736
US$
6000 Myanmar
3,872
4000
2,992
2,531
28 ASEAN 2000
Key Figures 2018 2,390
1,421
1,229
0
1,500 Malaysia
Viet Nam
US$
Singapore
Philippines
500
1,000 Thailand
Malaysia
Indonesia
Singapore
-
500
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Thailand
Indonesia
Figure- 6.3a. GDP per capita (US$), Brunei Darussalam and Singapore, 2000-2017
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
70,000
60,000 57,722
70,000
50,000
60,000 57,722
40,000
US$
50,000
28,986
30,000
40,000 23,794
US$
20,000 Singapore 28,986

30,000
18,469
23,794 Brunei Darussalam
10,000
20,000 Singapore
- 18,469 Brunei Darussalam
10,000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: - ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.

12000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Malaysia
Figure 6.3b. GDP perThailand
capita (US$), in other ASEAN Member States, 2000-2017
10000
12000 Indonesia 9,899
Malaysia
Philippines
Thailand
Lao PDR
8000
10000 Indonesia
Viet Nam 9,899
Philippines
Cambodia 6,736
US$
Lao PDR
Myanmar
6000
8000
Viet Nam
Cambodia 3,872
6,736
US$
4000
6000 Myanmar 2,992
2,531
3,872
2000
4000 2,390
2,992
1,421
2,531
1,229
0
2000 2,390
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20171,421
1,229
0
100% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
90%
100%
80%
46.6 48.5 50.2 50.9
90%
70%
80%
60%
46.6 48.5 50.2 50.9
70%
50%
60%
40%
50% 39.7 37.6

30% 37.0 36.8
40%
20%
39.7 37.6
30% 37.0
10%
12.8 12.0 11.2
36.8
ASEAN Key
10.6Figures 2018
29
20%-
2005 2010 2015 2017
10%
12.8 Agriculture 12.0 Manufacturing Services
11.2 10.6
GDP Growth GDP by main economic sectors
ASEAN’s real GDP growth rate has been The breakdown of GDP by three
consistently positive during 2000-2017. main economic sectors over time
Following the economic recovery from reflects changes in the economic
the Asian financial crisis in 1998-1999 structure of a country or region. The
with growth rate at 6.0% in 2000, three main sectors are agriculture,
ASEAN GDP then continued to grow manufacturing and services. Agriculture
steadily with the annual average rate at includes farming, fishing, and forestry.
5.3% until 2017. Table 6.1 shows that Manufacturing includes manufacturing,
the real GDP growth of AMS varied, electricity, gas and water supply, and
with the highest annual average growth construction, as well as mining &
rates during the period of 2000-2017 quarrying, Services covers trades,
being recorded in Myanmar (at 10.0%), government activities, communications,
followed by Cambodia (7.7%), Lao PDR transportation, finance, and all other
(7.1%), and Viet Nam (6.5%). The private economic activities that do not
combined annual average growth rate produce material goods.
of GDP in these CLMV countries during
the period was 7.6%, or higher than
the combined rate of ASEAN6 at 5.0%.
Table 6.1. GDP growth rate (%), ASEAN Member States, 2000-2017
Annual
ASEAN Member GDP growth rate (%)
average
States
2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2000-2017
Brunei Darussalam 2.9 0.4 2.6 -0.4 1.3 0.8
Cambodia 8.4 13.6 6.0 7.0 6.8 7.7
Indonesia 5.4 5.7 6.2 4.9 5.1 5.3
Lao PDR 5.8 7.3 8.1 7.3 6.9 7.1
Malaysia 8.9 5.3 7.4 5.0 5.9 5.1
Myanmar 13.7 13.6 9.6 7.0 6.8 10.0
Philippines 4.4 4.8 7.6 6.1 6.7 5.3
Singapore 8.9 7.5 15.2 3.0 3.6 5.3
Thailand 4.5 4.2 7.5 3.0 3.9 4.0
Viet Nam 6.8 7.5 6.4 6.7 6.8 6.5
ASEAN 6.0 5.8 7.5 4.8 5.3 5.3

4000
2,992
2,531
2000 2,390
1,421
1,229
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Figure 6.4. GDP share by main economic sectors (%), ASEAN total, 2005-2017
100%
90%
80%
46.6 48.5 50.2 50.9
70%
60%
50%
40%
39.7 37.6
30% 37.0 36.8
20%
10%
12.8 12.0 11.2 10.6
-
2005 2010 2015 2017

100%
Figure 6.4 shows an increasing share Country comparison in GDP composition
of 90%
the services
37.9
sector during the by sectors reveals interesting patterns,
80%
recent years while39.3the shares
47.2 of both as shown 42.5 in Figure 6.5. Singapore has
52.0 58.1
the agricultural and manufacturing the largest57.5
70% 39.4
share of services sector
38.8 at
sectors continued to decrease. The more than two-thirds

60% 67.1 of the country’s
services
50% sector covered around 50.9% total GDP in 2017, followed by
of 40%
the region’s total
33.1 GDP in 2017, or Thailand
31.5
(58.1%), Philippines (57.5%),
35.1
an 30%
increase from 46.6% in 2005. The38.4 Malaysia (52.0%), and Indonesia
63.2 40.1 35.0
34.0 36.0
manufacturing
20% sector contributed (47.2%). In Brunei Darussalam, 63%
around
10% 36.8% of 20.6ASEAN total GDP
15.3
of the 25.9 economy 24.4 was contributed 14.8
by
12.7
in 0%2017 (down from 39.7% in the manufacturing
8.2 8.5
sector
6.3 reflecting
2005), Darussalam
while the agricultural sector the importance of the oil industry.
constituted only one-tenth of ASEAN
Agriculture The agricultural
Manufacturing Services sector still played an
total GDP in 2017 (down from 12.8% important role in the economy of
in 2005). Myanmar and also Cambodia with the
share of 25.9% and 20.6% of total GDP
in 2017, respectively.

