Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences

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Original article

Properties of self-compacting high-strength concrete containing multiple

use of recycled aggregate
⇑
Mohammed Abed a, Rita Nemes a, Bassam A. Tayeh b,
a
Department of Construction Materials and Technologies, Muegyetem} rkp 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
b Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine

article info abstract

Article history: Advances in recycling can exceed traditional practice in that a non-renewable resource can at least become a partially
Received 1 October 2018 renewable resource. This research attempts to support the cradle-to-cradle concept by testing the effect of reused recycled
Accepted 20 December 2018 concrete aggregates (RRCA) on the fresh, physical, mechanical, and microstructure properties of self-compacting high-
Available online xxxx
strength concrete (SCHSC). Two generations of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) are produced; the first and second are
created by recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and by RRCA, respectively. For each generation, two replacement amounts are
Keywords:
used (25% and 50% by mass). Results show that using RRCA does not affect the fresh properties of SCHSC, and up to 50%
Computed tomography (CT)
RRCA replacement amount by mass can be adopted for enhancing the mechanical and microstructure properties of reused
Mechanical properties
Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) recycled aggregate concrete (RRAC). Computed tomography indicates that the porosity of RRCA is less than that of RCA.
Reused recycled aggregate concrete (RRAC)
Self-compacting high-strength concrete (SCHSC)
2018 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the
CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction
The use of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) as replacement for natural
source aggregates in producing vibrated recycled aggre-gate concrete (RAC)
has been extensively investigated, but only a few studies have applied the
concept on self-compacting concrete (SCC) (Omrane et al., 2017; Rajhans et
al., 2018). The considerable research on this concept is sufficient evidence for
using RCA in con-struction, especially in countries experiencing difficult
circum-stances, such as those that are in war or lack natural resources, where
using RCA in construction is a starting point for a new chal-lenge of
sustainability and implied in the following question: Can RCA be adopted as
reused recycled concrete aggregate (RRCA)? (Salesa et al., 2017b).
The concept of cradle-to-cradle has been growing in importance for
sustainability recently; products need to be tested to ensure that they can
maintain their status as resources and possibly enter further life cycles as a
substitute of natural materials at the end of
their current life cycles (Braungart et al., 2007; Marie and Quiasrawi, 2012;
Arafa et al., 2017). The concept of 5-R states that the key principles of a
sustainable construction material are the ‘reduce, reuse and recycle for
environment recovery and respect’. Discussions on RRCA are lacking, and
many aspects concerning its applications and the effect of the percentage of
RRCA on new concrete have not been covered. The main result in this area is
that RRCA may be used without a remarkable effect on the mechanical
properties of concrete.
Marie and Quiasrawi (2012) studied the closed-loop behaviour of RRCA;
their study mixtures replaced 20% of natural aggregates (NA) by RCA as a
first generation and then repeated the process for a second generation but used
RRCA as the replacement. Despite revealing that workability, compressive,
and tensile strengths decreased for each succeeding generation, the quality
remained acceptable; thus, the authors still recommended the use of RRCA.
The researchers mentioned that the sustainability of natural resources and the
environment could be maintained by the appli-cation of the closed-loop
concept in recycling concrete.

Huda and Alam (2014) discussed the mechanical behaviour of reuse

⇑ Corresponding author. recycled aggregate concrete (RRAC) after three generations of 100%
E-mail address: btayeh@iugaza.edu.ps (B.A. Tayeh). replacement of NA with RRCA. The results showed that using RRCA slightly
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University. decreased the compressive strength of con-crete compared with the control
concrete. However, the first and second generations successfully achieved
their target mechanical properties at the age of two months. Salesa et al.
(2017a) investigated the physical and mechanical properties of RRAC in
Production and hosting by Elsevier

