Physics - Electricity & Magnetism Compendium

COMPENDIUM OF LECTURE NOTES
S-PHY 14/S-SCI 15
(Electricity and Magnetism)
Prepared By:
CHRISTIAN DAVE A. DE LEON
IV-19 BSE General Science
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART 1: The Electric Field

1.1 The Electric Charge
1.2 Coulomb’s Law
1.3 Electric Field and its Calculations
1.4 Lines of Force
PART 2: Gauss’ Law

2.1 Electric Flux
2.2 Gauss’ Law
2.3 Electric Conductors (Sample Problems)
PART 3: Electric Potential

3.1 Potential Difference
3.2 Potential of a system of charges
3.3 Equipotential Surfaces
PART 4: Capacitance and Dielectrics

4.1 Capacitor
4.2 Capacitors in Series and Parallel
4.3 Energy of a charged capacitor
4.4 Dielectrics
PART 5: Electric Current

5.1 Current and Motion of Charges
5.2 Ohm’s Law and Resistance
5.3 Electromotive Force: Energy in Electric Circuits
PART 6: Direct-Current Circuits

6.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel
6.2 Kirchhoff’s Rules
6.3 Electric Meters
S-PHY 14/S-SCI 15: Electricity and Magnetism (De Leon, Christian Dave A. SciEd) Page 1
PART 7: Magnetism and Magnetic Fields
7.1 Magnetism
7.2 Magnetic Field
7.3 Magnetic Flux
7.4 Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field
7.5 Magnetic Forces on Conductors
PART 8: Electromagnetic Induction

8.1 Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law of Induction
8.2 Electromagnetic Devices
8.3 Transformers and Transmission of Power
a. Positively-charged protons and
PART neutrally-charged neutrons comprise
the nucleus
1 b. Negatively-charged electrons
surrounds the nucleus
Electric Field
Electricity and Magnetism
1.1 The Electric Charge

Electric = “electron” → amber (stone that
could attract other objects)
Electrostatics = the interactions between
electric charges that are at rest.
→ “Like charges repels; unlike charges Principle of Conservation of Charge:
attract a. The algebraic sum of all the electric
a. Plastic rods and for – two charges in a closed system is constant
negative charges repel b. The magnitude of charge of the electron
b. Glass rods and silk – two or proton is a natural unit of charge
positive charges repel
- The glass is positively  Conductors are materials in which
charged because of charge moves easily; in Insulators, charge
electron deficiency doesn’t move easily.
- The electrons move from  Charging by conduction is when both
the glass to the silk objects acquire the same type of charge. If
c. Fur-rubbed rod and silk-rubbed a negative object is used to charge a neutral
glass – opposite charges object, then both objects become charged
attract negatively.
 Charging by induction is when a charged
object brought near but not touched to a
neutral conducting object. The presence of
a charged object near a neutral conductor
will induce electrons within the conductor to
move.
1.2 Coulomb’s Law

The magnitude of the electric force between
two point charges is directly proportional to
 Electric interactions are chiefly the product of the charges and inversely
responsible for the structure of atoms, proportional to the square of the distance
molecule, and solids. between them.
|𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 |
𝑭=𝒌
𝒓𝟐
F = electric force Problem 1.3 The charges are arranged as
𝑞1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞2 = electric charges shown. Find the resultant force on q3 due to
r = distance between charges the others.
k = Coulomb’s law constant
𝑘 = 8.988 𝑥 109 𝑁 • 𝑚2 /𝐶 2
1
𝑘= = 9.0𝑥109 𝑁 • 𝑚2 /𝐶 2 ;
4𝜋𝜀0
𝜀0 = 8.854 𝑥 10−12 𝐶 2 /𝑁 • 𝑚2
1 |𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 |
𝑭=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝒓𝟐 |𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟑 |
Problem 1.1: Determine the magnitude and 𝑭𝟏 = 𝒌
direction of the force on the electron of a 𝒓𝟏 𝟐
hydrogen atom exerted by a single proton (9𝑥10 )(8𝑥10−6 )(4𝑥10−6 )
6
=
that is the atom’s nucleus. Assume that the (0.05𝑚)2
average distance between them is = 115𝑁; 53.1°𝑆𝑊
0.53 𝑥 10−10 𝑚. Given that the 𝑒 − and 𝑝+ has |𝒒𝟐 𝒒𝟑 |
the same magnitude of charge 𝑞1 = 𝑞2 = 𝑭𝟐 = 𝒌
𝒓𝟐 𝟐
1.6 𝑥 10−19 𝐶.
(9𝑥10 )(6𝑥10−6 )(4𝑥10−6 )
6
=
|𝑞1 𝑞2 | (0.03𝑚)2
𝐹=𝑘
𝑟2 = 240𝑁; 𝑊𝑒𝑠𝑡
(9.0 𝑥 109 𝑁 • 𝑚2 /𝐶 2 )|(1.6 𝑥 109 𝐶)(1.6 𝑥 109 𝐶)|
=
0.53 𝑥 10−10 𝑚2
𝑭 = 𝟖. 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝑵
Principle of Superposition  the vector sum

of the forces on the charges is the net force
of all the charges present.
F1x = -(115 N) Cos 53.1o = - 69.2 N
Problem 1.2: A -6mC charge is placed 4cm F1y = -(115 N) Sin 53.1o = - 92.1 N
from a +9mC charge. What is the resultant F2x = -240 N; F2y = 0
force on a -5mC charge located on the
midway between the first 2 charges?
(1𝑚𝐶 = 1 𝑥 10−6 𝐶)
Rx = SFx ; Ry = SFy
Rx = – 69.2 N – 240 N = -309 N
Rx= -92.1 N
Ry = -69.2 N – 0 = -69.2 N
Ry= -240 N
|𝑞1 𝑞3 | (9 𝑥 106 )(6 𝑥 10−6 )(5 𝑥 10−6 )