40%
39.7 37.6
30% 37.0 36.8
20%
10%
12.8 12.0 11.2 10.6
-
2005 2010 2015 2017
Figure 6.5. GDP share Agriculture
by main economic sectors (%), ASEAN
Manufacturing Services Member States, 2005-
2017
100%
90%
37.9
80% 42.5
47.2
39.3 52.0 57.5 58.1
70% 39.4 38.8
60% 67.1
50%
40% 31.5
33.1
63.2 40.1 35.1 35.0
30%
38.4 34.0 36.0
20%
25.9 24.4
10% 20.6
12.7 15.3 14.8
8.2 8.5 6.3
0%
Darussalam
Notes: The total GDP shares of three main sectors may not equal to 100%,
as some AMS recorded “balance items for GDP”, such as values of tax
revenues and subsidies separated from the calculations of total values
GDP. These AMS include Viet Nam (with the share of balance items
to GDP at 11.4% of total GDP), Lao PDR (10.2%), Singapore (8.4%),
Cambodia (7.0%), and other AMS below 2%.

7 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND
INVESTMENT
Introduction International merchandise trade

International trade in goods ASEAN total merchandise trade has
(merchandise) and services, and markedly increased from US$790
foreign direct investment (FDI) billion in 2000 to US$2,574 billion
are important components in the in 2017, or an increase of nearly 3.5
region’s economy. During the last times. Exports of goods consistently
decade, these indicators have shown rose during the period, except for a
significant increases, with the values drop in 2009, reaching US$1,322
of total merchandise trade reaching billion in 2017. At the same time, total
almost US$2.6 trillion, trade in services imports of goods reached US$1,252
amounting at US$703.2 billion, and billion but remains consistently lower
FDI US$135.6 billion in 2017. than exports, continuing the positive
trend of trade balance during the
observed period.
Figure 7.1. Value of exports and imports of goods and trade balance (US$billion),
ASEAN total, 2000-2017
1,400 1,322 120
1,252
1,200 100
Value of exports/imports (US$billion)
Value of trade balance (US$billion)
1,000
80
800
60
600
40
400425
365
200 20
- -
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Trade Balance Exports Imports

100%
Others
90%
New Zealand
80%
Russia
70% ASEAN Key Figures 2018
Canada 33
11.2 8.0
60% 9.8 Australia
12.5
10.8
50% India
1,400 1,322 120
1,252
1,200 100
Value of exports/imports (US$billion)
Value of trade balance (US$billion)

Intra-ASEAN
1,000
collectively is the largest were China (14.1% of ASEAN80 total
market 800 for ASEAN total trade. Figure exports value), EU-28 (12.0%), USA
7.2 and 7.3 show that the share of (10.8%), and Japan (8.0%); 60while
600
intra-ASEAN merchandise exports and the other largest markets for ASEAN
40
imports represented 23.5% and 22.3%
400425 imports were China (20.3%), Japan
365
of ASEAN total exports and imports, (9.1%), EU-28 (8.3%), Republic20 of
200
respectively, in 2017. The other largest Korea (7.9%), and USA (7.3%).
markets - for ASEAN exports in 2017 -
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Figure 7.2. Share of merchandise
Trade Balance exportsExports
values byImports
Intra-ASEAN and Dialogue
Partners (%), 2000-2017
100%
Others
90%
New Zealand
80%
Russia
70% Canada
11.2 8.0
60% 9.8 Australia
12.5
10.8
50% India
17.5 12.0 Korea, Republic of
40%
Japan
30% 8.7 14.1
3.7 USA
20%
EU-28
22.6 25.3 25.2 23.5
10% China
0% Intra ASEAN
2000 2005 2010 2017

100%
Others
90%
New Zealand
80%
Canada
70% 7.3
Russia
13.4 7.9
60% Australia
8.3
4.6 India
50% 5.2 9.1
USA
40%
18.6 Korea, Republic of
20.3
30%
5.4 EU-28
20%
Japan
21.4 24.5 25.0 22.3
10% China
0% Intra ASEAN
2000 2005 2010 2017
1,400 US$1,322 billion US$1,252 billion

Lao PDR
1,200 US$1,049 billion
US$952 billion Brunei Darussalam
34 ASEAN1,000
Key Figures 2018 Cambodia
Myanmar
S$billion
800
Philippines
50% India
17.5 12.0 Korea, Republic of
40%
Japan
30% 8.7 14.1
3.7 USA
20%
EU-28
22.6 25.3 25.2 23.5
10% China
0% Intra ASEAN
Figure 7.3. Share
2000 of merchandise
2005 imports values
2010 by Intra-ASEAN
2017 and Dialogue Partners
(%), 2000-2017
100%
Others
90%
New Zealand
80%
Canada
70% 7.3
Russia
13.4 7.9
60% Australia
8.3
4.6 India
50% 5.2 9.1
USA
40%
20.3
30%
5.4 EU-28
20%
Japan
21.4 24.5 25.0 22.3
10% China
0% Intra ASEAN
2000 2005 2010 2017