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.12.002
1018-3639/ 2018 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article as: M. Abed, R. Nemes and B. A. Tayeh, Properties of self-compacting high-strength concrete containing multiple use of recycled aggregate, Journal of King
Saud University – Engineering Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.12.002
2 M. Abed et al. / Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx
the precast concrete industry. The results showed that RRAC had an
equivalent or even better mechanical behaviour compared with the control
concrete. However, the mechanical properties degraded with an increase in
the number of recycling cycles. Salesa et al. (2017b) investigated the physical
and mechanical properties of SCC produced using RRCA, which was
prepared by the crushing of rejected precast concrete elements. The
performance of RRAC was better than that of normal vibrated concrete. They
concluded that the precast concrete industry would become sustainable with
the adoption of RRCA, which uses a renewable resource of aggre-gate and
decreases the potential cost. Thomas et al. (2018) anal-ysed the properties of
RRCA and identified the phases of RRCA using computerised
microtomography, which showed that the vol-ume of adhered mortar became
80% of the RRCA after three gener-ations of recycling, and the capacity of
RCA for compaction decreased with each successive recycling.
Given that RAC has more aggregate and mortar interfacial tran-sition
zones (ITZs) than NA concretes due to the use of RCA instead of NA (Xiao et
al., 2013; Sáez del Bosque et al., 2017), a large num-ber of ITZs will exist in
new eco-efficient concretes, such as RRAC (Sáez del Bosque et al., 2017; Jin
et al., 2015). RRAC with a large number of ITZs and a complicated shape
around each RRCA is shown in Fig. 1.
The effect can be more noticeable on RRCA with more ITZs because the
properties of ITZs remarkably influence the macro-mechanical properties of
concrete and governing strength develop-ment of the RAC and RRAC (Xiao
et al., 2013; Xiao et al., 2012; Poon et al., 2004b; Sáez del Bosque et al.,
2017; Jin et al., 2015).
This research attempted to support the cradle-to-cradle concept by testing
the effect of using RRCA on the fresh, mechanical, physical and
microstructure properties of self-compacting high-strength concrete
(SCHSC). Two generations of recycling concrete were tested, where RCA
and RRCA produced the first and the second gen-erations, respectively. For
each generation, replacement amounts by mass of 25% and 50% were used.
These replacement amounts and concrete microstructures have not been
covered in the literature. The results of this research reflect the behaviour of
any building in reality because RCA and RRCA have been used after at least
six months of casting of their parent concretes (Yehia et al., 2015).
2. Experimental procedures
2.1. Aggregate production
In the evaluation of the performance of RRAC (second genera-tion of
concrete made by RCA), NA concrete was crushed and sieved in the
laboratory to produce RCA for casting the first gener-
Fig. 1. The interfacial transition zones in RRAC.
Please cite this article as: M. Abed, R. Nemes and B. A. Tayeh, Properties of self-compacting high-strength concrete containing multiple use of recycled aggregate, Journal of King
Saud University – Engineering Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.12.002
ation of RAC with two different replacement percentages by mass (25% and
50%). Then, the first generation of RAC was crushed and sieved after six
months to produce the second generation of RAC, which had mainly two
types, namely, RRCA-1 and RRCA-2.
RRCA-1 is RCA produced from the first generation of RAC, which was
originally prepared with 25% substitution of NA by RCA.
RRCA-2 is RCA produced from the first generation RAC, which was
originally prepared with 50% substitution of NA by RCA.
The sequences of using NA–RCA–RRCA for producing the second
generation of concrete are shown in Fig. 2.
2.2. Materials
The cement used throughout the experimental program was CEM I
strength class 42.5 N that complied with the requirements of MSZ EN 196-2
(2013) and MSZ EN 525–12 (2014). Tap water was used as the mixing water
for the reference that complied with the requirements of BS EN 1008 (2002).
To achieve the same flowa-bilty for SCHSC mixtures and produce workable
mixtures with the same water-to-cement (w/c) ratio; a considerable amount of
high-range water-reducing admixture (Sika ViscoCrete-5 Neu) was used, and
water was added to compensate for the water absorbed by RCA and RRCA.
River quartz sand (0/4 mm) was used as fine aggre-gate in all the concrete
types, whereas the coarse aggregate (4/16 mm) was the main variable in the
this research. Three coarse aggregate types were used to produce the different
types of con-crete; these types were as follows:
NA: natural river quartz aggregate; used for all mixtures cover-ing the part
of the coarse natural aggregates;
RCA: recycled concrete aggregate produced by crushing NA con-crete in
the laboratory after testing;
RRCA: recycled concrete aggregate produced by crushing RAC (Two
types of RRCA were obtained depending on the replace-ment percentage
of NA in the parent concrete, as presented above.).
The main properties of the coarse aggregate used are shown in Table 1,
wherein the Los Angeles index for RCA was relatively high compared with
that of NA due to the low strength of the adhered mortar in RCA. However,
the water absorption capacity increased in the succeeding recycling
generations, whereas the densities were nearly similar. The sieve curves of all
types of aggregates are presented in Fig. 3. All aggregates were tested to meet
the requirements of BS EN 12620:2002 + A1 (2008).
2.3. Mixing and method
This research considered the possibility of using RRCA in con-crete
production. Two RCA replacement amounts by mass (25%
Fig. 2. The sequences of using NA-RCA-RRCA (main concept).
 M. Abed et al. / Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx 3

