Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
net/publication/276135058
CITATIONS READS
3 137
1 author:
Krzysztof Rokosz
Koszalin University of Technology
110 PUBLICATIONS 1,173 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Development of models of new porous coatings obtained on biomaterials by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Krzysztof Rokosz on 20 November 2015.
Preliminary notes
The paper deals with study of stress and strain after cones plastic deformation by ANSYS software. There are shown the new results of FEM analysis,
what is the base for the further experimental studies.
Keywords: ANSYS analysis; carbon steel C45; cones shape; plastic deformation
Prethodno priopćenje
Rad se bavi proučavanjem naprezanja i deformacija nakon plastične deformacije konusa pomoću ANSYS softvera. Prikazani su novi rezultati FEM
analize, što je osnova za daljnje eksperimentalne studije.
Ključne riječi: ANSYS analiza; konični oblik; plastična deformacija; ugljični čelik C45
1 Introduction
2l0
ε rz = ln = ln 2 = 0 ,69,
l0
l0
− l0
ε= 2 = −0 ,5, ,
l0
l0
1
ε rz = ln 2 = ln = ln 1 − ln 2 = −ln 2 = −0 ,69. Figure 2 Schemes of stress determination in the point of coordination
l0 2 system: a) x1, x2, x3; b) x, y, z [13]
Evaluation/estimation of the deformation state in any They may be presented in the form of matrix, called
point of the body relies on determination of the length the stress tensor:
change between the point and any other neighbouring
point and the change of angle between two directions σ xx τ xy τ xz σ 11 σ 12 σ 13
coming out of the same point, occurring as the result of
deformation. Relative deformations in the directions x1 Tij = τ yx σ yy τ yz , σ ij = σ 21 σ 22 σ 23 ,
and x2 are described by the equations: τ zx τ zy σ zz σ 31 σ 32 σ 33
∂u1 ∂u where: σij for i = j (e.g. σxx, σ22) – normal stresses, σij for i
(u1 + dx1 ) − u1 (u 2 + 2 dx1 ) − u 2
∂x1 ∂u1 ∂x1 ∂u ≠ j (e.g. σxz, σ31) – tangent stresses.
= , = 2.
dx1 ∂x1 dx1 ∂x1 Conditions of equilibrium of a body require the
summary rotary moment against each of the three
Under introducing the third axis x3 there will be the coordination axes to be zero. From this, the rule of pairs
third relative deformation ∂u3/∂x1. Additionally, there are of tangent stresses results: the symmetric components
two angular deformations ∂u1/∂x2 and ∂u1/∂x3, ∂u2/∂x2 and against the general diagonal of tensor must possess
simultaneously identical in pairs absolute values with
∂u2/∂x3 as well as ∂u3/∂x2 and ∂u3/∂x3 against each of the
their turns directed to the common edge or from it (τ21 =
three axes. These deformations form a tensor of relative
τ12, τ31 = τ13, τ32 = τ23). Inequality τij = τji means arising of a
deformations [14, 15, 16]:
rotary moment against the axis x3 (Fig. 3).
∂u1 ∂u1 ∂u1
∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3 e11 e12 e13
∂u ∂u 2 ∂u 2 ∂u 2
= or eij = e21 e22 e23 .
∂x ∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3
e31 e32 e33
∂u3 ∂u3 ∂u3
∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3
coordination system determined by straight/lines of ANSYS meshed sample of cone is shown in Fig. 4 and
intersections of these planes are the general directions and the parameters and properties of ANSYS model of the
the stresses acting in the direction of these axes are called studied C45 steel are demonstrated in Tab. 1.
the general stresses (σ11, σ22, σ33). They are denoted
usually in a simpler manner: σ11 → σ1, σ22 → σ2, σ33 → σ3.
In the mechanical studies the general directions are
known, e.g. under axial tension, pressing ball into the
material surface during the hardness measurement; they
may be assumed as the coordination axes. Taking into
account the general coordinates, the tensor of stresses is
simplified and takes the form:
σ 1 0 0
σ = 0 σ 2 0 ,
0 0 σ 3
with σ1> σ2> σ3. Figure 4 Meshed sample of cone deformation in ANSYS [13]
The highest tangent stresses occur in the planes
Table 1 Parameters and properties of the studied C45 steel for Cooper-
situated at the angle 45° to the general directions and their Symonds material model [13]
value is equal to the half of difference of the respective Steel
main stresses: Parameters and properties of the steel
C45
Density ρ / kg/m3 7865
σ2 −σ3 σ −σ3 σ −σ2 Young’s modulus E / GPa 200
τ1 = , τ2 = 1 , τ3 = 1 . Poisson’s ratio ν / – 0.29
2 2 2
Strengthening parameter β / – 1
Yield stress σ0 / MPa 342
If the main stresses σ1, σ2 or σ3 are equal: σ1 = σ2 = σ3,
Material parameter depending the plastic strain
so the tangent stresses τ1 = τ2 = τ3 = 0. 241
hardening Etan / MPa
The stresses in any occurring cross-section, coming Material parameter defining the effect of intensity of
through the marked point of a body, may be determined 5
plastic strain rate C / 1/s
by the main stresses and the directional cosinuses of the Material constatnt defining the material's sensitivity
10
cross-section, i.e. the cosinuses of angles existing between to plastic strain rate P / –
a normal n to the cross-section plane and the respective Failure strain / – 0,75
coordinate axes:
The ANSYS simulations were performed based on
cos ∠(n, x) = f x , cos ∠(n, y ) = f y , cos ∠(n, z ) = f z , the five-level rotatable plan of experiment that is shown
in Tab. 2.
