Synopsis of the Research Work to be submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirement for the Degree of Master of Technology

In
Electronics & Communication Engineering

By
Harsha Prabha Paliwal
(Reg. No. 2016-04-04-69-04)

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

College of Technology and Engineering
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology
Udaipur- 313 001

 SYNOPSIS

Synopsis of the research work to be carried out in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
degree of Master’s of Technology (Electronics & Communication Engineering), College of
Technology and Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology,
Udaipur.

1. Name of Scholar : Harsha Prabha Paliwal

2. Class : M.Tech. (ECE)
3. Registration No. : 2016-04-04-69-04
4. Date of Registration : 08 / 07 / 2016
5. Title of Thesis : Design of a Compact Dual Band MIMO Antenna using
Metamaterial Structure for Wireless Applications.
6. Department and College : Department of Electronics & communication Engineering,
College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur,
Rajasthan, India.

7. Expected Duration of Work : 6 months

8. Objectives

i. Study & analysis of dual band microstrip antenna using metamaterial.

ii. To design and simulate antenna using metamaterial structure for 2.6GHz & 5.7GHz
frequencies for wireless applications.
iii. To develop a MIMO antenna system to increase gain and isolation .
iv. To implement hardware and fabricate the proposed MIMO antenna system and its
testing.
The tentative specifications of the proposed MIMO antenna system are as follows:
• Frequency: Dual band in the range 2.6GHz & 5.7GHz.
• Compact Size
• Minimum Mutual Coupling
• Greater Bandwidth
• High isolation and gain
• Low Envelope Correlation Coefficient
• Good Radiation efficiency

 • Polarization: Linear/Circular
• Input Type: Multiple, Output Type: Multiple

9. Importance of proposed work

The proposed idea include microstrip MIMO antenna system with addition of
metamatrial structure. MIMO is multiple input multiple output system. Multiple Input Multiple
Output (MIMO) systems have received a great attention, recently. This architecture uses more
than one antenna elements in transmitter and receiver ends and is able to overcome the limit of
channel capacity in a rich multipath environment ."MIMO" specifically refers to a practical
technique for sending and receiving more than one data signal simultaneously over the same
radio channel by exploiting multipath propagation. The theoretical capacity of the system
increases linearly with the number of elements in MIMO antenna arrays. However, practical
considerations indicate that the corresponding capacity of the system may be reduced if the
received signals in any of the different antenna elements are correlated. This effect proposes
that diversity gain is obtained in the antenna system when the value of “ρ” is less than 0.5. It is
obvious that correlation affects MIMO performance and represents a crucial parameter for
modern wireless applications. MIMO thrives under rich scattering conditions, where signals
bounce around the environment. Under rich scattering conditions, signals from different
transmitter take multiple paths to reach the user equipment (UE) at different times. In order to
achieve promised throughputs, operators must optimize their networks’ multipath conditions
for MIMO, targeting both rich scattering conditions and high SNR for each multipath signal.
This optimization process requires accurate measurement of these multipath conditions in order
to achieve the best performance for a given environment. MIMO technology can improve the
performance of wireless communication systems by increasing the channel capacity as well
reducing the adverse effect due to of multipath fading. MIMO technology makes use of
multipath to increase the throughput of the channel with every pair of antennas added to the
system design. Due to strong mutual coupling among the antenna elements it is difficult to
place multiple antennas together within the substrate while maintaining high isolation.

 Fig.1 MIMO System( Zulkii and Rahardjo 2011)
Metamaterial:
A metamaterial is a material engineered to have a property that is not found in
nature. They are made from assemblies of multiple elements fashioned from composite materials
such as metals or plastics. The materials are usually arranged in repeating patterns, at scales that
are smaller than the wavelengths of the phenomena they influence. Metamaterials derive their
properties not from the properties of the base materials, but from their newly designed
structures. Their precise shape, geometory, size, orientation and arrangement gives them their
smart properties capable of manipulating electromagnetic wave: by blocking, absorbing,
enhancing, or bending waves, to achieve benefits that go beyond what is possible with
conventional materials.
In metamaterial structure the structural properties of a material were manipulated, new
material were formed with unusual properties which leads to improvisation in characteristics of
microstrip antenna. Therefore metamaterials are materials organized at structural level.The size
minimization & high bandwidth of microstrip antenna plays important role in the development
of communication systems. Metamaterial structured microstrip antenna exhibits negative
permeability & permittivity which results into enhancement in antenna parameters like return
loss, bandwidth, directivity, antenna gain etc.

