Mathematical Modelling of Unsteady Flow of a Sisko

Fluid Through an Anisotropically Tapered Elastic

Arteries With Time-Variant Overlapping Stenosis

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of
Master of Technology

by

ASIF S

Co-ordinators

Dr. Tide P.S and Dr. Sreejith P.S

Division of Mechanical Engineering

Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi-22

2014
 COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar report entitled

Mathematical Modelling of Unsteady Flow of a Sisko

Fluid Through an Anisotropically Tapered Elastic
Arteries With Time-Variant Overlapping Stenosis

was submitted by

ASIF S

of first semester Mechanical Engineering Division in partial fulfillment

of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Master of
Technology in Thermal Engineering of Cochin
University of Science and Technology
during the year 2014

Coordinators

Dr. P. S. Sreejith

Dr. Tide P. S.

Head of Division

Dr. Jayadas N. H.

ii
 ABSTRACT

In the present investigation, we have studied the influence of heat and chemical reactions
on blood flow through anisotropically tapered elastic artery with time-variant overlapping
stenosis. The nature of blood in small arteries are analyzed mathematically by consid-
ering it as a Sisko fluid. The analysis is carried out for an artery with a mild stenosis.
Analytical expressions for the axial velocity, the stream function, the temperature distri-
bution, the concentration of fluid, the pressure gradient, the resistance impedance and
the wall shear stress distribution have been computed numerically and the results were
studied for various values of the physical parameters, such as the Sisko parameter b*, the
power index n, the taper angle , the maximum height of stenosis δ*, the Soret number
Sr, the Brickmann number Br, the total mass of the vessel and the surrounding tissues
M and the longitudinal contributions of the viscous and elastic constraints to the total
tethering C and K respectively. The obtained results show that the magnitude of the
axial velocity is higher for a Newtonian fluid than that for a Sisko fluid and it decreases
by increasing of the power index n also the transmission of axial velocity curves through
a tethered tube is substantially higher than that through the free tube. The wall shear
stress distribution and resistance impedance profiles with the time have an oscillation
form through the tapered overlapping stenosed arteries and this oscillation decaying as
the time increases. The temperature profile increase by increasing the Sisko parameter
b* and the power index n but the concentration profile has an opposite behavior as com-
pared to the temperature profile. For a fixed flux, the magnitude of the pressure drop for
a shear-thinning fluid (n < 1) is much larger than that through a shear-thickening (n >
1). The stream lines separate and the trapping bolus appear by increasing the maximum
height of the stenosis δ*. The trapping bolus increase in size toward the line center of
the tube as the power index n increases and it appear gradually by increasing the Sisko
parameter b*. Finally the size of trapped bolus for the stream lines in the free isotropic
tube is smaller than those in the tethered tube.[1]

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I thank the Almighty for providing me with the strength and courage to
present this seminar.
I use this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude towards Dr.Jayadas N H, Head
of Mechanical Engineering Department, for his assistance and guidance for successful
completion of the seminar.
I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Tide P.S and Dr. Sreejith P.S,
Department of Mechanical Engineering who guided me throughout the seminar. Their
overall direction and guidance has also been responsible for the successful completion of
seminar.
I am also indebted to all the teaching and non-teaching staff of department of Me-
chanical Engineering for their cooperation and suggestions, which is the spirit behind this
report.
Last but not least I wish to express my sincere thanks to my parents, my sister and
all my friends for their goodwill and constructive ideas which helped me a lot for the
successful presentation of the seminar.

ASIF S

v
vi
Contents

List of Figures ix

1 Introduction 1

2 Mathematical Modelling 3

3 Graphical results and discussion 7

4 Conclusions 17

References 19

vii
List of Figures

2.1 Schematic diagram of overlapping stenosed artery.[2] . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.1 Variation of velocity profiles w with r for free and tethered tubes(a) and
for different values of b*.[1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 Variation of velocity profiles w with r for different values of n and F(a) and
(b) respectively. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 Variation of the wall shear stress distribution Srz with z for different values
of δ* and M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4 Variation of the wall shear stress distribution Srz with z for different values
of C and K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.5 Variation of the wall shear stress distribution Srz with t for free and teth-
ered tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.6 Variation of resistance impedance (resistance to flow) λ with δ* for different
values of L and F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.7 Variation of resistance impedance (resistance to flow) λ with t for free and
tethered tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.8 Variation of temperature profiles β with r for free and tethered tubes and
for different values of b*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.9 Variation of temperature profiles b with r for different values of n and Br . 13
3.10 Variation of concentration profiles σ with r for free and tethered tubes and
for different values of b* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.11 Variation of concentration profiles r with r for different values of Br and Sr 14
3.12 Variation of pressure drop ∆p with flow rate F for different values of b*
and n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.13 Plot showing streamlines for different values of maximum height of stenosis
δ* and taper angle φ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.14 Plot showing streamlines for different values of power low index n and Sisko
parameter b* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