with ∠ meaning angle, then the normal and tangent Table 2 Five-level rotatable plan of experiment based on [12]
stresses are determined by the dependences:
( )
τ = f x2σ 1 + f y2σ 2 + f z2σ 3 − f x2σ 1 + f y2σ 2 + f z2σ 3 2 .
2
3 Results and discussion the studied sample were σzmax = 0.482 GPa and the
minimum substitute stresses σzmin = 0,098 GPa. The first
The shapes and deformations of cones as well as degree stresses for 30 % strain equal σ1 = 1,29 GPa,
stress and strain are shown in Figs. 5, 6, 7, and 8. whereas the second degree stresses are equal to σ2 = 1,23
Maximum intensity of stresses for 10 % strain of cone of GPa, and the third degree stresses equal σ3 = 0,833 GPa.
the top angle 60° equals σmax = 0,604 GPa, whereas the For the crush attempt the intensity of deformations equals
minimum stress σmin = 0,023 GPa. The substitute stresses ε = 1,128, and the substitute deformations equal εz =1,002.
were as follows: σzmax = 0,573 GPa and σzmin = 0,02 GPa,
respectively. The first degree stresses for 10 % strain
equal σ1 = 4,33 GPa, the second degree stresses equal σ2 =
4,23 GPa, whereas the third degree stresses equal σ3 =
4,01 GPa. Deformations are equal to ε = 1,754, and the
substitute deformations εz = 1,677.
Maximum intensity of stresses for 30 % strain of
sample of the top angle 60° equals σmax = 0,587 GPa,
whereas the minimum intensity of stress
σmin = 0,186 GPa. Maximum substitute stresses for the
studied sample were σzmax = 0,558 GPa, and minimum
substitute stresses σzmin = 0,177 GPa. The first degree
stresses for 30 % strain equal σ1 = 3,42 GPa, whereas the
second degree stresses are equal to σ2 = 3,35 GPa, and the
third degree stresses equal σ3 = 2,87 GPa. Deformations
values are ε = 1,906, and the substitute deformations εz =
1,721 (Fig. 6).
Figure5 Shapes and deformations of cones of top angle: (A) 60°, (B)
90°, (C) 120° [13]
whereas the second degree stresses are equal to σ2 = 0,896 GPa, and the third degree stresses equal σ3 = 0,378 GPa.
GPa, and the third degree stresses equal σ3 = 0,478 GPa. The cone crush experiment shows that the intensity of
The intensity of deformations for the studied sample deformations equals ε = 0,795, and the substitute
equals ε = 1,128, and the substitute deformations equal εz deformations equal εz = 0,704.
= 1,026 (Fig. 7). The complete results ordered by the five-level
rotatable statistical plan are given in Tab. 3. Fig. 9 shows
the plane graph with mathematical formula which
described about 87 % of the points obtained by ANSYS
simulation (Tab. 3). Based on this data processing there
was noticed that under the cone deformation the top angle
has a significant effect on the stress and strain in the
deformed surface layer. It was found that at the top angle
of 120° and at 50 % deformation the highest stress was
obtained.
elaborated in the framework of the Moravian-Silesian [12] Kukiełka, L. Fundamentals of Engineering Studies
Region project no. RRC/01569/2012 and the project (Podstawy badań inżynierskich), Publisher: PWN, 2002,
RMTVC no. CZ.1.05/2.1.00/01.0040. Thanks also go to ISBN: 83-01-13749-5.
the IT4Innovations Centre of Excellence project, reg. no. [13] Rypina, Ł. Analiza wpływu zgniotu stożka na odporność
korozyjną powierzchni po deformacji, Master’sThesis,
CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0070. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Koszalin University of
Technology, 2007.
5 References [14] Kleiber, M. Metoda elementów skończonych w nieliniowej
mechanice kontinuum, Biblioteka Mechaniki Stosowanej
[1] Kułakowska, A.; Kukiełka, L. Numerical analysis and Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN, PWN,
experimental researches of burnishing rolling process with Warszawa-Poznań 1985. ISBN: 83-01-05051-9.
taking into account deviations in the surface asperities [15] Ostrowska-Maciejewska, J. Mechanika Ciał Odkształcal-
outline after previous treatment. / 12th International nych, PWN, Warszawa, 1994.
Conference on Metal Forming, Cracow, Poland. // Steel [16] Fung, Y. C. Podstawy Mechaniki Ciała Stałego, PWN,
Research International. 2008, pp. 42-48. Warszawa 1969, ISBN: 83-01-11415-0.