 Fig.2 Different Metamaterial Structure for Microstrip Lines (Patil et al. 2012)
Microstrip Patch Antenna:
The antenna used for the handheld device is a crucial element which can improve or
limit the system performance in term of beam width and bandwidth and efficiency. Therefore
antenna should be design carefully. For this one type of antenna which can fulfill the wireless
system requirement is the microstrip patch antenna. The microstrip antenna has become one of
the most popular candidates for highly directive antenna applications due to its light weight, low
profile, and easy fabrication, low cost and easy integration with other circuit components. The
greatest challenge associated with microstrip antenna design is to miniaturize the circuit
dimension while maintaining certain antenna characteristics.
A patch antenna consists of a metallic film bonded to a grounded dielectric substrate
The thickness of the substrate layer and the relative permittivity εr are usually small, hence the
patch behaves more like a parallel plate transmission line. If the patch is fed using a microstrip
feed line, as shown in Fig. 1waves travel from the feed point to the edges of the patch.

Fig.3 Simple microstrip patch antenna configuration( Das et al. 1986)

The patch antenna, microstrip transmission line and ground plane are made of
high conductivity metal. The patch is of length L, width W, and sitting on top of a substrate

(some dielectric circuit board) of thickness h with permittivity εr. The thickness of the ground
plane or of the microstrip is not critically important. Typically the height h is much smaller than
the wavelength of operation, but should not be much smaller than 0.025 of a wavelength (1/40th
of a wavelength) or the antenna efficiency will be degraded.
A. Design of Antenna
I. For an efficient radiator, a practical width that leads to good radiation efficiencies is

1 2 𝜐) 2
𝑊 = =
2 𝑓' 𝜇) 𝜖) 𝜖' + 1 2𝑓' 𝜖' + 1

where υ0 is the free-space velocity of light.

II. Determine the effective dielectric constant of the microstrip antenna using relation,
𝑊 ℎ>1
23 4
𝜖' + 1 𝜖' − 1 ℎ
𝜖'/00 = + 1 + 12
2 2 𝑊
III. Once W is found, determine the extension of the length 3L by formula
;
Δ6 𝜖'/00 + 0.3 + 0.264
<
= 0.412
ℎ 𝜖'/00 − 0.258
;
+ 0.8
<

IV. The actual length (L)of the patch can be determined by

1
𝐿 = − 2Δ6
2𝑓' 𝜖'/00 𝜇) 𝜖)
V. Effective Length
𝐿/00 = 𝐿 + 2Δ6

B. Formula for Antenna Testing(parameters)

a) Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC)
In a MIMO antenna system envelope correlation coefficient “ρ” shows the
influence of different propagation paths of the RF signals that reach the antenna elements and
may provide degradation on performance of these applications. The approximated value of this
coefficient is based on a simple closed form equation and also varies from 0 to 1.

Basically, three methods are used for these envelope correlation coefficient calculations.
• One of them is based on the far-field radiation pattern. However, it is a time
consuming process. This requires the corresponding numerical or experimental
analysis and therefore is a cumbersome process.
• The second method is based on Clarke’s formula and has recently been used.