𝐹1 = 𝑘 2
= ;
𝑟1 (0.02𝑚)2
𝐹1 = 675 N
|𝑞2 𝑞3 | (9 𝑥 106 )(6 𝑥 10−6 )(5 𝑥 10−6 ) The reference angle is: f = 77.40S of W Or,
𝐹2 = 𝑘 = ; the polar angle q is: q = 1800 + 77.40 =
𝑟2 2 (0.02)𝑚2
𝐹2 = 1013 N 257.40
Resultant Force: R = 317 N, q = 257.40
1.3 Electric Field and its Calculations
 The electric force on a charged body is
exerted by the electric field created by other
field charges
 Electric Field is the electric force per unit
area (N/C)
𝑭𝒐
𝑬=
𝒒𝒐
 The electric field produced at a point

charge is directed radially away from the 1.4 Lines of Force
charge (if positive) or towards the charge (if  ELECTRIC FIELD LINE – is an
negative) imaginary line or curve drawn through a
region of space so that its tangent at any
point is in the direction of the electric-field
vector at that point
 The number of lines per unit area
(perpendicular to that direction) is
proportional to the magnitude of E at that
point
a. Lines of Force Start from positively
charged particle and end on the
negatively charged particle
1 |𝑄𝑞| b. Lines of force repel each other
𝐹𝑜 = sideways. They do not intersect nor
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑟 2
break as they pass from one charge
1 |𝑞| to another
𝐸= c. The greater the lines of force, the
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑟 2
stronger is the electric field
|𝒒| d. The direction of the electric field at a
𝑬=𝒌 point is the same as the direction of
𝒓𝟐
the tangent to the line of force at that
Problem 1.4 What is the magnitude of the point
electric field at a field point 2.0m from a
point charge q=4.0 nC? (1nC=1x10-9 C)
|𝒒|
𝑬=𝒌 𝟐
𝒓
(9.0 𝑥 109 𝑁 • 𝑚2 /𝐶2 )|(4.0 𝑥 10−9 𝐶)|
= 2
(2.0𝑚)
= 𝟗. 𝟎𝑵/𝑪
SUPERPOSITION OF ELECTRIC FIELDS

 The total electric field at P is the vector
sum of the fields at P due to each point
charge in the charge distribution
𝑬 = 𝑬𝟏 + 𝑬𝟐 + 𝑬𝟑 + ⋯
PART
2
Gauss’ Law
2.1 Electric Flux

ELECTRIC FLUX – is the measure of the
“flow” of electric field through a surface
2.2 Gauss’ Law
 States that the total electric flux summed
over any closed surface is equal to the net
charge (Q) enclosed by the surface divided
by 𝜖𝑜
𝑸𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒍
𝜱𝑬 = 𝑬 ⊥ 𝑨 𝜮𝑬 ⊥ ∆𝑨 =
𝝐𝒐
𝜱𝑬 = 𝑬𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
APPLICATIONS OF GAUSS LAW
𝜱𝑬 = Electric Flux 1. Spherical symmetry
E = Perpendicular electric field a. Point charge on any spherical distribution
A = Area with total charge Q, the field outside of the
charge will be:
 Positive charges cause outward flux,
negative charges cause inward flux (closed
surface, rectangular box)
a. Whether there is a net outward or
inward electric flux through a closed
surface depends on the sign of the
enclosed charge
b. Charges outside the surface do not
give a net electric flux through the b. Spherical conductor with uniform surface
surface charge density 𝜎, the field outside of the
c. The net electric flux is directly charge will be:
proportional to the net amount of
charge enclosed within the surface,
but it is otherwise independent to the
size of the closed surfaces
 These observations are qualitative
statements of the Gauss Law
c. And the field inside will be zero, since tha c. And the field inside will be zero since that
Gaussian surface contains no charge: Gaussian surface contains no charge
d. Spherical insulator with uniform charge

density 𝜌, the field outside the charge will d. Cylindrical insulator with uniform charge
be: density 𝜌, the field outside the charge will
be:
e. And inside the field will be:

e. And inside the field will be:
2. Cylindrical Symmetry
a. Line with uniform charge density λ:
3. Planar Symmetry
a. Non-conducting plane of infinitesimal
thickness with uniform surface charge
density 𝜎:
b. Cylindrical conductor with uniform charge

density 𝜎, the field outside the charge will
be:
b. Conducting plane of finite thickness with

uniform surface charge density 𝜎:
2.3 Electric Conductors (Sample Table 2.1 Charge Distribution and Points
Problems) in Electric Field
Problem 2.1 A disk or radius 0.10m is

oriented at 30 degrees to a uniform electric
field of 2.0x103 N/C
a. What is the electric flux through the disk?
b. What is the electric flux through the disk

that 𝜱𝑬 is perpendicular to E?
Table 2.2 Charge Distribution and

c. What is the flux through the disk that 𝜱𝑬 Electric Field Magnitude
is parallel to E?
Problem 2.2 A point charge is

surrounded by an imaginary sphere of
radius r = 0.20m centered on the charge
Find the resulting electric flux through the
sphere.
PART
3
Electric Potential
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND POTENTIAL

DIFFERENCE
3.1 Potential Difference POTENTIAL (V) – is the electric potential
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY energy per unit charge. Measured in Volts
 The electric force caused by any (V) or Joules per Coulumb (J/C)
collection of charges at rest is a 𝑼
conservative force. 𝑽=
𝒒𝒐
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑
𝑾 = 𝒒𝒐 𝑬𝒅; 𝐹 = 𝑞𝑜 𝐸 𝟏 𝒒
𝑽=
 The work done by the electric force on a 𝟒𝝅𝝐𝒐 𝒓
charged particle moving in an electric field 𝒒
can be represented by the change in 𝑽=𝒌
𝒓
potential energy
𝑊𝑎→𝑏 = 𝑈𝑎 − 𝑈𝑏  The potential difference between two
points equals the amount of work done that
 The electric potential energy for two-point would be required to move a unit positive
charges q and qo depends on their test between those points
separation r 𝑉𝑏𝑎 = 𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑎
1 𝑞𝑞𝑜
𝑈=
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑟 𝑈𝑏 − 𝑈𝑎
𝑉𝑏𝑎 =
𝑞𝑜
 The electric potential energy for a charge
qo in the presence of a collection of charges −𝑾𝒃𝒂
(e.g. q1, q2, q3,) depends on the distance 𝑽𝒃𝒂 =
𝒒𝒐
from qo to each of these other charges
𝑞𝑜 𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞3  The Potential V due to a quantity of