[2] Patyk, R.; Kukiełka, L. Optimization of geometrical [17] Valiček, J.; Drzik, M.; Hryniewicz, T.; Harničarova, M.;
parameters of regular triangular asperities of surfaces put to Rokosz, K.; Kusnerova, M.; Barcova, K.; Brazina, D. Non-
smooth burnishing. / 12th International Conference on contact method for surface roughness measurement after
Metal Forming, Cracow, Poland. // Steel Research machining. // Measurement Science Review. 12, 5(2012),
International. 2008, pp. 642-647. pp. 184-188. DOI: 10.2478/v10048-012-0028-3
[3] Kukiełka, L.; Chodor, J.; Storch, B. New method of [18] Kusnerova, M.; Valiček, J.; Harničarova, M.; Hryniewicz,
determination of the tool rake angle on the basis of the T.; Rokosz, K.; Palkova, Z.; Vaclavik, V.; Repka, M.;
crack angle of the specimen in tensile tests and numerical Bendova, M. A proposal for simplifying the method of
simulations. / 9th International Conference on Surface evaluation of uncertainties in measurement results. //
Effects and Contract Mechanics, Algarve, Portugal. Surface Measurement Science Review. 13, 1(2013), pp. 1-6. DOI:
Effects and Contact Mechanics, IX Book Series: // WIT 10.2478/msr-2013-0007
Transactions on Engineering Sciences. 2009, pp. 207-216. [19] Szarkova, V.; Valiček, J.; Vlado, M.; Harničarova, M.;
[4] Kukiełka, L.; Kukiełka, K. Numerical analysis of the Rokosz, K.; Luptak, M.; Samardzic, I.; Kozak, D.; Hloch,
physical phenomena in the working zone in the rolling S. Influence of longitudinal cold rolling on the surface
process of the round thread. // Transactions on Engineering topography of low carbon structural steel. // Tehnicki
Sciences. 55, (2007), pp. 125-134. DOI: vjesnik-Technical Gazette. 20, 4(2013), pp. 705-709.
10.2495/SECM070121
[5] Kukiełka, L.; Chodor, J. Numerical analysis of the
influence of abrasive grain geometry and cutting angle on Authors' addresses
states of strain and stress in the surface layer of object. //
Transactions on Engineering Sciences. 55, (2007), 183- Krzysztof Rokosz
193. DOI: 10.2495/SECM070181 Tadeusz Hryniewicz (corresponding author)
[6] Kukiełka, L.; Kukiełka, K. Numerical analysis of the Division of Surface Electrochemistry and Engineering
process of trapezoidal thread rolling. // Transactions on the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
Koszalin University of Technology
Built Environment. 85, (2006), pp. 663-672. DOI:
Racławicka 15-17, PL 75-620 Koszalin, Poland
10.2495/HPSM06065 E-mail: rokosz@tu.koszalin.pl
[7] Kukiełka, L.; Kustra, J.; Kukiełka, K. Numerical analysis E-mail: Tadeusz.Hryniewicz@tu.koszalin.pl
of states of strain and stress of material during machining
with a single abrasive grain. / 7th International Conference Winfried Malorny
on Computer Methods and Experimental Measurements for Baustoffkunde, Bautenschutz/Sanierungsbaustoffe, Bauphysik
Surface Effects and Contact Mechanics, Bologna, Italy. // Bereich Bauingenieurwesen, Hochschule Wismar
Transactions on Engineering Sciences. 49, (2005), pp. 57- Philip-Müller-Straße 14, DE 23966 Wismar, Germany
E-mail: winfried.malorny@hs-wismar.de
66.
[8] Kukiełka, L. Numerical modeling: the contact problem of Jan Valiček
movable elasto/visco-plastic body. // 6th International Marta Harničárová
Conference on Computational Methods in Contact Institute of Physics,
Mechanics, Iraklion, Greece. Computational and Nanotechnology Centre, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava,
Experimental Methods. 8, (2003), pp. 93-102. 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
[9] Kukiełka, L.; Kustra, J. Numerical analysis of thermal E-mail: jan.valicek@vsb.cz
phenomena and deformations in processing zone in the E-mail: marta.harnicarova@vsb.cz
centerless continuous grinding process. // 6th International
Conference on Computational Methods in Contact
Mechanics, Iraklion, Greece. Computational and
Experimental Methods. 7, (2003), pp. 109-118.
[10] Kukiełka, L. Non-linear analysis of heat transfer in
burnishing rolling operation. // 7th International Conference
on Advanced Computational Methods in Heat Transfer,
Halkidiki, Greece. Computational Studies. 4, (2002), pp.
405-414.
[11] Kukiełka, L. Mathematical modelling and numerical
simulation of non-linear deformation of the asperity in the
burnishing cold rolling operation. / 5th International
Conference on Computational Methods in
ContactMechanics, Sevilla, Spain. // Computational and
Experimental Methods. 5, (2001), pp. 317-326.