1,400 US$1,322 billion US$1,252 billion
Country comparisons in ASEAN trade (16.5% and 15.6%), Lao Viet Nam
PDR
market
1,200
indicate that
US$1,049 Singapore
billion was
US$952 billion
(16.2% and 16.8%) andBrunei Indonesia
Darussalam
the largest
1,000 exporter and importer, with (12.8% and 12.5%). The exports
Cambodia and
the shares of 29.0% and 25.4% of the imports shares significantly increased
Myanmar
US$billion
ASEAN 800
total, respectively, in 2017 (see in Viet Nam between Philippines
2000 and
Figure6007.4a and 7.4b). The following 2017, followed by slight increases
Indonesia in
largest exporters and importers were Philippines, Myanmar, Cambodia
Vietnam and
400
Thailand (17.9% and 17.8%), Malaysia Lao PDR. Malaysia
Thailand
200
Singapore
-
Export Import Export Import
2010 2017
100%
4.9% 6.1% 5.2%
8.6% Lao PDR
90%
15.0% 14.2% 12.8%
12.5% Brunei Darussalam
80%
6.9% 8.9% Cambodia
70% 16.2%
16.8% Myanmar
60% 18.9% 17.3%
16.5% Philippines
50% 15.6%
Indonesia
18.4% 19.2%
40% 17.9% Vietnam
17.8%
30% Malaysia
20% Thailand
33.7% 32.9% 29.0% 25.4% Singapore
0%
4.6 India
50% 5.2 Others
90% 9.1
USA
New Zealand
40%
80% 18.6 Korea,
20.3 CanadaRepublic of
30%
70% 7.3 EU-28
5.4 Russia
20% 7.9
60% 13.4 Japan
Australia
21.4 24.5 25.0 8.3
22.3
10% 4.6 China
50% India
5.2 9.1
0% USA Intra ASEAN
Figure
40% 7.4a. Values
2000
18.6
of exports
2005 and imports of goods (US$billion),
2010 2017 ASEAN Member
30% States, 2000 and 2017
5.4 EU-28
20%
US$1,322 Japan
1,400
21.4 24.5 25.0 billion US$1,252
22.3 billion
10% China
Lao PDR
0%
1,200 US$1,049 billion Intra ASEAN
2000 US$952 billion
2005 2010 2017 Brunei Darussalam
1,000 Cambodia
Myanmar
US$billion
800
1,400 US$1,322 billion US$1,252 billion Philippines
Lao PDR
Indonesia
600
1,200 US$1,049 billion
US$952 billion Brunei
VietnamDarussalam
400
1,000 Cambodia
Malaysia
Myanmar
Thailand
US$billion
200
800
Philippines
Singapore
-
600 Indonesia
Vietnam
2010 2017
400 Malaysia
Source:
200
ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database. Thailand
100% Singapore
4.9% 6.1% 5.2%
- 8.6% Lao PDR
90% Export Import Export Import
12.8%
Figure 7.4b. Shares
15.0% of 2010
exports and imports of
14.2% goods (%),
2017 ASEAN
12.5% MemberBrunei
States, 2000
Darussalam
80%
and 2017
6.9% 8.9% Cambodia
70% 16.2%
16.8% Myanmar
100% 18.9% 17.3%
60%
4.9% 6.1% 5.2% Philippines
16.5% 8.6% Lao PDR
90% 15.6%
50% 12.8% Indonesia
15.0% 14.2% Brunei Darussalam
80% 18.4% 19.2% 12.5%
40% 17.9% Vietnam
6.9% 8.9% Cambodia
16.2% 17.8%
70% Malaysia
30% 16.8% Myanmar
60% 18.9% 17.3%
20% Thailand
16.5% Philippines
33.7% 32.9% 29.0% 15.6%
25.4% Singapore
50% Indonesia
10%
18.4% 19.2%
40% 17.9% Vietnam
0%
Export Import Export 17.8%
Import
30% Malaysia
2010 2017
20% Thailand
33.7% 32.9% 29.0% 25.4% Singapore
10%
100% 94.7
0% 88.3
90% 84.4
Export Import Export Import 82.0
78.8
80% 2010 73.4 2017
70%
Source:
60% ASEAN Secretariat,
54.0ASEANstats database.
100% 94.7
50% 47.1
40.3 88.3
90% 84.4
40% 82.0
78.8
80% 73.4
30%
70%
20%
10.2
36 60%
ASEAN
10% Key Figures 2018 54.0
50% 47.1
0% 40.3
40% Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
Darussalam
1,000
Myanmar
US$billion
800
Philippines
600 Indonesia
Vietnam
400 Malaysia
Thailand
Manufacturing sector in ASEAN international merchandise trade
200
Singapore
Manufacturing
- sector has been
Export Import
AMS.
playing
Export
Figure 7.5 shows that the largest
Import
an important role 2010 in the ASEAN share of 2017 manufacturing products
international merchandise trades – to the total exports was recorded in
both for exports and imports, over the Cambodia (94.7% in 2017), followed
100%
last decades.4.9%The rapid expansion
6.1% by Philippines (88.3%), and Viet Nam
of
5.2%
8.6% Lao PDR
international
90%
trade
15.0%
in manufacturing
14.2%
(84.4%). While in Singapore, Thailand
12.8%
Brunei Darussalam
products
80% has brought about several and Malaysia around
12.5%
80% of their total
6.9% 8.9% Cambodia
AMS
70% emerging as major exporters. But exports came from the manufacturing
16.2%
16.8% Myanmar
at60%the same18.9%
time, AMS also 17.3%open upsector in 2017, the share was around
their domestic economies for imports 50% and below in otherPhilippines
16.5% AMS. At
50% 15.6%
of manufacturing
18.4%
products from otherthe same time, Figure Indonesia7.6 shows
19.2%
countries.
40%
that the largest
17.9%
17.8%
manufacturing
Vietnam share
30% in imports of goods in Malaysia 2017 was

The share of manufacturing products
recorded in Viet Nam (85.2%)
Thailand and
to20%the total33.7%
international merchandise
32.9%
Cambodia
29.0% (81.4%),
25.4% followed
Singapore by
trade
10% was relatively significant in most
Thailand (79.3%).
0%
Figure 7.5. Share 2010
of manufacturing products to total
2017 exports (%), ASEAN Member
States, 2000-2017
100% 94.7
88.3
90% 84.4
82.0
78.8
80% 73.4
70%
60% 54.0
50% 47.1
40.3
40%
30%
20%
10.2
10%
0%
Darussalam
2000 2005 2010 2017