𝑈= ( + + + ⋯) charge can be calculated by summing up if
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑞3
the charges is a collection of point charges
1 𝑞𝑖
Or 𝑉= ∑
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑟𝑖
𝑖
𝑞𝑜 𝑞𝑖
𝑈= ∑
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑟𝑖
𝑖
Problem 3.2: A Proton (+e= 1.6x10-19C)
moves a distance d=0.50m in a straight line
between points a and b in a linear
acceleration. The electric field is uniform
along this line, with magnitude E=1.5x107
V/m (1Vm=1N/c) in the direction from A to
B. Determine the:
a. Force on the Proton
 The potential difference between two

points a and b where a uniform electric field
E exists is given by:
𝑾 = 𝒒𝒐 𝑬𝒅 b. Work done on it by the field
𝑊 = −𝑞(𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑎 )
−𝑞𝑉𝑏𝑎 = 𝑞𝑜 𝐸𝑑
−𝑉𝑏𝑎 = 𝐸𝑑
−𝑽𝒃𝒂
𝑬=
𝒅
c. Potential difference
Problem 3.3: An electric dipole consists of

2point charges q1=+12nC and q2-12nC
placed 10.0 cm apart. Compute the electric
3.2 Potential of a system of charges potentials at points a, b and c.
Problem 3.1: A charge of 6.0x10-7 Cis

transferred from infinity to point A. If the
work done to do this is 1.2x10-5J, what is the
potential energy at point A?
−𝑾𝒃𝒂 −1.2x10−5 J
𝑽𝒃𝒂 = = = −𝟐𝟎𝑽
𝒒𝒐 6.0 x10−7 𝐶
ELECTRON VOLT (eV) – defined as the

energy acquired by a particle carrying a
charge whose magnitude equals that on the
electron (q = e) as a result of moving
through a potential difference of 1V
1𝑒𝑉 = 𝑞𝑉 = (1.6𝑥10−19 𝐶)(1.0𝑉)

𝟏𝒆𝑽 = (𝟏. 𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝑱)
Problem 3.4: Two parallel plates are
charged to produce a potential difference of
50V. If the separation between the plates is
0.050m, calculate the magnitude of the
electric field in the space between the plates
−𝑽𝒃𝒂 50𝑉
𝑬= = = 1000𝑉/𝑚
𝒅 0.050𝑚
3.3 Equipotential Surfaces

 An equipotential surface is a surface on
which the potential difference has the same
value at every point
a. At a point where a field line cause an
equipotential surface, the two are
perpendicular
b. When all of the charges are at rest,
the surface of a conductor is always
in equipotential surface and all
points in the interior of a conductor
are at the same potential
c. When a cavity within a conductor
contains no charge, the entire cavity
is an equipotential region and there
is no surface charge anywhere on
the surface of the cavity
PART
𝑨
𝑪 = 𝝐𝒐
4 Where 𝜖𝑜 = 8.85𝑥10−12 𝐹/𝑚
𝒅
Capacitance and
Dielectrics
4.1 Capacitors
CAPACITOR – any pair of conductors
separated by an insulating material (or a
vacuum)
 In circuit diagrams, a capacitor is
represented by:
 When the capacitor is charged, there are

charges of equal magnitude Q and opposite
sign the potential Vab of the positively
charged conduction with respect to the  The capacitance of a parallel-plate
negatively charged conductor is proportional conductor is affected by the following
top Q factors:
a. Area of the plates – the bigger the
CAPACITANCE – the ratio of Q to Vab area of the plates, the greater the
𝑸 capacitance
𝑪= b. Distance between the plates – the
𝑽𝒂𝒃
closer the plates to one another, the
 The SI unit of capacitance is the Farad greater is the capacitance
(F) c. Insulating material – the dielectric
1𝐹 = 1𝐶/𝑉 material between them
PARALLEL-PLATE CONDUCTOR Problem 4.1: The parallel plates of a 1.0-F

 Consists of two-parallel conducting capacitor are 1.0 mm apart. What is their
plates, each with area A, separated by area?
distance d 𝐶𝑑 (1.0𝐹)(1.0𝑥10−3 𝑚)
𝐴= =
 If they are separated by a vacuum, the 𝜖𝑜 8.85𝑥10−12 𝐹/𝑚
capacitance depends only on A and d. = 𝟏. 𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎𝟐
𝑄
𝐶=
𝑉𝑎𝑏
𝑄 1 𝑄𝑑
𝐸= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑏 =
𝜖𝑜 𝐴 𝜖𝑜 𝐴 𝐴
Problem 4.2 The plates of a parallel-plate 2. PARALLEL CONNECTION
capacitor in vacuum are 5.00mm apart and
2.0m2 in area. A 10.0-kV potential difference
is applied across the capacitor. Compute for
the:
a. Capacitance
 When the capacitors are connected in

parallel, the equivalent capacitance Ceq
b. Charge on the Capacitor equals the sum of the individual
capacitances
𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + ⋯
 In parallel connection. The equivalent
capacitance is always greater than any
individual capacitance
c. Electric field magnitude
Problem 4.3: Given a series and parallel
connection of 2 capacitors. Let C1=6.0µF,
C2=3.0 µF, and Vab=18V. Find the
equivalent capacitance and the charge for
each capacitor when it is connected in:
a. Series Connection
4.2 Capacitors in Series and Parallel

1. SERIES CONNECTION
b. Parallel Connection
4.3 Energy of a charged capacitor

 When capacitors with capacitances C1,  The Energy U required to charge a
C2, C3 … are connected in series, the capacitor C to a potential difference V and a
reciprocal of the equivalent capacitance Ceq charge Q is equal to the energy stored in
equals the sum of the reciprocals of the the capacitor
individual capacitors 1
1 1 1 1 𝑈 = 𝑄𝑉
= + + +⋯ 2
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 1 2
 In series connection. The equivalent 𝑈 = 𝐶𝑉 ; 𝐶 = 𝑄𝑉
2
capacitance is always less than any
individual capacitances 𝑸𝟐
𝑼=
𝟐𝑪
Table 4.1 Values of Dielectric Constants
MATERIAL K
Vacuum 1
Air (1atm) 1.00059
Air (100atm) 1.0548
Teflon 2.1
Polyethylene 2.25
 The energy density (u) is the electric Benzene 2.28
energy stored per unit volume that is Mica 3-6
proportional to the square of the electric Mylar 3.1
field magnitude Polyvinyl Chloride 3.18
1 Glass 5-10
𝑈 = 𝐶𝑉 2
2 Rubber, Neoprene 6.70
𝐴 Water 80.4
𝐶 = 𝜖𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑
𝑑 Glycerin 42.5
1 𝐴 Strontium Titanate 310
𝑈 = (𝜖𝑜 ) (𝐸 2 𝑑2 )
2 𝑑 Germanium 16
1 2
𝑈 2 (𝜖𝑜 𝐸 𝐴𝑑)
𝑢= =  The quantity 𝜖 = 𝑘𝜖𝑜 is called the
𝑉 𝐸𝑑
permittivity of the dielectric
𝟏 𝐴
𝒖= (𝝐 𝑬𝟐 ) 𝐶 = 𝑘𝜖𝑜
𝟐 𝒐 𝑑
Problem 4.4: A camera unit stores energy in 𝑨

