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Limitations of Analog Signal Processing Digital Signal Processing
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Signal Processing How a Signal is Represented?
o For instance a black & white video signal intensity is dependent on x, y coordinates and
o a typical reason for signal processing is to eliminate or reduce an time t f(x,y,t)
undesirable signal
o The signal below is a function of time represented as f(t)
o we convert the original signal into a form that is suitable for further
processing f(t)
a. filtering
b. noise cancellation
c. encryption t
d. echo suppression, etc.
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Continuous & Discrete-Time Signals Continuous -Time Signals
o Discrete-Time Signals t
• signals that have values at regular or discrete intervals of time Independent variable
• amplitude can be any value
• time interval is called the sampling time of the signal
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Discrete-Time signals Notation
o the value of signal exists only at equally spaced discrete points in time
o A continuous-time signal is represented by enclosing the independent variable (time)
in parentheses ()
x (t )
t
t
Independent variable
x[n ]
t
Independent variable
n
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Sinusoidal Signal Shifting and Scaling Functions
Time in seconds
(s)
Frequency in
Hertz (Hz)
g (t ) 0 , t > 5
and let=
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Amplitude Scaling Amplitude Scaling
g(t ) → A g(t )
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Time Shifting Time Scaling
t → t − t0 t →t/a
Shifting the function to the right or left by t0 Expands the function horizontally by a factor of |a|
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Time Reversal Multiple Transformations
t →t/a t − t0
g (t ) → A g
a
amplitude
t t →t −t0 t − t0
g ( t )
scaling, A
→ A g ( t )
t →t / a
→ A g → Ag
a a
amplitude
t t − t0
g ( t )
scaling, A
→ A g ( t )
t →t −t0
→ A g ( t − t0 )
t →t / a
→ A g − t0 ≠ A g
a a
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Multiple Transformations Even and Odd CT Functions
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Even and Odd Parts of Functions Combination of Even and Odd Function
g ( t ) + g ( −t )
The even part of a function is g e ( t ) =
2
g ( t ) − g ( −t ) Function Type Sum Difference Product Quotient
The odd part of a function is g o ( t ) =
2
Both Even Even Even Even Even
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Product of Two Even Functions Products of Even and Odd Functions
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Products of Even and Odd Functions Product of Two Odd Functions
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Function type and the types of
derivatives and integrals Discrete-Time Signals
Sequence Representation:
Infinite duration sequence
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Discrete-Time Signals Some Elementary Discrete-Time Signals
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Some Elementary Discrete-Time Signals Some Elementary Discrete-Time Signals
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Some Elementary Discrete-Time Signals Some Elementary Discrete-Time Signals
• If E is finite, P = 0.
• If E is infinite, P may be either finite or infinite.
• If P is finite (and nonzero), the signal is called a power signal.
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Some Elementary Discrete-Time Signals Shannon-Nyquist's Sampling Theorem
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Effect of Aliasing Sampling Theory
o Fourier Series expansion states that any waveform can be reproduced by sine What is the frequency of the signal?
waves. What is the minimum sampling rate required?
o Improperly sampled signals will have other sine wave components.
o Alias Frequency, Fa
Fa = Fs – kFh if Fs > Fh
Fa = Fh – kFs if Fh > Fs
k = 1,2,3…….
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Sampling Theory Sampling Theory
Sampling at minimum
Sampling at minimum
Fs = 6samples within 6 seconds (6/6)
Fs = 6samples within 6 seconds (6/6)
Sampling time
Sampling time
ts = 6 seconds / 6 samples = 1 second per sample
ts = 6 seconds / 6 samples = 1 second per sample
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Sampling Theory Sampling Theory
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