100%
90% 85.2
81.4 79.3
80% 77.8
73.7 71.3 73.8 72.3
70.6
70% 65.4
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
40.3
40%
30%
20%
10.2
10%
0%
FigureDarussalam
7.6. Share of manufacturing
2000 products
2005 2010to 2017
total imports (%), ASEAN Member
States, 2000-2017
100%
90% 85.2
81.4 79.3
80% 77.8
73.7 71.3 73.8 72.3
70.6
70% 65.4
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Darussalam
2000 2005 2010 2017

40%
Agricultural sector in ASEAN international merchandise trade
35%
Agricultural products contributed goods32.2were around 10% or less in
28.9
significant
30%
share to both total exports Malaysia (10.0%), Philippines (8.8%),
and25%imports of goods in some
21.8
AMS. Cambodia (5.2%), Singapore (2.8%)
Figure
20%
7.7 shows that AMS with the and Brunei Darussalam (0.2%).
largest share of agricultural products
Figure 7.8 reports that the 14.0
agricultural
to their
15%
total exports in goods included 12.1
products share
10.0 to the total imports
Myanmar
10% (32.2% in 2017), followed 8.8
in goods was relatively significant in
by Lao PDR (28.9%) 5.2 and Indonesia
5% Brunei Darussalam 2.8(15.1% in 2017),
(21.8%). While the share in these
0.2
followed by Myanmar (14.8%),
three AMS, and to a lesser extent in
0%
Lao PDR (13.3%), Philippines (12.1%)
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Philippines increased during 2010-

and Indonesia (11.2%). The share in
2017, the share however tended to
other remaining AMS was well below
decline in Malaysia 2000 and Viet Nam
2005 2010
10%, 2015 2017
with Singapore’s share at only
during the same period. In addition,
3.7% in 2017.
the agricultural share to exports in
25%
20%
15.1 14.8
15% 13.3
12.1
11.2
10%
7.8 7.8 8.0
6.4
38 ASEAN5%
Key Figures 2018 3.7
0%
i
s
80% 73.7 73.8
71.3 70.6 72.3
40%
70% 65.4
30%
60%
20%
50%
10%
40%
0%
30%
Figure 7.7. Share of agricultural2000
20% Darussalam products
2005 to2010
total2017
exports (%), ASEAN Member States,
10% 2000-2017
0%
40% Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
Darussalam
2000 2005 2010 2017
35%
32.2
30% 28.9
40%
25%
35% 21.8
32.2
20%
30% 28.9
15% 14.0
12.1
25% 10.0
21.8 8.8
10%
20% 5.2
5% 2.8
15% 14.0
0.2 12.1
0% 10.0
8.8
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
10%
5.2
5% 2.8
0.2
0% 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
25%
Figure 7.8. Share of agricultural
2000 products2010
2005 to total imports
2015 (%), ASEAN Member States,
2017
2000-2017
20%
25% 15.1 14.8

15% 13.3
12.1
11.2
20%
10%
7.8 7.8 8.0
15.1 14.8 6.4
15% 13.3
5% 12.1 3.7
11.2
10%
7.8 7.8 8.0
0%
6.4
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
5% 3.7
0% 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017

Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
400 25.0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 360.5
20.0
350 342.7
15.0
Trade in Services (US$billion)
300
400 25.0
10.0
Trade Balance (US$
360.5
250 20.0
5.0
350 342.7
15.0
0.0
39
otal (US$billion)
200
10.0
-5.0
Trade
140.8
billion)
150
250 5.0
-10.0
Balanc
ices
113.4
0%
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
2000 2005 2010 2015 2017
International
25% trade in services
Total ASEAN exports of services The share of intra-ASEAN in ASEAN’s
increased
20%
from US$113.4 billion in trade in services remains relatively
2005 to US$360.5
15.1 billion in 2017(See constant
14.8
at around 17%. Figure 7.10
Figure
15%
7.8). At the same time, total
13.3 shows that during
12.1
the period of 2005
ASEAN imports of services11.2increased to 2017, the share of intra-ASEAN
from10%US$140.8 billion
7.8 in 2005 to exports has declined from 21.1%8.0 to
7.8
US$342.7 billion in 2017. Hence, 17.0%, while there was 6.4 almost no
after5%experiencing a continuous trade change in the share3.7 of intra-ASEAN
deficit, ASEAN has recorded positive imports which is around 16.0%.
0%
balance on trade in services beginning
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
2016 to reach US$17.9 billion in 2017.
Figure 7.9. Values of exports
2000 and
2005imports of services
2010 2015 and2017
trade balance (US$billion),
ASEAN total, 2005-2017
400 25.0
360.5
20.0
350 342.7
15.0
Total Trade in Services (US$billion)
300
10.0
Trade Balance (US$ billion)

250 5.0
0.0
200
-5.0
140.8
150 -10.0
113.4 -15.0
100
-20.0
50
-25.0
0 -30.0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

400
ASEAN Exports of Services (US$billion)
350
300
250
Extra-ASEAN Exports
200
150
100
50
Intra-ASEAN Exports
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

400
(US$billion)
350
300
140.8
illion)
Total Tra
150 -10.0
113.4 -15.0
100
-20.0
50
-25.0
0 -30.0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Figure 7.10. Values of intra and extra-ASEAN exports and imports of services (US$billion),
2005-2017
400
ASEAN Exports of Services (US$billion)
350
300
250
Extra-ASEAN Exports
200
150
100
50
Intra-ASEAN Exports
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
400
ASEAN Imports of Services (US$billion)
350
300
250
200 Extra-ASEAN Imports
150
100
50
Intra-ASEAN Imports
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

400,000
Singapore
350,000 constituted the largest
2005 Exports 2010 Exports and 2017
Philippines
Exports (8.8%) (Figure 7.11).
share of
300,000
total trade in
2005 services
Imports in the
2010 Imports However,
2017 among
Imports these top four AMS,
region at 47.7% in 2017, followed by only Philippines and Thailand had a
(US$million)
250,000
Thailand (17.3%), Malaysia (11.3%) positive trade balance in 2017.
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
Darussalam
Philippines
Cambodia
Singapore
Indonesia
Myanmar
Viet Nam
Malaysia
Thailand
Lao PDR
Brunei
2017 36.2 22.1 18.5
2016 34.7 23.2 18.5 Travel
2015 33.6 23.2 20.5 Other business services