𝑪=𝝐
a 150µF capacitor at 200V. How much 𝒅
electric energy can be stored?
1 1 DIELECTRIC STRENGTH – refers to the
𝑈 = 𝐶𝑉 2 = (150𝜇𝐹)(200𝑉)2 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝑱 maximum electric field before breakdown
2 2
(charge flow) occurs
4.4 Dielectrics
DIELECTRIC – a non-conducting material in Table 4.2. Dielectric Strengths (V/m)
between the conducting plates of capacitors MATERIAL V/m
Air (1atm) 3 x106
Paraffin 10 x106
Polystyrene 24 x106
Vinyl (Plastic) 50 x106
Paper 15 x106
Quartz 8 x106
Oil 12 x106
Glass (Pyrex) 14 x106
Rubber, Neoprene 12 x106
Porcelain 5 x106
Mica 150 x106
Strontium Titanate 8 x106
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (K) – property of
dielectrics in the increase of capacitance
𝐶
𝐾=
𝐶𝑜
PART b. Current Density
𝐼 1.67 𝐴
𝐽= = = 2.04 𝑥 106 𝐴/𝑚2
5 𝐴 8.17 𝑥10−7 𝑚2
 Current is usually described in terms of a

flow of positive charge, even when the
Electric Current charges are actually negative or of both
charges
5.2 Ohm’s Law and Resistance
OHM’S LAW – states that the current I
through a given conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference V
between its end points
𝐼∝𝑉
 Resistance is the opposition certain
material offers to the flow of current
5.1 Current and Motion of Charges 𝑉
CURRENT – any motion of charge from one 𝑅=
𝐼
region to another; the amount of charge  The SI unit for resistance is Ohms (𝛺)
flowing through a specified area, per unit 1 𝛺 = 1 𝑉/𝐴
time
∆𝑄  The resistance R of a wire is inversely
𝐼=
∆𝑡 proportional to its cross-sectional area A,
 The SI unit for current is the Ampere (A) and directly to its length l and to a property
1𝐴 = 1𝐶/𝑠 called resistivity (𝜌)
𝜌𝐿
CURRENT DENSITY – the current per 𝑅=
𝐴
cross-sectional area
𝐼  The resistivity of a material is the ratio
𝐽=
𝐴 of the magnitudes of electric field and
 The units for current density is Amperes current density
per Square meter (A/m2) 𝐸
𝜌=
𝐽
Problem 5.1 The electric current in a wire is
6A. How many electrons flow past a given
point within 3 seconds?
∆𝑄 = 𝐼∆𝑡 = (6𝐴)(3𝑠) = 18 𝐶
1𝑒
18𝐶 ( )
1.6 𝑥 10−19 𝐶
= 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒔
Problem 5.2 An 18-guage copper wire, with

a diameter of 1.02 mm carries a constant
electric current of 1.67 A. Find the: Table 5.1 Resistivities at 20oC
a. Cross-sectional area of the wire Material 𝝆(𝜴 ∙ 𝒎)
𝜋𝑑2 (3.14)(1.02 𝑥 10−3 𝑚) Silver 1.47x10-8
𝐴= = Copper 1.72 x10-8
4 4
= 𝟖. 𝟏𝟕 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒎𝟐 Gold 2.44 x10-8
Aluminum 2.75 x10-8
Tungsten 5.25 x10-8
Steel 20 x10-8
Lead 22 x10-8
Mercury 95 x10-8
Manganin 44 x10-8
Constantan 49 x10-8
Nichrome 100 x10-8
Graphite 3.65 x10-5
Silicon 2300
Material 𝝆(𝜴 ∙ 𝒎)
Amber 5 x1014
Germanium 0.60
Glass 10 - 1014
10  The following are the factors that affect
Lucite > x1013 resistance
1. Length – greater length; higher resistance
Mica x1013
2. Cross-sectional area – greater area; less
Quartz 75 x1016
resistance
Sulfur 1015
3. Type of material – resistivity of a material
Teflon > 1013 4. Temperature – given by the following
Wood 108 - 1011 equation
𝑅(𝑇) = 𝑅𝑜 [1 + 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 )]
Problem 5.3 An 18-gauge Cu wire has a
cross-sectional area of 8.20x10-7 m2. It Table 5.2 α Temperature Coefficients of
carries a current of 1.67A. Find the: Resistivity
a. Electric field magnitude in the wire Material 𝜶 [(𝑪𝒐 )−𝟏 ]
ρcu= 1.72x10-8 Ω m
Aluminum 0.0039
𝜌𝐼 (1.72𝑥10−8 )(1.67𝐴)
𝐸 = 𝜌𝐽 = = Brass 0.0020
𝐴 8.20𝑥10−7 Carbon -0.005
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝑽/𝒎
Constantan 1.00x10-5
Copper 3.93 x10-3
b. Potential difference between two points in
the wire 50.0m apart Iron 5.0 x10-3
0.0350𝑉 Lead 4.3 x10-3
𝑉 = 𝐸𝐿 = ( ) (50.0𝑚) = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓 𝑽 Manganin 0
𝑚
Mercury 8.8 x10-4
c. Resistance of a 50.0m length of this wire Nichrome 4.0 x10-4
𝜌𝐿 (1.72𝑥10−8) (50.0𝑚) Silver 3.8 x10-3
𝑅= = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓 𝜴 Tunsgten 4.5 x10-3
𝐴 8.20𝑥10−7
𝑉 1.75𝑉 Problem 5.4 Suppose the resistance of a
𝑅= = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓 𝜴 copper wire is 1.05Ω at 20oC. Find the
𝐼 1.67𝐴
resistance at:
 Resistivity usually increases with a. 0oC
temperature; for small temperature changes 𝑅(𝑇) = 𝑅𝑜 [1 + 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 )]
with variations, with (𝛼) as the temperature 𝑅(𝑇) = 1.05[1 + 0.00393(0 − 20)] = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝜴
coefficient of resistivity
𝜌(𝑇) = 𝜌𝑜 [1 + 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 )] b. 100oC
𝑅(𝑇) = 𝑅𝑜 [1 + 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 )]
𝑅(𝑇) = 1.05[1 + 0.00393(100 − 20)]
= 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖𝜴
 A Resistor is a circuit device that is 5.3 Electromotive Force: Energy in
made to have a specific value of resistance Electric Circuits
between its ends. Usually, a resistor has 3
or 4 colored bands: ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (emf) – is the
a. First 2 bands – first 2 digits of the influence that makes the current flow from
resistance lower potential to higher potential
b. Third band – multiplier to power of ten  It is the voltage across terminals of a cell
c. Fourth band – represents the tolerance (if when no current flows
present)  It is symbolized by 𝜀 and it is measured
1. Silver band – +/- 10% in Volts (V)
2. Gold band – +/- 5%
3. No band – +/- 20%  A source of emf is a device that converts
another type of energy into electrical energy
a. Electric Cells – chemical to electrical
b. Generators – mechanical to electrical
c. Photovoltaic Cells – light to electrical
 The source of emf provides the voltage