Table 1
Properties of recycled coarse aggregate.

Physical tests NA (4/16) RCA (4/16) RRCA-1 (4/16) RRCA-2 (4/16)

Water absorption (%) 1.01 5.60 7.50 7.91
Los Angeles wear (%) 26.30 36.11 38.21 39.34
Density (kg/m3) 2640.11 2612.29 2601.12 2569.88

of the aggregate when it was used for mixing (air-dry status). To minimise the
parameters affecting the concrete properties, all the mixtures followed the
same procedure, amounts of ingredients, maximum aggregate size and the age
of crushed aggregate, which could affect the strength of the concrete (Vargas
et al., 2017; Elsharief et al., 2003; Nagataki et al., 2004). However, the type
of aggregate and the replacement percentage of NA were the only variables.
The proposed proportions were optimised by the authors for producing the
SCHSC.

3. Applied tests

Fig. 3. Grading curves of different types of aggregates.
and 50%) of NA were used to produce RAC (first generation of recy-cling).
To produce the second generation of concrete, the same pro-cedure was
repeated but with the use of RRCA (resulting from crushing the first
generation of concrete). Seven concrete types were fabricated in total, of
which one was non-recycled, two were recycled and four were re-recycled.
The objective of this experi-ment was to study the performance of the fresh,
mechanical, phys-ical and microstructural properties of RRCA while taking
into consideration the percentage of replacement by mass of NA by RCA in
the parent concrete. Using the previously stated aggregate types, the
following concretes were produced:
The mechanical properties of the concrete mixtures produced were tested
after 28 and 90 days, and then, the rubble of the tested specimens was stored
for six months. After such time, the rubble was crushed, sieved and classified
with a maximum aggregate size of 16 mm to be used in the next generation.
Studying the beha-viour of RRCA with RRCA used after more than six
months of the original concrete casting was important for eliminating the
effect of proceeding hydration as much as possible and for confirming the
behaviour with the normal situation for any building. The results showed that
the hydration age remarkably influenced the ITZs and mechanical properties
(Xiao et al., 2013).
3.1. Fresh properties

Reference: control concrete, prepared by NA and without any RCA;
RAC: first generation of recycling, prepared with 25% and 50%
substitution of NA by RCA;
RRAC: second generation of recycling, prepared with 25% and 50%
substitution of NA by RRCA-1 and RRCA-2, respectively.
Table 2 shows the proportions and amounts of materials used for
producing the targeted concrete mixtures, wherein RA25RA50 is a mixture in
the second generation with 50% replacement of NA by RRCA-1. Water
absorbed by RCA and RRCA was compen-sated by calculation of the
difference between the original water absorption capacity, which is shown in
Table 1, and water content
The properties of the fresh SCHSC were evaluated using the slump flow
and V-funnel tests in accordance with the European Guideline for Self-
compacting Concrete (EFNARC, 2005) to ensure fulfilment of all the
necessary requirements of workability and viscosity.
3.2. Mechanical properties
The mechanical properties that were tested included compres-sive and
flexural strengths and modulus of elasticity, which were tested in accordance
with the Hungarian European Standards (MSZ EN 12390-3, 2009a; MSZ EN
12390-5, 2009b; MSZ EN 14146, 2004).