 • The third method is suitable for experimental measurements and requires the
knowledge of scattering parameters obtained on the antenna elements.

b) Reflection coefficient, Return Loss, Mismatch Loss

VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) is a measure of how much power is delivered to
an antenna. This does not mean that the antenna radiates all power it receives. VSWR measures
the potential to radiate. A low VSWR means the antenna is well-matched. If the VSWR is under
2 the antenna match is considered very good and little would be gained by impedance matching.
As the VSWR increases, more power is reflected from the antenna and therefore not transmitted.
As VSWR increases, more power is reflected, which is transmitting. Large amounts of reflected
power can damage the circuit.The return loss(RL) and mismatch loss (ML) of a load is merely
the magnitude of the reflection coefficient expressed in decibels.

c) Near-and Far-Fields

Fig.4 Near and Far Fields (Chen and Yung 2011)

 d) Antenna Efficiency
The total antenna efficiency 𝑒) is used to take into account losses at the input
terminals and within the structure of the antenna. Such losses may be due,
i. Reflections because of the mismatch between the transmission line and the antenna.
ii. I2R losses (conduction and dielectric)

In general, the overall efficiency can be written as

𝑒) = 𝑒' 𝑒B 𝑒C
Where,
𝑒) = total efficiency (dimensionless)
𝑒' = reflection(mismatch) efficiency = (1 − |Г|2) (dimensionless)
𝑒B = conduction efficiency (dimensionless)
𝑒C = dielectric efficiency (dimensionless)
Г= voltage reflection coefficient at the input terminals of the antenna
Г= (Zin− Z0)/ (Zin+ Z0)
Where,
Zin= antenna input impedance,
Z0= characteristic impedance of the transmission line]
VSWR = voltage standing wave ratio = (1 + | Г |) / (1 − | Г |)
Usually 𝑒B and 𝑒C are very difficult to compute, but they can be determined
experimentally.
4
𝑒) = 𝑒' 𝑒BC = 𝑒' 1 − Г

e) Bandwidth
• For broadband antennas, the bandwidth is usually expressed as the ratio of the
upper-to-lower frequencies of acceptable operation. For example, a 10:1 bandwidth
indicates that the upper frequency is 10 times greater than the lower.
• For narrowband antennas, the bandwidth is expressed as a percentage of the
frequency difference (upper minus lower) over the center frequency of the bandwidth.
For example, a 5% bandwidth indicates that the frequency difference of acceptable
operation is 5% of the center frequency of the bandwidth.

Research Gap:
As per the compartive study of papers a MIMO antenna with more than one band gives
better flexibility as application point of view. Apart from this adopting different techniques
used in antenna design can make it more versatile and improves parameters. There is no focus

 on achieving high gain and reduce mutual coupling.Keeping the problems discussed above in
view, it was decided to take the research work on the “Design of Compact Dual Band
MIMO Antenna using Metamaterial Structure for Wireless Applications” with the
following tasks:
a) Analysis of dual band microstrip antenna using metamaterial.
b) To design different techniques to reduce mutual coupling and increase isolation.
c) Analysis and comparision of different techniques to improve gain.
d) Performance analysis of the proposed MIMO antenna system.

10. Review of literature

Srifi et al. (2010) presented rectangular slot and step for bandwidth improvement. The
rectangular slot on the patch antenna allowed shifting the frequency band in the direction of the
higher frequencies.

Ayman et al. (2011) observed defected antenna ground plane. The band gap of DGS and
the resonant frequency of patch antenna overlaped, therefore inhibiting the surface wave
propagation. The feature of the surface wave suppression helped to improve the antenna's
performances such as increasing bandwidths and gain as well as reducing back radiations.

Zulkii et al. (2011) proposed compact four triangular shape microstrip antenna with
defected ground for multiple inputs multiple output (MIMO) systems. The multi-feed four
triangular patches were placed uniquely without any distance to each other; however, the mutual
coupling reduction is achieved by adding slots on the antenna's ground. To suppress the mutual
coupling effect and isolation between each element, the slot on the ground was designed.

Ketzaki et al. (2012) presented reduction of mutual coupling and increase gain, based on
the concept of metamaterials. Individual rectangular loop resonators, placed in the space
between the antenna elements provided high levels of isolation without essentially affecting the
simplicity and planarity of the MIMO antennas.

Patil (2012) pointed some drawbacks of conventional microstrip patch antennas which
were low efficiency, narrow bandwidth (3-6%) of the central frequency, its bandwidth was
limited to a few percent which was not enough for most of the wireless communication systems
nowadays. One of the efficient methods used for the enhancement of patch antenna bandwidth
was the loading of rectangular microstrip patch antenna with two square slots across its side

surface. This type of microstrip patch antenna met the requirement of operation for wireless
applications. The VSWR, input impedance‚ and S11 performance were used for the analysis of
the different configurations.