to force the electrons through electric
resistance
 A COMPLETE CIRCUIT has a

continuous carrying path
Table 5.3 Color bands for Resistors Table 5.4 Symbols for Circuit Diagrams
Value as Symbol Device
Color Multiplier Conducting path
Digit
Black 0 1
Brown 1 101 Resistor
Red 2 102
Orange 3 103 Source of emf
Yellow 4 104
Green 5 105 Source of Emf
Blue 6 106 with internal
Violet 7 107 resistance
Gray 8 108
White 9 109
Voltmeter
Problem 5.5 A resistor has these color
bands; red, blue, brown, and gold. What is Ammeter
its:
a. Resistance
1st band: Red = 2 TERMINAL VOLTAGE (Vab) – is the
2nd band: Blue = 6 potential difference across the terminals of
3rd band: Brown = 101 the cells when there is current flowing
4th band: Gold = +/- 5% through it
 26 x 101 = 260 Ω  Because a cell has internal resistance (r),
b. Tolerance terminal voltage is less than electromotive
5% of 260 = +/- 13 Ω force
𝑽𝒂𝒃 = 𝜺 − 𝑰𝒓
 The current in the external circuit Problem 5.6 A 65.0-Ω resistor is connected
connected to the source terminals a and ab, to the terminals of a battery whose emf is
and is still determined by Vab = IR; then: 12.0V and whose internal resistance r is
0.5Ω. Calculate the:
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝜀 − 𝐼𝑟 a. Current in the circuit
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝜀 − 𝐼𝑟
𝐼𝑅 = 𝜀 − 𝐼𝑟 𝐼𝑅 = 𝜀 − 𝐼𝑟
𝜺 𝜺 12.0 𝑉
𝑰= 𝑰= = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝑨
𝑹+𝒓 𝑹 + 𝒓 65.0𝛺 + 0.5𝛺
b. Terminal voltage in the battery

𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝜀 − 𝐼𝑟
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = (12.0𝑉) − (0.183𝐴)(0.5𝛺)
𝑽𝒂𝒃 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗 𝑽
c. Power in the Resistor R

𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹
2 (65.0𝛺)
ELECTRIC POWER = (0.183𝐴) = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟖 𝑾
 The rate at which energy is transformed
in a resistance R from electric to other forms d. Power in the battery’s internal resistance
of energy is equal to the product of current 𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹
and voltage = (0.183𝐴)2 (0.5𝛺) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝑾
𝑄𝑉
𝑃=
𝑡
𝑷 = 𝑰𝑽;
𝐼 = 𝑉/𝑡
 Power in resistors can be written as

𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉 = 𝐼(𝐼𝑅)
𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹
𝑉
𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉 = ( ) 𝑉
𝑅
𝐕𝟐
𝐏=
𝐑
 The SI unit for power is Watts (1 W = 1

J/s)
 The current is divided between the
PART resistors
a. The reciprocal of the total resistance is
6 the sum of the reciprocals of the individual

resistances
𝑅𝑇 =
1
+
1
+
1
+⋯
𝑅1 𝑅 2 𝑅 3
Direct-Current Circuits
b. The main current entering the
Electricity and Magnetism combination of resistors divides and port of
it goes through each resistor
𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 = ⋯
c. Voltages across the resistors are equal

𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉3 = ⋯
Problem 6.1 The Equivalent resistance of

INTRODUCTION: Types of Circuits based
the network
on direction of currents
1. Direct-Current (DC) – the direction of the
current does not change with time
Ex: Flashlights and automobile wiring
systems
2. Alternating-Circuits (AC) – the current
oscillates back and forth
Ex: Household electrical power
6.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel

1. Series Circuit
 Contains more than one piece of
electrical apparatus (resistors) connected
one after another in a single line
 The current flows in a single path
a. Total Resistance is the sum of the

individual resistances
𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + ⋯
b. The Current is the same in all resistors Problem 6.2 2 identical light bulbs (R=2Ω)
𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼3 = ⋯ are connected to a source of (𝜀 = 8𝑉). Find
the current through each bulb, potential
c. The total voltage across the combination difference across each bulb, and the power
is the sum of the voltages across each delivered to each bulb and to the entire
resistor network if the bulbs are connected to:
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + ⋯ a. Series connection
2. Parallel Circuit
 Two or more pieces of electrical
apparatus (resistors) are connected side by
side
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = (2Ω + 2Ω) = 𝟒𝛀
 Based on the conservation of charges
𝑉𝑎𝑐 8 𝑉 𝜮𝑰 = 𝟎
𝐼= = = 𝟐𝑨
𝑅𝑒𝑞 4 Ω
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑏𝑐
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 = (2𝐴)(2Ω) = 𝟒 𝑽
𝑃 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = (2𝐴)2 (2Ω) = 𝟖 𝐖
2. Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule – the algebraic sum
b. Parallel connection of the potential differences in any loop must
be equal to zero
Based on the conservation of energy and
the conservative nature of electrostatic
fields
𝜮𝑽 = 𝟎
1 1 2 4Ω
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = + = = = 𝟐𝛀
2Ω 2Ω 4Ω 2
𝑉𝑑𝑒 8 𝑉
𝐼= = = 𝟒𝑨
𝑅𝑒𝑞 2Ω
𝑉𝑑𝑒 = 𝜀 = 𝟖𝑽
𝑃 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = (4𝐴)2 (2Ω) = 𝟑𝟐 𝐖
6.2. Kirchhoff’s Rules Problem 6.3 Find the current in each