Table 2
Concrete mixing proportioning.

Name of mixture Proportions in kg/m3

Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate Admixture Water
CEM I 42.5 N N. Sand NA RCA RRCA-1 RRCA-2 Sika ViscoCrete-5 Neu
0/4 4/16 4/16 4/16 4/16
Series I: using RCA
RA0 500 783 939 0 0 0 1.5 175
RA25 500 783 704 230 0 0 1.5 175
RA50 500 783 470 460 0 0 1.5 175
Series II: using RRCA-1
RA25RA25 500 783 668 0 235 0 1.5 175
RA25RA50 500 783 460 0 422 0 1.5 175
Series III: using RRCA-2
RA50RA25 500 783 704 0 0 233 1.5 175
RA50RA50 500 783 470 0 0 466 1.5 175

Please cite this article as: M. Abed, R. Nemes and B. A. Tayeh, Properties of self-compacting high-strength concrete containing multiple use of recycled aggregate, Journal of King
Saud University – Engineering Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.12.002
4 M. Abed et al. / Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

3.3. Physical and microstructure properties 4.2. Mechanical properties

The effect of RCA and RRCA on the porosities of SCHSC was
investigated. Examining the spatial distribution and volume of the internal
pores of the concrete is a key factor in understanding and modelling the
transport phenomena influencing concrete’s durability (Tian and Han, 2018).
Hence, the microstructure of con-crete has a remarkable influence on the
other properties of con-crete (Lublóy et al., 2017). Computed tomography
(CT) images were produced for the samples to investigate the distribution and
the volume of pores in RAC and RRAC. The influence of NA, RCA and
RRCA on the concrete microstructure could be investi-gated by scanning
electron microscope (SEM), which visually pre-sented the porosities,
microcracks and the possible interactions between the aggregates and the
mortar (Bonifazi et al., 2015).
4. Results and discussion
4.1. Fresh properties
The fresh concrete was tested using slump flow diameter and V-funnel
time tests, where the w/c ratio and the amount of super-plasticiser remained
constant for all the mixtures, to investigate the effect of RCA and RRCA on
the fresh properties of RAC and RRAC. The fresh properties were optimised
in the preparation stage of the mixtures to satisfy EFNARC (2005). Water
was added to compensate for the water absorbed by the aggregate. The fresh
properties of concrete containing RCA were affected by the quan-tity of the
added water and by the shape and texture of RCA (González-Taboada et al.,
2017). Fig. 4 shows the results obtained from the slump flow (slump diameter
in cm) and V-funnel (flow time in s) tests. The results satisfied the
recommended range in EFNARC (2005) for slump flow, which is 550 mm to
850 mm (EFNARC, 2005).
The first and second generations exhibited the same behaviour when RCA
or RRCA was increased. Increasing any of the two would negatively affect
the slump flow and the V-funnel values mainly due to the roughness of the
surfaces of RCA and RRCA. The decreas-ing tendency in the slump diameter
with the increase in the amount of RCA agreed with most research findings
(Omrane et al., 2017). The observed effect of either RCA or RRCA was not
remarkable, wherein all the mixtures were in the same class of EFNARC
(2005) values. The mixture slump flow class was SF2 (660–750 mm),
whereas the viscosity class was VF1 (<10 s), as shown in Fig. 4. Crushed
aggregate had considerable surface rough-ness and a relatively large amount
of fine particles, which resulted from the crushing processes. These factors
directly affected the slump diameter and flow time of concrete with increased
amount of the involved RCA. However, the effect of RRCA was slightly
higher due to the higher volume of adhered mortar that was attached to the
RRCA comparing with RCA.
Adding RCA may positively or negatively affect the properties of
concrete depending on many factors related to RCA itself, such as its physical
and chemical properties and the added proportion. Other factors include the
w/c ratio, mixing approach and proce-dure, cement content and use of
plasticisers (Safiuddin et al., 2010; Dilbas et al., 2014; Etxeberria et al.,
2007), all of which were kept constant throughout this study. Some
researchers observed that increasing the RCA replacement amount negatively
affects the mechanical properties of SCC under the same w/c ratio (Fonseca et
al., 2011; McNeil and Kang, 2013). However, Manzi et al. (2017) observed
the opposite.
4.2.1. Compressive strength
Compressive strength results after 28 and 90 days for all the series are
presented in Fig. 5. When the replacement amount by mass of RCA was
increased to 50%, the compressive strength increased, which was related to
the strong bond between the rough RCA and the new mortar. The shape of the
RCA and its rough tex-ture enhanced the aggregate interlock, which directly
affected the strength (Poon et al., 2004b; Poon et al., 2004a).
This finding serves as a link between the results of the studies of Huda
and Alam (2014) and Salesa et al. (2017a); the former pre-sented a decrease
in strength by replacing up to 20% of NA by RRCA, whereas the latter
presented an increase in strength of up to 100% replacement. In this research,
the effect of replacing NA by percentages by mass between 20% and 100%
indicated a chang-ing point of 25% replacement for obtaining a positive effect
of RRCA replacement especially for SCHSC. Using up to 50% RRCA
replace-ment amount by mass caused the compressive strength to increase,
which was the same behaviour when RCA was used. This result could be
related to the stability of the parent concrete that was produced by substituting
25% or 50% of NA by RCA in the first generation. However, the percentage
of substituting NA by RCA in the parent concrete and the percentage of
replacement of NA by RRCA in the second generation affected the strength
values of RRAC. The roughness texture of RRCA and the large number of
fine particles resulted from the double crushing processes (second gen-
eration) and enhanced the mechanical properties of RRAC compar-ing with
the reference mixture. However using up to 50% of RRCA slightly affected
the concrete strength due to the small amount of the replaced coarse aggregate
in the overall volume of the aggre-gate; this finding agreed with that of Abreu
et al. (2018).
4.2.2. Flexural strength and modulus of elasticity
Most researchers agree about the negative effect of RCA on the flexural
strength and modulus of elasticity due to the poor interfa-cial bond quality
developed between old adhered mortar and new mortar (Padmini et al., 2009).
However, in the current research, the