Noghabaei et al. (2013) introduced circular polarization (CP) at both frequencies,

asymmetrical slots and the truncated corners. It was observed that creating asymmetrical corners
facilitates the lowering of the axial ratio. They found that Circular Polarization is better than
linear polarization for microstrip antenna because of Less Polarization losses.

Mane et al. (2014) explained that performance of microstrip Antenna mainly depended
on its structure and dimensions but the substrate material shows significant role in performance
parameters such as Return Loss (S11). They showed that FR4 material was quite suitable for
frequencies up to 4GHz. The reflection at the source and axial directivity of the antennas
designed by FR4 is better than antennas designed by using DUROID-6006.

Ghouz (2015) discussed and focused on the design of two compact and dual-broadband
microstrip MIMO antenna modules. MIMO antennas had been fabricated on an FR-4 substrate,
and their parameters had been measured. He achieved good MIMO antenna parameters
including high port-to-port isolations, gains, bandwidths, efficiencies, VSWR and compact size
module using FR4 Substrate.

Zhai et al. (2015) proposed double-layer mushroom structure to enhance the interelement
isolation of a four element antenna system, wherein four closely positioned substrate integrated
cavity backed slot (SICBS) antenna elements were configured for multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) applications. The utilization of the double-layer mushroom wall had not only reduced
the transverse size, but also dramatically enhanced the interelement isolation of the MIMO
antenna system

Asaadi et al. (2016) explained the use of substrate integrated structure which blocked and
absorbed the space-field/near-field from the antenna elements and thus enhanced the
interelement isolation significantly. Therefore, with the increasing distance, the removal of the
substrate and the metallic layer could improve the isolation between two antenna elements.

Nandi and Mohan (2017) presented a very compact dual-band planar MIMO antenna. The
antenna elements were slot antennas, having two quarter-wavelength slots of different lengths at
the ground planes, which radiated at two distinct frequencies. They showed that Good isolation,

Enhanced data rate and Envelope Correlation Coefficient(ECC) was within the threshold
limits(0.004). The proposed design was very compact and exhibits comparable performance as
well.

Tu et al. (2017) proposed the dual-band MIMO antenna using double-size EBG structure
and serial rectangular DGS. Using the EBG structure, the dual band MIMO antenna not only
reduced the mutual coupling between antenna elements of 20 dB but also improved the antenna
gain. Especially at 2.6 GHz, the antenna gain got 4.25 dB. Furthermore, the antenna radiation
efficiency at this band had been improved. The proposed dual-band MIMO antenna at 2.6 GHz
and 5.7 GHz is suitable for LTE and WLAN applications in the portable terminals.

11. Methodology
The proposed research work start with the detailed literature survey of MIMO antenna
design for wireless applications. A sufficient frequency spectrum should be available in order to
achieve requirements. The MIMO antenna should have high gain and low losses. In order to
achieve high directive gain and S parameters, it will be designed by using metamaterial
technology and on FR4 substrate. Out of the available engineering and simulation softwares, I
will use HFSS/CST microwave studio to carry out the design and simulation of the proposed
MIMO system as it has been very popularly used by the researchers apart from the users
friendly and easy to use features.
Techniques to be Used
Reduction of Mutual Coupling:
It is recognized that mutual coupling of the antenna degrades the performance of
these systems. Metamaterial Structure and other optimization techniques can be used to get
the desired results.
High Isolation & Gain:
Using FR4 substrate and many other techniques can be used to get the desired results.
Software to be Used
Apart from the above softeares, others plateforms supporting MIMO antenna design are
as follows:
ü ZELAND IE3D
ü Ansoft HFSS
ü Microwave Studio CST
ü FEKO
ü Antenna Magus

 CST integrates features such as Perfect Boundary Approximation (PBA), the Thin Sheet
Technique and True Geometry Adaptation which goes a long way in improving the efficiency of
its time domain and frequency calculation metrics thereby improving design accuracy. And,
HFSS integrates an automated design process that allows the user to simply specify his/her
required geometry, design material properties etc. and the software generates a mesh that meets
these specifications.
Flowcharts:
1. Flow chart for antenna design using metamaterial.
2. Flow chart for design of MIMO Antenna System.