ix
x
Chapter 1

Introduction

Blood is the bodily fluid which delivers nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transport
waste products away. Blood circulates around the body through vessels and arteries by
pumping action of heart. In cardiac related problems, the effected arteries get hardened
as a result of accumulation of fatty substances inside the lumen or because of formation of
plaques. These accumulation of substances in arteries known as stenosis. These stenosis
narrow the artery because of which blood has to pass with relatively high pressure.

The vessel or arterial walls may be elastic, movable or permeable. Therefore to under-
stand the mechanics of circulation of the blood, it would be prerequisite to have a clear
idea of basic mechanics of fluid.The study of blood flow through a stenosed artery is very
important because of the fact that the cause and development of many cardiovascular
diseases are related to the nature of blood movement and the mechanical behavior of the
blood vessel walls. A stenosis is defined as a partial occlusion of the blood vessels due to
the accumulation of cholesterol, fats and the abnormal growth of tissue. The stenosis is
one of the most frequent anomaly in blood circulation. Once the constriction is formed,
the blood flow is significantly altered and fluid dynamical factors play important roles
as the stenosis continues to enlarge leading to the development of cardiovascular diseases
such as heart attack and stroke.

In order to have a fuller understanding of the development of these diseases, an accu-

rate knowledge of the mechanical properties of the vascular wall together with the flow
characteristics of blood are indispensable. Thus relevant information is deemed to be of
great help in the treatment of vascular diseases and also to bioengineers who are engaged
in the design and construction of improved artificial organs. Perhaps the actual cause
of abnormal growth in an artery is not completely clear to the theoretical investigators
but its effect over the cardiovascular system has been determined by studying the flow
characteristics of blood in the stenosed area. Although the applicability of a purely me-
chanical model for such a physiological problem has obvious limitations, vascular rheology
together with hemodynamic factors are predominant in the development and progression
of arterial stenosis.

Recently, the study of the effects of heat and chemical reactions on blood has become
quite interesting to many researchers both from the theoretical and experimental point of
view because the quantitative prediction of blood flow rate and heat generation are of great
importance for diagnosing blood circulation illness and for the noninvasive measurement

1
of blood glucose. An understanding of convection heat transfer in non-Newtonian fluids
inside pipes is crucial to the design of several types of thermal equipment. From this
viewpoint, heat transfer problems of this type have been investigated by a large number
of researchers.

Many studies have used the NavierStokes model (aka Newtonian fluid model) to study
fluid dynamic variables through pipes, stenosed or otherwise. In the cardiovascular system
blood flow is not steady everywhere; unsteady (pulsatile) flow dominates blood flow in
arteries.Many of researches about arteriosclerotic development indicate that the studies
are mainly concerned with the single symmetric and non-symmetric stenoses while the
stenoses may develop in series (multiple stenoses) or may be of irregular shapes or over-
lapping or of composite in nature. Some studies considered an overlapping stenosis in the
blood vessel segment. The majority of the literature deals with the flows of viscous fluid
described by means of the classical Newtonian model. There are rheological complex fluids
such as polymeric liquids, biological fluids, drilling mud, paints, liquid crystals, lubricating
oils, etc., which have viscoelastic behavior and cannot be described simply as Newtonian
fluids. Moreover, for example, when polymers are added to lubricating oils to improve
their viscosity index and make them less temperature dependent when these oils exhibit
non-Newtonian behavior. It is because of such wide coverage in the analysis of lubricants
together with its mathematical simplicity that the Sisko fluid model has been preferred
for application in the present problem. The study of such fluids has gained much interest
in recent years because of their numerous industrial and technological applications. Such
fluids are often referred to as non-Newtonian fluids. Typical non-Newtonian flow char-
acteristics include shear-thinning, shear-thickening, viscoelasticity, viscoplasticity and so
forth. For the flows of non-Newtonian fluids there is not a single model that describes
all of their properties as is done for the Newtonian fluid. The flows of such fluids can
be analyzed with the help of a power-law model. However, now in addition to viscosity,
another parameter, namely the power-law index (or exponent) is used to characterize the
flows of such fluids can be analyzed with the help of a power-law model. The reason for
considering Sisko fluid (as a blood model) in the present paper is that the Sisko fluid
can demonstrate many typical characteristics of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids by
choosing different material parameters.