2014 33.6 23.2 22.3 Transport
Financial services
2013 35.1 22.4 21.5
150
250
Servic
of Expor
100 Extra-ASEAN Imports
200
50
ASEAN
150 Intra-ASEAN Exports
ASEAN Imports
0
1002005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
50
Intra-ASEAN Imports
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Figure
4007.11. Values of
ASEAN Imports of Services (US$billion)
exports and imports of services (US$million), ASEAN Member
350 States, 2005, 2010 and 2017
300
400,000
250
2005 Exports 2010 Exports 2017 Exports Extra-ASEAN Imports
200
350,000
150 2005 Imports 2010 Imports 2017 Imports
300,000
100
(US$million)
250,000
50
Intra-ASEAN Imports
0
200,000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
150,000
100,000
400,000
50,000
2005 Exports 2010 Exports 2017 Exports
350,000
0
2005 Imports 2010 Imports 2017 Imports
Darussalam
Philippines
Cambodia
Singapore
Indonesia
Myanmar
Viet Nam
Malaysia
Thailand
Lao PDR
Brunei
300,000
(US$million)
250,000
Source:
200,000ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.
150,000
The
2017 data also 36.2
shows that 22.1
travel has18.5 came from other business services
100,000
contributed
2016 36.2% of total
34.7 23.2 ASEAN 18.5 (22.1% for exports
Travel
and 24.7% for
exports
50,000and 21.1% of total ASEAN imports) and transport (18.5% for
imports 0 in 2017 (Figure 7.12 and exports and 29.7% for imports).
Darussalam
Philippines
Cambodia
Singapore
Indonesia
Myanmar
Viet Nam
Malaysia
Thailand
Lao PDR
Brunei
7.13).
2014 The next
33.6 biggest contribution
23.2 22.3 Transport
Financial services
2013 35.1 22.4 21.5
Figure 7.12. Share of exports of services by broad headings (%), ASEAN total, 2000-2017
Telecommunications, computer,
2012 34.3 22.3 22.7 and information services
Others
2017 36.2 22.1 18.5
2011 33.2 21.2 24.2
2016 34.7 23.2 18.5 Travel

2010 31.8 21.7 26.4
2015 0% 33.6
20% 40%23.2 60% 20.5 80% 100% Other business services
2014 33.6 23.2 22.3 Transport
29.7 24.7 21.1 Financial services

2017
2013 35.1 22.4 21.5
Transport
2016
2012 28.9
34.3 25.8
22.3 21.1
22.7 and information services
Other business services
Others
2015
2011 30.0
33.2 25.4
21.2 20.3
24.2
Travel
2014
2010 31.2
31.8 24.1
21.7 20.2
26.4
Charges for the use of
31.1 intellectual property n.i.e
2013
0% 20% 40% 24.2 60% 19.8 80% 100%
Telecommunications,
computer, and information
Source:
2012 ASEAN
32.5Secretariat, ASEANstats
22.6 database.
20.2 services
Others
2011
2017 34.5
29.7 22.1
24.7 19.7
21.1
Transport
2010
2016 34.7
28.9 21.1
25.8 20.6
21.1
Other business services
42 2015Key Figures30.0
ASEAN 2018
0% 20% 40%
25.4 60% 20.3 80% 100%
Travel
2014 31.2 24.1 20.2
160 Charges for the use of
intellectual property n.i.e
Brunei
Philippine
Myanma
Cambodi
Singapor
Indonesi
Malaysi
Lao PD
Thailan
Darussala
Viet Na
Others
2011 33.2 21.2 24.2
2010 31.8 21.7 26.4

2017 36.2 22.1 18.5
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Figure
2016 7.13. 34.7
Share of imports23.2
of services by
18.5broad headings (%), ASEAN
Travel
total, 2000-2017
2017 29.7 24.7 21.1
Transport
2014 33.6 23.2 22.3 Transport
2016 28.9 25.8 21.1
Otherservices
Financial business services
2013 35.1 22.4 21.5
2015 30.0 25.4 20.3
Telecommunications,
Travel computer,
2014 31.2 24.1 20.2
Others
Charges for the use of
2011 33.2 21.2 24.2 intellectual property n.i.e
2013 31.1 24.2 19.8
Telecommunications,
2010 31.8 21.7 26.4 computer, and information
2012 32.5 22.6 20.2 services
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Others
2011 34.5 22.1 19.7
2010 34.7 21.1 20.6

2017 29.7 24.7 21.1
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Transport
2016 28.9 25.8 21.1
Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database. Other business services
160
2015 30.0 25.4 20.3
Foreign direct investments Travel
US$135.6 billions
140
2014 31.2 24.1 20.2
Inward
120
flows ofIntra-ASEAN
FDI to theExtra-ASEAN
region Global Total
Financial Crisis
Charges(Figure
for the use of7.14).
intellectual property billions
n.i.e
from
2013 31.1
both intra-ASEAN and extra-19.8 The region recorded US$108.6
24.2
the highest
100 Telecommunications,
ASEAN
2012 have32.5 increased 22.6between20.2 amount of FDI inflows computer, in 2017, at
and information
(US$billion)
services
2000 80and 2017, except for a drop of
2011 34.5 22.1 19.7
US$27.0 billion from intra-ASEAN
Others and
almost60 50% in 2008-2009 due to the US$108.6 billion from extra-ASEAN.
2010 34.7 21.1 20.6
Figure
40 7.14. Inward flows of foreign direct investment, intra and extra-ASEAN
US$27.0 billions
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
20 (US$billion), 2000-2017
0
160 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
140 US$135.6 billions
120 Intra-ASEAN Extra-ASEAN Total