 JUNCTION – the point where 3 or more resistor and the equivalent resistance of the
conductors meet five resistors
 LOOP – any closed conducting path
Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule
1. Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule – the algebraic

sum of the currents into any junction is zero
I2 = I1+I3 VOLTMETER – a device that measures the
13 V = I1 (2 Ω) – I3 (2 Ω) emf or potential difference between two
13 V = I1 (3 Ω) + I3 (5Ω) points in a current; a galvanometer with high
resistance in series
78 V = I1 (13 Ω); I1 = 6A
13 V = 6A (2 Ω) – I3 (1 Ω); I3 = -2A
I2 = I1 + I3; I2 = 5A
I1 + I2 = 11A
𝑉𝑎𝑏 13 𝑉
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝛀
𝐼 11 𝐴
6.3 Electric Meters

GALVANOMETER – an electrical device
that is primarily used to detect the presence
of a current 𝑽𝒗 = 𝑰𝒇𝒔 (𝑹𝒄 + 𝑹𝒔 )
Vv = full-scale reading
AMMETER – a galvanometer with low Ifs = full-scale current
resistance, called the shunt resistor, Rc = coil resistance
connected parallel to it used to measure Rs = Series resistance
current
Problem 6.5 What series resistance is
required to make the 1.00-mA, 20.0 Ω meter
described above into a voltmeter with a
range of 0 to 10.0 V?
𝑰𝒇𝒔 𝑹𝒄 = (𝑰𝒂 − 𝑰𝒇𝒔 )𝑹𝒔𝒉
Rsh = Shunt Resistance

Ifs = Full-scale current
Rc = Coil Resistance
Ia = Full-scale reading
Problem 6.4 What shunt resistance is

required to make the 1.00-mA, 20.0 Ω meter
described above into an ammeter with a
range of 0 to 50.0 mA?
 Ampere/Faraday/Henry – moving a
PART magnet near a conducting loop can induce
a current
7  The magnetic forces between two bodies

are due to the interaction between moving
electrons in the atoms
 Inside a magnetized body, there is a
Magnetism and coordinated motion of certain atomic
electrons
Magnetic Fields
7.2 Magnetic Field
Electricity and Magnetism  ELECTRIC FIELD
1. Distribution of electric charge at ret
creates the electric field E in the
surrounding place
2. The electric field exerts a force FE=qE on
any other charges in the presence of that
7.1 Magnetism field
 A magnet has two poles, north and  MAGNETIC FIELD
south. The North Pole is the end which 1. A moving charge or current creates
points towards the geographic north magnetic field in the surrounding space
 Like poles repel; unlike poles attract 2. The magnetic field B exerts a force on
any other moving charge or current present
in that field
𝑭𝒎 = |𝒒|𝒗𝑩
or
𝑭𝒎 = |𝒒|𝒗𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜱
 The moving charge interacts with the

 In 1820, Oersted ran experiments with field magnet. The force between them is at
conducting wires run near a sensitive a maximum when the velocity of the charge
compass. The orientation of the wire and is perpendicular to the magnetic field
the direction of the flow both moved the
compass needle
Problem 7.1 A proton having a speed of

5.0x106 m/s in a magnetic field feels a force
of 8.0x10-14 N toward the west when it
moves vertically upward. Find the
magnitude of the magnetic field
𝐹 8.0𝑥10−14 𝑁 7.5 Magnetic Forces on Conductors
𝐵= =  A Magnetic field exerts a force on an
𝑞𝑣 5.0𝑥106 𝑚
(1.6𝑥10−19 𝐶)( ) electric current. For a straight wire of length
𝑠
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 𝑻 l with a current I, the force has a magnitude
of
 The unit for magnetic field is Tesla (T) or 𝑭 = 𝑰𝒍𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
Gauss (G)
1 𝑇 = 1𝑁/𝐴 ∙ 𝑚
1 𝐺 = 10−4 𝑇
7.3 Magnetic Flux

MAGNETIC FLUX – the number of lines of
force; equals to the product of the area of
the loop times the perpendicular component
of the magnetic field strength
𝜱𝑩 = 𝑩 ⊥ 𝑨
𝜱𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 Where θ is the angle between magnetic
field B and the current I
Problem 7.2 A square loop of wire 10.0cm
on a side is in a 1.25T magnetic field. What Problem 7.4 A wire carrying a 30 A current
is the maximum value of the flux that can has a length l=12cm between the pole faces
pass through the loop (θ=0) of a magnet at angle of 60o. The magnetic
𝛷𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = (1.25𝑇)(0.100𝑚)(𝑐𝑜𝑠0) field is approximately uniform at 0.90T.
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝑾𝒃 What is the magnitude of the force on the
wire?
 The unit for magnetic flux is Weber (Wb) 𝑭 = 𝑰𝒍𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
1 𝑊𝑏 = 1 𝑇 ∙ 𝑚2 𝐹 = (30.0𝐴)(0.12𝑚)(0.90𝑇)(𝑠𝑖𝑛60) = 𝟐. 𝟖 𝑵
7.4 Motion of Charged Particles in a  The torque on a loop or coil of N turns