Fig. 4. Results of slump flow and V-funnel tests. Fig. 5. Compressive strength results at 28 and 90 days.

Please cite this article as: M. Abed, R. Nemes and B. A. Tayeh, Properties of self-compacting high-strength concrete containing multiple use of recycled aggregate, Journal of King
Saud University – Engineering Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.12.002
 M. Abed et al. / Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx 5

substitution of NA by RCA of up to 50% or by RRCA of up to 25% showed

the opposite.
Flexural strength and the modulus of elasticity directly affect the
compressive strength, grade of concrete, w/c ratio, quality recycled
aggregates and the deformability of concrete components (Soares et al., 2014;
Salesa et al., 2017a; Padmini et al., 2009). The produced concrete had a high
strength grade and a low w/c ratio, which mainly caused the enhancement or
at least decreased the effect of RRCA on the modulus of elasticity and
flexural strength of the first and second generations of RAC. The flexural
strength of RRAC was enhanced compared with the reference by replace-
ment of up to 50% of NA by RRCA; by contrast, the modulus of elas-ticity
was not significantly affected. Abreu et al. (2018) tested the mechanical
properties of RRAC and found that the modulus of elas-ticity was affected by
RRCA more than were other mechanical properties; this finding was also Fig. 7. Modulus of elasticity results at 90 days.
observed in the present research.

The findings we obtained with replacement amount up to 50% of NA by

RCA or RRCA matched the results of compressive strength, showed the
general behaviour of RRAC and explained the link between the results of
Huda and Alam (2014) and Salesa et al. (2017a). Figs. 6 and 7 show the
flexural strength and modulus of elasticity for the first and second generations
of RAC at the age of 90 days. The results of the second generation of RRAC
agreed with those of Marie and Quiasrawi (2012).