US$108.6 billions
100
(US$billion)
80
60
40
US$27.0 billions
20
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Figure 7.15. Share of ASEAN top 5 foreign direct investment sources (%), 2000, 2010
and 2017
2000 2010 2017
Hong Kong,
ASEAN Japan China Hong Kong,
5.6% 4.4% 4.2% China
ROK 5.7%
4.0%
Others Others
Others
11.9% 36.7% China 37.8%
Japan 8.4%
USA
31.7% 12.0% Japan
9.9%
USA EU
EU 12.6% 19.5% ASEAN
EU
42.2% ASEAN 18.3% 19.9%
15.1%

In 2017, more than201219.9% of total Wholesale and retail 2017 trade sector was
ASEANElectricity,
FDIgas,inflows
Agriculture,
originates from the Electricity, largest gas,
recipient
Agriculture, of FDI inflows in
steam and air Mining and forestry, and
within conditioning
the region, forestry,an
fishing
and increase of almost
quarrying the steam region
and air with
conditioning
fishing a share of 28.6% in
Mining and
quarrying
supply 5.5% 3.1%
400% compared 0.2% 2000 to the 2000’s level at 20102017, decreased from 30.0%
1.5%
Others
supply
4.9%
2.1%
2017 in 2012,
Others
5.6% (Figure
Real estate 7.15).ChinaDuring the same as
ASEAN Japan
Hong Kong, 14.2% Real indicated
estate
activities
in Figure
Hong
7.16.
Kong,
Other
17.8% key FDI
activities 5.6% 4.4%
period,9.9% EU remains as 4.2%
the largest ROK extra- recipient
9.0% sectorsChina were manufacturing,
5.7%
4.0% Wholesale Financial and
ASEAN source of FDI inflows, although
Others and retail with
Others
Insurance
36.7%
a share of 22.9% in 2017, financial
OthersWholesale
11.9% China
its shareUSAhas decreased from 42.2% in and
trade; repair activities
Japanof motor 11.7%
insurance activities 8.4% (11.7% in 2017
37.8% and retail
trade; repair
2000 to 18.3% in 2017. down from 38.7% in 2012), of and
motor real
31.7% 12.0%
vehicles and Japan
Financial and
Insurance motor cycles 9.9%
vehicles and
activities
38.7% EU
USA30.0%
12.6% estate EU
19.5%
activities (9.0% EU
in 2017,
ASEAN
motor slightly
cycles
28.6%
15.1% down from 9.9% in 2012).
42.2% ASEAN 18.3% 19.9%
Manufacturing
Figure 7.16. Share of inward flows of foreign direct investment by activities (%), 2012
22.9%
and 2017
2012 2017
Electricity, gas, Agriculture,
steam and air Agriculture, Electricity, gas, forestry, and
Mining and Mining and
conditioning forestry, and steam and air fishing
quarrying quarrying
supply fishing conditioning 3.1%
5.5% 2.1%
0.2% 1.5% supply
Others 4.9% Others
Real estate 14.2% Real estate
17.8%
activities activities
9.9% 9.0%
Wholesale Financial and
and retail Insurance Wholesale
trade; repair activities and retail
of motor 11.7% trade; repair
Financial and vehicles and of motor
Insurance motor cycles vehicles and
activities 30.0% motor cycles
38.7% 28.6%
Manufacturing
22.9%

8 TRANSPORT, TOURISM AND
COMMUNICATION
Introduction Road length and total vehicles

Indicators related to transport, tourism Total road length is defined as the
and communication provides insights total kilometer length of all roads in
into the state and developments the country in a given year, including
relating to connectivity in the region. all existing road types, but excluding
Peoples and places are connected by the dedicated cycle paths. Figure 8.1
physical transportation infrastructure, shows a significant increase in the
through travels, and increasingly total road length in all AMS, reaching
through digital means. This chapter almost 1.8 million kilometers in 2017,
shows the progress made in the or an increase of 48.1% from the total
development of land and air transport, length in 2006. Indonesia, Viet Nam,
tourism industry, and internet use in Thailand, Malaysia, and Myanmar
most AMS during the last decade. are found to have the longest road
Figure 8.1. Road length (kilometres), ASEAN Member States, 2006-2017

539,415
600,000
500,000
393,794
370,664
400,000
284,729
269,900
kilometers
237,022
225,743
300,000
164,377
200,000
104,100
90,131
61,508
59,870
37,150
32,868
30,258
29,209
100,000
3,500
3,260
3,053
2,711
-
Brunei
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Thailand
Indonesia
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Cambodia
Singapore
Philippines
Darussalam
2006 2010 2014 2017

130,562
140,000
120,000
100,000
thousand
80,000
connectivity with 539,415, 370,664, Figure 8.2 indicates the rapid increase
284,729, 237,022 and 164,377 in the number of registered vehicles
kilometers, respectively, in 2017; across AMS, reaching over 220
whereas other AMS had less than million units in 2017, an increase of
60,000 kilometer. It is worth noting 167.8% compared to 2005, or 8.6%
that road length is not just a function per year on average. The increase was
of economic development but also of especially high in Myanmar (17.5%
539,415
land600,000
area of a country. per year), Cambodia (14.3% per
year), Lao PDR (12.2% per year), and
The average increment of road
500,000 Indonesia (10.9% per year) during the
length in all AMS during the period
393,794
370,664
period of 2005-2017.
of 400,000
2006-2017 reached 63,417
284,729
kilometers per annum. Indonesia and Given its large population size,
269,900
kilometers
237,022
225,743
Malaysia
300,000 recorded the highest average Indonesia had a much higher number
increments of road length at well over of registered vehicles than other AMS,
164,377
200,000
16,000 kilometers annually during the at over 130 million units, or almost
104,100
90,131
period, followed by Viet Nam with 60% of the ASEAN total registered