Magnetic Field and current I in a magnetic field B at an
 Motion of charged particle under the area A at known angle θ is
action of magnetic field alone is always in 𝝉 = 𝑵𝑰𝑨𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
motion with constant speed
𝛴𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎  The quantity NIA is the magnetic-dipole
𝑣2 moment of the wire
𝑞𝑣𝐵 = 𝑚( ) 𝑀 = 𝑁𝐼𝐴
𝑅 Problem 7.5 A circular coil of wire has a
𝒎𝒗
𝑹= diameter of 20.0c, and contains 10 loops.
𝒒𝑩
The current in each loop is 3.00A and the
Problem 7.3 An electron travels 2.0x107 m/s coil is placed in a 2.00T external magnetic
in a plane perpendicular to a uniform 0.010- field. Determine the maximum torque at 90o
T magnetic field. Describe the path
quantitatively A = πr2 = 3.14(0.1000)2 = 3.14x10-2m
−31 2.0𝑥107 𝑚
𝑚𝑣 (9.1𝑥10 𝑘𝑔)( 𝑠
) 𝝉 = 𝑵𝑰𝑨𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝑅= = −19 𝝉 = (10)(3.00𝐴)(3.14𝑥10−2 𝑚)(2.00𝑇)
𝑞𝐵 (1.6𝑥10 𝐶)(0.010 𝑇)
= 𝟏. 𝟏 𝒄𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟖 𝑵 ∙ 𝒎
(+) particle moves counter-clockwise; (-)

particle moves clockwise
 The magnetic field due to a Problem 7.7 The two wires of a 2.0m long
long-straight wire is directly appliance cord are 3.00mm apart and carry
proportional to the current a current of 8.0A dc. Calculate the force one
and inversely proportional to wire exerts on the other wire
the distance from the wire 𝝁𝒐 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
𝐼 𝑭𝟐 = 𝒍
𝐵∝ 𝟐𝝅 𝒅 𝟐
𝑟
𝝁𝒐 𝑰
𝑩=
𝟐𝝅 𝒓 (4𝜋 𝑥 107 𝑇 ∙ 𝑚/𝐴) (8.0𝐴)(8.0𝐴)
𝐹2 = 2.0𝑚
2𝜋 3.0 𝑥 10−3 𝑁
= 8.5 𝑥 103 𝑁
 The constant µo is the permeability of
free space  A long coil of wire consisting of many
𝜇𝑜 = 4𝜋 𝑥 107 𝑇 ∙ 𝑚/𝐴 loops (or turns) of wire is called a solenoid;
if it is tightly wrapped, the magnetic field in s
Problem 7.6 An electric wire in the wall of interior is almost uniform
the building carries a dc current of 25A 𝝁𝒐 𝑰𝑵
vertically upward. What is the magnetic field 𝑩=
𝒍
due to this current at a point 10cm due
north?
𝝁𝒐 𝑰 (4𝜋 𝑥 107 𝑇 ∙ 𝑚/𝐴)(25𝐴)
𝑩= =
𝟐𝝅 𝒓 2(3.14)(0.10𝑚)
= 𝟓. 𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝑻
 In two-parallel
wires, the
magnetic field
produced at the AMPERE’S LAW – states that around any
position of wire 2 chosen closed loop path segment ∆𝑙 times
due to the current the component of magnetic field B parallel
in wire 1 is to the segment equals 𝜇𝑜 times the current I
𝝁𝒐 𝑰𝟏 enclosed by the closed path
𝑩𝟏 =
𝟐𝝅 𝒅
 The force in 𝜮𝑩||∆𝒍 = 𝝁𝒐 𝑰𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒍
this field exerts
on a length l2 of
wire 2 is
𝝁𝒐 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
𝑭𝟐 = 𝒍
𝟐𝝅 𝒅 𝟐
 Parallel current attract; anti-parallel

current repel
∆𝜱𝑩
𝜺 = −𝑵
PART ∆𝒕
Where the negative sign means that the E
8 opposes its cause
Problem 8.1 A single coil of wire is situated

in a 0.5 T uniform magnetic field. The area
Electromagnetic of the coil is 2.0m2.
a. What is the magnetic flux at an angle of
Induction 60o?
𝜱𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
Electricity and Magnetism 𝛷𝐵 = (0.5𝑇)(2.0)(cos 60) = 0.5 𝑊𝑏
b. Magnetic flux when the field is parallel to

the normal after 5 seconds?
𝜱𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝛷𝐵 = (0.5𝑇)(2.0)(cos 0) = 1 𝑊𝑏
8.1 Faraday’s and Lenz’s Laws of ∆𝜱𝑩 = 1 𝑊𝑏 − 0.5 𝑊𝑏 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑾𝒃
Induction
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION – the c. What is the induced emf?
process by which a changing magnetic flux ∆𝜱𝑩
produces electric current 𝜺 = −𝑵
∆𝒕
a. Induced Current – produced current −𝟏(𝟎. 𝟓 𝑾𝒃)
b. Induced emf – produced emf 𝜺= = −𝟎. 𝟏 𝑽
𝟓𝒔
 When a conductor moves across flux LENZ’S LAW – a current produced by an
lines, magnetic forces on the free electrons induced emf moves in a direction so that its
induce electric currents. magnetic field opposes the original change
in flux
 INDUCED EMF: Faraday’s Observation  Flux increasing to the left induces flux to
1. Relative motion induces emf the right
2. Direcion of emf depends on the direction  Flux increasing to the right induces flux
of the motion to the left
3. Emf is proportional to the rate at which
the lines are cut (V) Problem 8.2 What is the direction of the
4. Emf is proportional to the number of turns induced current in the following circular
loops due to the currents?
FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION – the

magnitude of the induced emf equals time
rate of change of the magnetic flux through
the loop times the number of loops in the
coil
a. Counter-clockwise c. Brushes – usually made up of carbon;
b. Clockwise two contacts that rub against the
c. Zero commutator and keep the coil connected to
d. Clockwise the battery
d. Permanent Magnet – provides the
MOTIONAL EMF magnetic field
 Faraday’s Law also tells that a changing
magnetic field produces and electric field  The turning effect of the coil can be
 A straight wire of length l moving with a increased by:
speed v perpendicular to a magnetic field of a. Increasing the current
strength B has an emf induced between its b. Increasing the number of turns on the coil
equals ends equal to: c. Increasing the area of the coil – longer
∆𝜱𝑩 coil fives higher forces due to magnetic
𝜺=
∆𝒕 field; wider coil gives more leverages on the
𝐵∆𝐴 forces
𝜺=
∆𝑡
𝐵𝑙𝑣∆𝑡 2. Electric Generator – converts mechanical
𝜺=
∆𝑡 energy to electrical energy
 Parts of a generator
𝜺 = 𝑩𝒍𝒗 a. Armature – coil of wire that rotates
b. Slip rings – attached to the ends of the
Problem 8.3 An airplane travels 280 m/s in wire in the coil
a region where the Earth’s magnetic field is c. Brushes – allows the loop to turn freely
5.0 x 10-5 T and is nearly vertical. What is d. Permanent Magnet – provides the
the potential difference induced between the magnetic field
wing tips that are 70 m apart?
𝜺 = 𝑩𝒍𝒗 AC Generator
280𝑚
𝜀 = (5.0𝑥10−5 𝑇)(70𝑚) ( ) = 𝟏. 𝟎𝑽
𝑠
8.2 Electromagnetic Devices