Flow chart – 1
START

Design specification identified by

determining and calculating dimension of
the patch antenna

Geometrical parameters and

material of antenna properly
defined

Determine antenna dimension and

element spacing

Include Metamatrial Structure, FR4 substrate and

Simulate the design

Run the Simulation

No Optimum
Result ?

Yes

Design Optimized Antenna

Make changes in
Run the Simulation design

No
Results
Achieved?

Yes

Fabricate & test the antenna

for requiredSpecifications

STOP

Fig.5 Flow chart for antenna design using metamaterial

Technique


Flow chart -2

START

Define parameters and

material for design

Design the complete MIMO antenna

System by taking particular
dimension

Simulate the design

Make changes
No
Meet
requirements?

Yes

Fabricate & test the

proposed MIMO system

STOP

Fig.6 Flow chart for design of MIMO Antenna System

Activity Chart

The research work is divided in different stages. The activity chart depicting various stages is
shown in figure:

Months 1 2 3 4 5 6
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
Stage IV
Stage V

Fig.7 Activity chart depicting stages of research work

Stage I:
• Initial study of different antennas design in C and S Band for wireless application. Also
study of MIMO antenna and circular/linear polarization.
• Design and analysis of the antenna designs.
Stage II:
• Develop a dual band microstrip antenna with use of metamaterial structure.
• Simulate and verify the results by comparing with the other designs in term of gain,
bandwidth, isolation and reduce mutual coupling and other parameters.
Stage III:
• Design the MIMO antenna, develop multi input and multi output antenna system using
four different antenna using circular/linear polarization.
• Simulate and verify the design for better results.
Stage IV:
• Fabricate single antenna and proposed MIMO antenna system and its testing.
Stage V:
• Preparation of the Thesis.

12.Facilities
All the required facilities are available in the Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, College of Technology & Engineering, MPUAT, Udaipur for
carrying out the proposed plan of research work.

13.Location of Experiment
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, College of Technology and
engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur-313001,
Rajasthan.
Udaipur is situated at 24 35’35.01’’ North Latitude and 73 44’18.09’’ East Longitude
and at altitude of 582.17 m (1909 feet) above the sea level.

14. Industrial and Commercial uses

A multiband MIMO antenna can be used for multiple wireless communication technologies
such as:
1. Wireless Cellular environment: GSM 1800/1900, WCDMA, Wi-Fi, wireless LAN,
LTE, etc.
2. Non-wireless communications systems: ITU-T G.9963, which defines a powerline
communications system that uses MIMO techniques to transmit multiple signals over
multiple AC wires (phase, neutral and ground)
3. LEO satellite communication

15. References

Asaadi, M. and Sebak, A. 2016. High gain low profile slotted SIW cavity antenna for 5G
applications. In: Proceeding of IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and
Propagation pp. 1227-1228.
Chen, C. and Yung, E. K. N. 2011. Dual-band circularly-polarized CPW-fed slot antenna with a
small frequency ratio and wide bandwidths. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation. 59:1379-1384.
Das, B. N., Prasad K.V. S. V. R. and Rao, K. V. S. 1986. Excitation of waveguide by stripline-
and microstrip-line-fed slots. IEEE Transactions On Microwave Theory and Techniques.
34:321-327.
Elboushi, A. Haraz Osama, M. and Sebak, A. 2013. Circularly-polarized SIW slot antenna for
MMW applications. In: Proceeding of IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and
Propagation Society during July 7-13 pp. 648-649.
Ghouz, H. H. M. 2015. Novel compact and dual-broadband microstrip MIMO antennas for
wireless applications elect. Progress in Romagnetics Research. 63:107-121.