61,508
59,870
37,150
32,868
30,258
29,209
100,000
an average increment above 11,000 vehicles in 2017. However, using a
3,500
3,260
3,053
2,711
kilometers- annually. more comparable measure of a ratio

of total vehicles per 1000 population,
Brunei
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Thailand
Indonesia
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Cambodia
Singapore
Philippines
Darussalam
Figure 8.2. Total number of

2006registered
2010 road 2014
motor vehicles
2017 (000), ASEAN Member
States, 2005-2017
130,562
140,000
120,000
100,000
in thousand
80,000
60,000
37,593
37,059
28,738
40,000
21,729
14,767
10,411
6,801
20,000
5,060
2,902
1,978
979
962
755
602
499
442
409
171
89
-
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
2005 2010 2014 2017 (2016 for Myanmar)

1,200.0
1,000.0 970.8
896.7
r 1,000 population
800.0
600.0 567.0 547.8
475.9 498.5
400.0
37,
37,
28,73
40,000
21,729
14,767
10,411
6,801
20,000
5,060
2,902
1,978
979
962
755
602
499
442
409
171
89
-
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Figure 8.3. Number of registered
2005 2010
road2014
motor vehicles per 1000 population, ASEAN
2017 (2016 for Myanmar)
Member States, 2005-2017
1,200.0
1,000.0 970.8
896.7
per 1,000 population
800.0
600.0 567.0 547.8

475.9 498.5
400.0 333.8
292.9
200.0 171.0 177.0 171.4
88.8 127.4 99.2
59.3
6.5 28.1 20.1 7.3 31.0
-
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Brunei
2005 2010 2014 2017
78,263
90,000
Figure80,0008.3 shows that Brunei Figure 8.4 reports that the total
Darussalam, Malaysia and Thailand number of international air passengers
61,574
70,000
recorded the highest ratios at 971, in all 10 AMS has grown rapidly from
49,783
60,000
897 50,000
and 548 respectively in 2017. 92.4 million in 2004 to 288.8 million
in thousand
Indonesia
40,000 came fourth at 499, then in 2017, or a more than tripling the
31,556
30,720
28,077
25,330
26,812
followed
30,000 by Lao PDR (293), Singapore 2004 number. Countries with the
16,583
(171),20,000
and Myanmar (127). Cambodia, largest numbers of international air
9,757
7,666
6,428
4,378
the Philippines and Viet Nam had passengers in 2017 were Thailand

3,364
1,774
1,769
1,620
1,261
10,000
733
255
ratios below
- 100 units of vehicles per (78.3 million), Singapore (61.6
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
1000 population in 2017. million), Malaysia (49.8 million), and

Indonesia (31.6 million). Meanwhile,
International air passengers
2005 2010
the2015number 2017of international air
passengers in Cambodia, Myanmar,
Trends in number of international air
35,381
40,000 Brunei Darussalam and Lao PDR were

passengers is a key indicator for the
35,000 still below 8 million.
tourism sector, although arguably not
25,948
all international
30,000
air passengers are In terms of growth, with an annual rate
tourists,
25,000and not all tourists travel by
of 20.5% during the period of 2005
in thousand
17,425
air. International air passengers can and 2017, Indonesia has the fastest
14,040
20,000
12,922
indicate the extent to which a country is growing number of international air

10,272
15,000
9,509
7,691
an attractive international destination. passengers. Significant growth was

6,621
5,602
5,064
10,000
3,443
3,870
2,150
1,992
5,000
984
737
466
271
259
-
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
2000 2005 2010 2017 ASEAN Key Figures 2018 47

400.0 2005 2010 2014 2017 (2016 for Myanmar) 333.8
per
292.9
200.0 171.0 177.0 171.4
88.8 127.4 99.2
59.3
1,200.0 6.5 28.1 20.1 7.3 31.0
-
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Brunei
1,000.0 970.8
896.7
per 1,000 population
800.0
Figure 8.4. Number of international air passengers (000) by ASEAN Member States,
2005 2010 2014 2017
600.0 2005-2017 567.0 547.8
475.9 498.5
78,263
400.0
90,000 333.8
292.9
80,000 171.0 177.0 171.4
200.0
61,574
88.8 127.4 99.2
70,000 59.3
6.5 28.1 20.1 7.3 31.0
49,783
-
60,000
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
25,330Viet Nam
Brunei
in thousand
50,000
31,556
30,720
28,077
40,000
26,812
2005 2010 2014 2017
16,583
30,000
9,757
20,000
7,666
6,428
4,378
3,364
1,774
1,769
1,620
1,261
10,000
78,263
733
255
90,000
-
80,000
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
61,574
70,000
49,783
60,000
2005 2010 2015 2017
in thousand
50,000
31,556
Source:
40,000ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.
30,720
28,077
25,330
26,812
35,381
40,000
16,583
30,000
also 35,000
recorded in Lao PDR, Myanmar Visitor arrivals
9,757
20,000
7,666
and Cambodia with annual rates of
6,428
4,378
25,948
Total number of visitor arrivals to

3,364
1,774
1,769
1,620
1,261
30,000
10,000
733
growth 16.7%, 16.1% and 13.0%,

255
-
25,000 ASEAN has markedly increased
respectively, over the same period.
in thousand
17,425
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
during from 2000 to 2017, reaching
14,040
20,000
12,922
10,272
15,000
9,509
2005 2010 2015 2017

7,691
Figure 8.5. Number of visitor arrival (000) by ASEAN Member States, 2000- 2017
6,621
5,602
5,064
10,000
3,443
3,870
2,150
1,992
35,381
5,000
984
737
466
40,000
271
259
-
35,000
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
25,948
30,000
25,000 2000 2005 2010 2017

in thousand
17,425
14,040
20,000
12,922
10,272
15,000
9,509
140,000
7,691
6,621
5,602
5,064
10,000
3,443
3,870
2,150
1,992
120,000
5,000
984
737
466
271
259
-
100,000 49,081
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
80,000
in thousand
2000 2005 2010 2017