1. Electric Motor – converts electrical
energy to mechanical energy
 Parts of an electric motor
 Also called as alternators

 Current flows through the fixed coils and
the magnet is field
 The magnet’s north and south poles
cause the current to the flow in opposite
directions, producing an alternating current
 Used to power small motors and
electrical appliances
DC Generator
 Contains a commutator, a connector that
a. Armature – a coil of wire mounted on a reverses a connection from the loop to the
rotating shaft outside circuit of each half turn, instead of
b. Commutator – a split-ring fixed to the coil slip rings
and rotates with it which reverses the flow of  The coil through which the current flows
current through the motor rotates in a fixed field
Problem 8.4 A transformer for home-use
radio reduces 120-V ac to 9.0-V ac. The
secondary coil contains 30 turns and the
radio draws 400 mA. Calculate:
a. The number of turns in the primary coil
𝑁𝑠𝑉𝑝 (30)(120𝑉)
𝑁𝑠 = = = 400 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
𝑉𝑠 9.0 𝑉
b. The current in the primary

 The commutator balances the charges 𝐼𝑠𝑁𝑠 (0.40 𝐴)(30)
𝐼𝑝 = = = 0.030 𝐴
leaving and returning to the generator, 𝑁𝑝 400
resulting in a current that does not change
directions c. The power transformed
 Used to power very large electric motors 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑠𝑉𝑠 = (0.40𝐴)(9.0𝑉) = 3.6 𝑊
and provide efficient energy supply that can
charge the banks of batteries 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑝𝑉𝑝 = (0.030𝐴)(120𝑉) = 3.6𝑊
8.3 Transformers and Transmission  Transformers are also used in the

of Power transmission of electrical energy from the
TRANSFORMER power plants to our home
 A device that changes the magnitude of
an AC voltage
 Consists of a primary coil and a
secondary coil
 The changing flux due to an AC voltage
in the primary coil induces an AC voltage in
the secondary coil
Types of Transformers
1. Step-Up Transformer
 Raises the voltage
 Secondary coil has more loops than the
primary coil
2. Step-down transformer
 Lowers the voltage
 Primary coil has more loops than the
secondary coil
 In a 100% efficient transformer, the ratio

of output to input voltages (Vs/Vp) equals
the ratio of the turns Ns in the secondary
coil to the number Np to the primary
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑆
=
𝑉𝑃 𝑁𝑃
 The ratio of the secondary current to
primary current is in the ratio of the turns
𝐼𝑆 𝑁𝑃
=
𝐼𝑃 𝑁𝑆

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COMPENDIUM OF LECTURE NOTES

PART 1: The Electric Field

PART 2: Gauss’ Law

PART 3: Electric Potential

PART 4: Capacitance and Dielectrics

PART 5: Electric Current

PART 6: Direct-Current Circuits

PART 8: Electromagnetic Induction

1.1 The Electric Charge

1.2 Coulomb’s Law

Principle of Superposition  the vector sum

|𝑞1 𝑞3 | (9 𝑥 106 )(6 𝑥 10−6 )(5 𝑥 10−6 )

 The electric field produced at a point

SUPERPOSITION OF ELECTRIC FIELDS

2.1 Electric Flux

d. Spherical insulator with uniform charge

e. And inside the field will be:

b. Cylindrical conductor with uniform charge

b. Conducting plane of finite thickness with

Problem 2.1 A disk or radius 0.10m is

a. What is the electric flux through the disk?

b. What is the electric flux through the disk

Table 2.2 Charge Distribution and

Problem 2.2 A point charge is

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND POTENTIAL

𝑞𝑜 𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞3  The Potential V due to a quantity of

a. Force on the Proton

 The potential difference between two

Problem 3.3: An electric dipole consists of

Problem 3.1: A charge of 6.0x10-7 Cis

ELECTRON VOLT (eV) – defined as the

1𝑒𝑉 = 𝑞𝑉 = (1.6𝑥10−19 𝐶)(1.0𝑉)

3.3 Equipotential Surfaces

 When the capacitor is charged, there are

PARALLEL-PLATE CONDUCTOR Problem 4.1: The parallel plates of a 1.0-F

 When the capacitors are connected in

4.2 Capacitors in Series and Parallel

4.3 Energy of a charged capacitor

Problem 4.4: A camera unit stores energy in 𝑨

 Current is usually described in terms of a

Problem 5.2 An 18-guage copper wire, with

 The source of emf provides the voltage

 A COMPLETE CIRCUIT has a

b. Terminal voltage in the battery

c. Power in the Resistor R

 Power in resistors can be written as

 The SI unit for power is Watts (1 W = 1

6 the sum of the reciprocals of the individual

c. Voltages across the resistors are equal

Problem 6.1 The Equivalent resistance of

6.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel

a. Total Resistance is the sum of the

6.2. Kirchhoff’s Rules Problem 6.3 Find the current in each

Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule

1. Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule – the algebraic

6.3 Electric Meters

𝑰𝒇𝒔 𝑹𝒄 = (𝑰𝒂 − 𝑰𝒇𝒔 )𝑹𝒔𝒉

Rsh = Shunt Resistance

Problem 6.4 What shunt resistance is

7  The magnetic forces between two bodies

 The moving charge interacts with the

Problem 7.1 A proton having a speed of

7.3 Magnetic Flux

Physics - Electricity & Magnetism Compendium

Physics - Electricity & Magnetism Compendium