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Earthquake Design Spectrum

Epicenter

Soil

Earthquake Hypocenter Wave Train

Seismograph 
Acceleration (g)

Recordings
1
Earthquake 
Accelerations 
Earthquake Base‐rock  Time (sec)
Motions
Simplified Spectrum (or how 
much “energy” is associated 
with each frequency)
Acceleration (g)

FFT Transform

Period  (sec)

REALLY Simplified 
Acceleration (g)

earthquake rock 
3 motions
1.0 sec
0.2 sec

Period  (sec)
Ss S1

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Spectrum – for Base‐rock

SS Sa  SS
Spectral Acceleration  Sa

SS
S a  0 .6   T  0 .4  S S
To
S1
S1
Sa 
T

1.0 sec
0.2 sec

To Ts 1.0
Period T
S1
T0  0.2 
SS
S1
TS 
SS
ASCE 7‐10, Section 11.4.5

Material Response  
Fa and Fv; Effects of soil column on earthquake rock motion

ZONE OF HEAVIEST DAMAGE DURING 1985 MEXICO CITY EARTHQUAKE

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Design Motions in South Carolina

Soft rock sediments 
B‐C classification
~ 1 km

Hard 
Rock
EQ
160 km

Fall Line Coastline
Columbia Charleston

Material Response

Soft to Medium Clay & Sand
Normalized Spectral Acceleration (g)

3 Deep Cohesionless Soil

Stiff Site Conditions

2 Rock (IBC 2000 “A”)

Spectra for 5% Damping

0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Period (sec)
Average acceleration spectra for different site conditions (Seed et al. 1976)

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Soil Effects – IBC 2012 Code

0.7
Ss = 0.58
Spectral Acceleration (g) 0.6
S1 = 0.20
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Period (sec)

Soil A Soil B Soil C Soil D Soil E

Note:  Site Class “F” Requires a Site‐specific Analysis ·
·

Spectral Response – Top of Soil (SMS and SM1)

· S a  S MS
Spectral Response Acceleration  Sa

SMS

· S a  0.6 
S MS
 T  0.4  S MS
To
SM1 SM1
SM1 Sa 
T0  0.2  T
SMS
1.0 sec

SM1
0.2 sec

TS 
SMS
To Ts 1.0
Period T

ASCE 7‐10, Section 11.4.5

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Spectral Response – Design (SDS and SD1)

·
·

Spectral Response Acceleration  Sa
S a  S DS
SDS S DS
Sa  0.6   T  0.4  S DS
· · · To
SD1
· · · Sa 
S D1
T
SD1
T0  0.2 

1.0 sec
0.2 sec
SDS
SD1
TS  To Ts 1.0
SDS
Period T

“If a structure is designed for certain ground motions, what level of ground motion
could the structure resist without collapse? Based on engineering judgment, the
seismic margin was defined as approximately equal to 1.5”. (Hunt, 2002)

ASCE 7‐10, Section 11.4.5

Spectral Response – Design (SDS and SD1)

·
·
Spectral Response Acceleration  Sa

SDS
S a  S DS
S DS
Sa  0.6   T  0.4  S DS
· · · To
SD1
· · · Sa 
S D1
T
SD1
T0  0.2 
1.0 sec
0.2 sec

SDS
SD1
TS  To Ts 1.0
SDS
Period T

ASCE 7‐10, Section 11.4.5

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CODE 
DESIGN

Determine Design Spectra for a site in Louisville, KY based on IBC 2012

Step 1:  Determine earthquake spectra at rock level
(IBC 2012, Table 1613.3.1,  set Ss and S1 parameters,)

Step 2:  Classify soil type as A, B, C, D, E or F 
(ASCE 7‐10, Table 20.3.1)

Step 3:  Determine spectra modifiers Fa and Fv
(IBC 2012 Table 1613.3.3 and ASCE 7‐10 Table 11.4.1)

Step 4:  Apply seismic margin factors and construct design spectra 
(IBC 2012 Eqn 16‐37 through 16‐40 and ASCE 7‐10, Section 11.4)

Step 5:  Determine PGA if needed 
(ASCE 7‐10, Eqn 11.8.1 and Table 11.8.1)

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Louisville, KY  Ss = 0.208 g’s

Louisville, KY  SL = 0.107 g’s

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IBC 2012 Methods for Site Classification

Ss = 0.208
Site Classification
S1 = 0.107

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Example Site Classification

Calculation

∑
∑ (4/12) + (3/22) + (25/16) + (7/37) + (61/100)

∑ .
(4/12) + (3/22) + (25/16) + (7/37) 

ASCE 7‐10; Chapter 20 Harmonic mean is typically used 
when the average of rates is desired.

IBC 2012 – General Procedure

• Determine site class based on top 30 m (100 ft.)

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Ss = 0.208
IBC 2012 – General Procedure S1 = 0.107

• Determine Fa and Fv values from Ss, S1 and site class

IBC 2012 – General Procedure

Adjust MCE values of Ss and S1 for local site effects:

SMS = Fa * Ss SM1 = Fv * S1

0.333= 1.6 * 0.208 0.254 = 2.372 * 0.107

Calculate the spectral design values SDS and SD1:

SDS = 2/3 * SMS SD1 = 2/3 * SM1

0.222 = 2/3 * 0.333 0.169 = 2/3 * 0.254

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IBC 2012 – Code Based Response Spectrum

• From SDS and SD1 set the design response spectrum

• Note Ts = SD1 / SDS and To = 0.2 * Ts

Design Response Spectrum

0.30

Site‐specific Response Spectra
Site Class  “D”
S a  S DS SDS= 0.222
SD1= 0.169
Spectral Acceleration (g)

0.20

S DS
Sa  0.6   T  0.4  S DS
To
0.10

S D1
Sa 
T
0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
To Ts Period (seconds)

Peak Ground Acceleration

Louisville, KY  PGA = 0.12 g’s for 
site class “B”

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Louisville, KY  PGA = 0.12 g’s for 
site class “B”

FPGA = 1.56

PGAm = 0.1872 1.56 · 0.12

USGS Web Site: Latitude and Longitude Lookup

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/designmaps/us/application.php
IBC 2012 Section 1613, Pages 366 – 376 

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Top of Rock

Top of Soil

Building Design

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