4.3. Physical and microstructural properties

For all mixtures, the density decreased with increased amount of RCA or
RRCA because RCA has a lower density than does NA. The attached mortar
increased with each succeeding recycling gen-eration. This phenomenon
could affect the absorption of RRAC, which increased with an increase in
either the replacement amount or recycling generation. Fig. 8 shows the
porosity and den-sity of the produced concrete. This behaviour generally
confirmed results found by other studies.
CT imaging was used to investigate the pore distribution and volume on
the basis of the increase in RCA and RRCA amounts as a loop cycle and to
obtain insights into the inner structure without the need to destroy the
specimen. CT photos were captured for 70 70 250 mm prisms with 1.5 mm
slicing distance and 0.1699 mm geometric resolution for each pixel. The
results showed that the pore volume and amount increased with the addition
of RCA but decreased after the first recycling generation. However, the size
of pores in the cases of RA25 and RA50 differed despite having
approximately the same total volume of pores. In the case of RA25, the pores
were fewer but larger in size compared with those of RA50. By replacing
50% of NA by RCA, the volume of pores was supposed to be increased, but
in the case of SCHSC, nearly the same volume existed as in the case of 25%
replacement with RCA. This phenomenon could be related to the
homogeneity of the mix-ture in the first case, wherein adding 50% meant that
the coarse
Fig. 8. Density and pores volume results at 90 days.
aggregate in the mixture had two kinds of aggregates with the same amount
for each kind. The homogeneity of SCHSC remained without using a vibrator
and it is depending on the grading and shape of the constituents (aggregate
especially).
The second recycling generation showed a decrease in the total pore
volume, which could be caused by the increase in porosity in the first
generation, wherein the quartz aggregate was replaced with a porous material
(RCA with adhered mortar). By contrast, the porous materials were replaced
by other porous materials in the second generation through the crushing of the
first generation concrete. The large pores and cracks in the cutting surface
could allow the mortar to pass through in the second generation easily. Fig. 9
shows the mentioned concept, and Fig. 10 shows the cracks in the first and
second generations of concrete that indicate the mentioned concept. The SEM
photos in Fig. 10 investigate the microstructure that could interpret the
mechanical and physical behaviours of the concrete. The large number of fine
particles resulting from the crushing processes was another reason for the
lower pore volume of RRAC compared with RAC. These particles can be
more numerous and finer in RRCA (double crushing) com-pared with those in
RCA, thereby serving as filler of microcracks. Thomas et al. (2018) also
observed a decrease in porosity in the second generation.

RRAC proved that in reality, any RAC building could be crushed after
demolition regardless of the situation of the structure, and its aggregate could
be used again as RRCA; the porosity of the new

Fig. 6. Flexural strength results at 90 days. Fig. 9. Possible crushing patterns in case of NA concrete RAC and RRAC.

Please cite this article as: M. Abed, R. Nemes and B. A. Tayeh, Properties of self-compacting high-strength concrete containing multiple use of recycled aggregate, Journal of King
Saud University – Engineering Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.12.002
6 M. Abed et al. / Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 10. SEM images of RAC and RRAC.
concrete would be lower than the original, and the strength of the concrete
would be higher than the original.
5. Conclusion
The possibility of multiple use of recycled aggregate concrete as RRCA
was investigated in this research. The results of fresh, mechanical, physical
and microstructure tests showed that using RRCA does not remarkably affect
the strength of concrete in gen-eral, and this finding contradicts expectations.
The main findings were the following.
Fresh properties of RAC and RRAC are in the same class of fresh
properties with use of the same amount of chemical admixture.
The percentage of NA substituted by RCA in the parent concrete and the
percentage of NA replaced by RRCA in the second gen-eration affect the
mechanical properties of RRAC.
The optimum replacement amount of NA by RRCA or RCA is up to 50%
in case of SCHSC; meanwhile, the real tendency and behaviour of RCA or
RRCA can be presented well after 28 days.
The number of ITZs affects the strength and modulus of elastic-ity more
than the properties of ITZ itself. However, its effect is not significant.
CT showed that using RRCA decreases the volume of pores com-pared
with those in RAC, and the size of pores has a more neg-ative effect than
does the quantity of pores.
Using RRCA is considered the first step to partially turning aggregates
into a renewable resource, and SCHSC is one of the best choices for
utilizing RCA and RRCA.
Acknowledgment
The authors thank the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA) for
the financial support of the OTKA K 109233 research project.
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Saud University – Engineering Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.12.002
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Saud University – Engineering Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.12.002
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