Ketzaki, D. A., Ntaikos, D. K., Bourgis, N. K. and Yioultsis, T.V. 2012. Metamaterial-enhanced
MIMO antennas. 2nd Pan-Hellenic Conference on Electronics and Telecommunications -
PACET΄12, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Mane, P., Patil, S. A. and Dhanawade, P. C. 2014. Comparative study of microstrip antenna for
different subsrtate material at different frequencies. International Journal of Emerging
Engineering Research and Technology. 2:18-23
Nandi, S. and Mohan, A. 2017. A compact dual-band MIMO slot antenna for WLAN
applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 16:2457-2460.
Patil, V. P. 2012. Enhancement of bandwidth of rectangular patch antenna using two square slots
techniques. International Journal of Engineering Sciences & EmergingTechnologies. 3:1-
12.
Rappaport, T. S., Sun S., Mayzus R., Zhao H., Azar Y., Wang K., Wong G. N., Schulz J. K.,
Samimi M., and Gutierrez F. 2013. Millimeter wave mobile communications for 5G
cellular: it will work. IEEE Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications. 1: 335-349.
Noghabaei, S. M., Rahim S. K. A., Soh P. J., Abedian M., Vandenbosch G.A.E. 2013. A dual-
band circularly-polarized patch antenna with a novel asymmetric slot WiMAX application.
Radio Engineering. 22 : 1.
Saad, A. A. R., Khaled, E. E. M. and Salem, D. 2011. Wideband slotted planar antenna with
defected ground structure. PIERS Proceedings, Suzhou, China pp.12-16.
Srifi, M. N., Meloui, M. and Essaaidi, M. 2010. Rectangular slotted patch antenna for 5-6 GHz
applications. International Journal of Microwave and Optical Technology. 5:2.
Tu, D. T. T., Hoc, N. V., Son, P. D. and Yem, V. V. 2017. Design and implementation of dual-
band MIMO antenna with low mutual coupling using electromagnetic band gap structures
for portable equipments. International Journal of Engineering and Technology
Innovation. 7:48-60.
Xie, H., Belostotski L., and Okoniewski M. 2015. A Q-band high-gain substrate-integrated
waveguide slot antenna. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. 57:1370–1374.
Zulkii, F. Y and Rahardjo E. T. 2011. Compact MIMO microstrip antenna with defected ground
for mutual coupling suppression. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium
Proceedings, Marrakesh, Morocco, Mar. 20-23.
Zhai, G., Chen Z.N., and Qing X. 2015. Enhanced isolation of a closely spaced four-element
MIMO antenna system using metamaterial mushroom. IEEE Transactions On Antennas
and Propagation. 63: 8.

Zhao, H., Mayzus R., Sun S., Samimi M. and Schulz J. K. 2013. 28 GHz millimeter wave
cellular communication measurements for reflection and penetration loss in and around
buildings in New York city. In: Proceeding of IEEE International Conference on
Communications during June 9-13 pp. 5163-5167.

Date:
Place: Udaipur (Harsha PrabhaPaliwal)

 MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

CERTIFICATE

The members of Advisory committee of Mrs. Harsha Prabha Paliwal met on 20/12/2017 in
which the candidate presented in the form of seminar, the synopsis of her research work entitled,
“Design ofa Compact Dual Band MIMO Antenna using Metamaterial Structure for
Wireless Applications” to be carried out for M. Tech in Electronics & Communication
Engineering.

After discussion the committee has recommended the synopsis for approval.

S.No Name and Designation Status Code/ Ref. No. Signature

Dr.Navneet Agrawal Major
1. ECE-R-04-522
(Assistant Professor, ECE) Advisor
Dr.Sunil Joshi
2. Advisor ECE-R-04-478
(Professor & Head, ECE)
Dr.Naveen Jain
3. Advisor ECLE-R-04-546
(Assistant Professor, EE)
Dr.B.L.Salvi DRI
4. ME-R-04-668
(Assistant Professor, ME) Nominee

I have examined the above synopsis and recommended that it may be approved.

(Dr. SUNIL JOSHI)

Head of the Department
Udaipur
Forwarded to DRI, MPUAT, Udaipur.

Dean
CTAE, MPUAT, Udaipur

The synopsis is here by approved / not approved.

Director, Resident Instruction

MPUAT, Udaipur