60,000
35,043
40,000
140,000 23,254 76,430
15,916
20,000
120,000 38,710
23,221 28,033
48 Key- Figures
ASEAN100,000 20182002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 49,081
2000 2001 2017
Extra-ASEAN visitors Intra-ASEAN visitors
80,000
usand
10,000
5,60
6,6
7,
5,06
3,443
3,870
2,150
1,992
5,000
984
737
466
271
259
-
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
2000 2005 2010 2017
Figure 8.6. Intra and extra-ASEAN visitor arrival (000), 2000-2017
140,000
120,000
100,000 49,081
80,000
in thousand
60,000
35,043
40,000 23,254 76,430

15,916
20,000 38,710
23,221 28,033
-
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Extra-ASEAN visitors Intra-ASEAN visitors
Source:
100.0
ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.
125.5
90.0 million in 2017, an increase million intra-ASEAN visitor arrivals
of 220.7%
80.0 compared to 2000, or on recorded in 2000.
average
70.0
7.1% per year (see Figure 8.5). Brunei Darussalam
Myanmar, Cambodia and Viet Nam Internet subscribers Cambodia
per 100 persons
have60.0the highest growth rate in the Indonesia

All AMS have been experiencing very
region
50.0 with annual growth 16.1%, Lao PDR
rapid growth in the use of Malaysia
the internet
15.7%
40.0 and 11.1% respectively.
for the last recent years.Myanmar
Figure 8.7
ASEAN30.0 Member States receiving the shows that the total number Philippines of
highest
20.0 number of visitors in 2017 internet subscribers in all AMS reached
Singapore
were10.0
Thailand (35.4 million), Malaysia 48.5 per 100 populationThailand in 2017,
(25.9 - million), Singapore (17.4 as compared to only 2.5Vietnam in 2000.
ASEAN
million), Indonesia (14.0 million), and Brunei Darussalam, Singapore and
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Viet Nam (12.9 million). Lao PDR and Malaysia recorded the highest number
Myanmar received under 4 million of internet users, at 90, 84, and
visitors each. 80 subscribers per 100 population,
respectively, in 2017. Although the
Moreover, Figure 8.6 indicates that
internet subscribers in other remaining
visitor arrivals from intra-ASEAN
AMS were relatively lower, however
made up 49.1 million or 39.1% of the
significant growth has been observed
ASEAN total in 2017. This 2017 figure
since 2000.
was a significant increase of from 15.9

60,000
35,043
in
40,000 23,254 76,430
15,916
20,000 38,710
23,221 28,033
-
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Figure 8.7. Number of internet users
Extra-ASEAN per 100 Intra-ASEAN
visitors persons,visitors
ASEAN Member States, 2000-
2017
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0 Brunei Darussalam

Cambodia
per 100 persons
60.0
Indonesia
50.0 Lao PDR
40.0 Malaysia
Myanmar
30.0
Philippines
20.0 Singapore
Thailand
10.0
Vietnam
- ASEAN
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017

REFERENCES
ASEAN Secretariat (2017) Celebrating ASEAN: 50 Years of Evolution and

Progress, Jakarta: the ASEAN Secretariat.
International Labour Office – ILO (2016) Key Indicators of the Labour Market,
9th Edition, Geneva: International Labour Office.
United Nations Development Program – UNDP (2018) Human Development

Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Updates, New York: UNDP.
World Health Organization – WHO (2018) World Health Statistics 2018:

Monitoring Health for the SDGs, Geneva: WHO.

www.asean.org
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ASEAN KEY FIGURES

The ASEAN Secretariat

For inquiries, contact:

ASEAN Key Figures 2018

ASEAN: A Community of Opportunities for All

General information on ASEAN appears online at the ASEAN Website: www.asean.org

Copyright Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 2018.

DATO LIM JOCK HOI

ASEAN Key Figures 2018 iii

Figure 1.1. Population size and growth rate, ASEAN total,

ASEAN Key Figures 2018 v

Figure 3.1. Coverage of immunisation against measles among

Figure 5.1. Labour force participation rate (%), ASEAN Member

vi ASEAN Key Figures 2018

Figure 7.1. Value of exports and imports of goods and trade

ASEAN Key Figures 2018 vii

Figure 8.1. Road length (kilometres), ASEAN Member States,

viii ASEAN Key Figures 2018

ASEAN Key Figures 2018 ix

Introduction leads to increases in the shares of

Population size (million persons) Population growth rate (%, annual)

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.

80% ASEAN Key Figures 2018 1

Figure 1.2. Population age structure (% to total), ASEAN total, 2000-2017

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.

0-4 5-19 20-54 55-64 > 65

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.

2001 2005 2010 2015

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.

less than 2 in 2015. Decline in TFRs

The 3declining fertility

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database, “Celebrating ASEAN: 50 Years of

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database, “Celebrating ASEAN: 50 Years of

6 ASEAN Key Figures 2018

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.

ASEAN Key Figures 2018 7

Introduction and write with understanding a short

2000 2010 2016*

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.

2000 2010 2016*

2000 2010 2016*

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.

rates during 2006 and 2016.

2006 2010 2016

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.

50% 44.3 45.4 ASEAN Key Figures 2018 11

50% 44.3 45.4

2006 2010 2016

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.

12 ASEAN Key Figures 2018

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.

ASEAN Key Figures 2018 13

2000 2005 2010 2016

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.

70% ASEAN Key Figures 2018 15

2000 2005 2010 2016

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.

57.1% to 72.8% in Indonesia, and

ASEAN Key Figures 2018

2005 2010 2017

99.0 100.0 96.5 100.0 100.0 98.4 97.8 98.0

98.0 96.0 100.0 100.0 98.1

3.0 3.2 3.1