With the above discussion in mind, the goal of this investigation is to study the effect
of heat and chemical reactions on the flow of Sisko fluid (as a blood model) through
an anisotropically tapered elastic arteries with overlapping stenosis. The problem is
first modeled and the non-dimensional governing equations are formulated. The non-
dimensional governing equations in the case of mild stenosis and the corresponding bound-
ary conditions are prescribed then solved analytically. The results for the resistance
impedance, wall shear stress distribution, the axial velocity, the pressure gradient, the
temperature distribution and the concentration of fluid have been discussed for various
values of the problem parameters. Also the contour plots for the stream function are dis-
cussed. Finally, the main finding of the results are summarized as a concluding remarks.

2
Chapter 2

Mathematical Modelling

Figure 2.1: Schematic diagram of overlapping stenosed artery.[2]

Consider an incompressible Sisko fluid of viscosity µ and density ρ flowing through

a tube of finite length L with overlapping stenosis. The tube material is being treated
as anisotropic linear viscoelastic. Let(r,θ,z) be the coordinates of a material point in the
cylindrical polar coordinate system where z-axis is taken along the axis of the artery while
r,θ are along the radial and circumferential directions respectively. Further, we assume
that r = 0 is taken as the axis of the symmetry of the tube. The heat and mass transfer
phenomenons is taken into account by giving temperature T and concentration C to the
wall of the tube, while at the center of the tube we consider the symmetry condition on
both temperature and concentration. The geometry of the elastic (moving wall) arterial
wall of the time-variant overlapping stenosis for different taper angles (see Fig. 2.1) is
written mathematically as
δcosφ 94 32 32
R(z, t) = [(mz +R0 )− (z −d)(11− (z −d)+ 2 (z −d)2 − 3 (z −d)3 )]Ω(t) (2.1)
L0 3L0 L0 3L0

where d ≤z≤ d+ 3L2 0

where R(z, t) denotes the radius of the tapered arterial segment in the constricted
region, Ro is the constant radius of the normal artery in the non-stenotic region, φ is

3
the angle of tapering, 3L2 0 is the length of overlapping stenosis, d is the location of the
stenosis, δcosφ is taken to be the critical height of the overlapping stenosis and m=tanφ
represents the slope of the tapered vessel. We can explore the possibility of different
shapes of the artery viz, the converging tapering φ<0, non-tapered artery φ=0 and the
diverging tapering φ>0. The time-variant parameter Ω(t) is taken to be

Ω(t) = 1 − α(cosωt − 1)exp[−αωt] (2.2)

where α is a constant, ω represents the angular frequency of the forced oscillation and
t is the time.

The equations governing for unsteady flow of an incompressible Sisko fluid are

du u dw
+ + =0 (2.3)
dr r dr

d d d dp 1 d d Sθθ
ρ( + u + w )u = − + (rSrr ) + (Srz ) − , (2.4)
dt dr dz dr r dr dz r
d d d dp 1 d d
ρ( + u + w )w = − + (rSrz ) + (Szz ). (2.5)
dt dr dz dz r dr dz

The energy equation is defined as follow

d d d du dw du dw d2 T 1 dT d2 T
ρcp ( + u + w )T = Srr + Srz + Szr + Szz + k( 2 + + ) (2.6)
dt dr dz dr dr dz dz dr r dr dz 2

where T = T1 + (T0 − T1 )β

It should be mentioned that the mass concentration equation can be found

d d d d2 C 1 dC d2 C DKT d2 T 1 dT d2 T
( + u + w )C = D( 2 + + 2)+ ( 2 + + 2) (2.7)
dt dr dz dr r dr dz Tm dr r dr dz

C = C1 + (C0 − C1 )σ

where p is the fluid pressure, u and w are the velocity components in radial and axial
directions respectively, T is the temperature, C is the concentration of fluid, k denotes the
thermal conductivity,cp is the specific heat at constant pressure, Tm is the temperature
of the medium, D is the coefficients of mass diffusivity and KT is the thermal-diffusion
ratio. The extra stress tensor for Sisko fluid is defined by[3]

(n − 1)
S = [a1 + b1 Θ( )]A1 (2.8)
2

where A1 = L + LT , L=gradV and Θ= 12 tr(A21 ) and A1 is the rate of deformation

tensor, V is the velocity vector, n is the power index,a1 and b1 are the material constants
for Sisko fluid.

4
 The governing equations of motion of the arterial wall when it is subjected to inertial
forces and the force of constraint representing the reactions of the surrounding connective
tissues may be put in the form

d2 ξ dξ dη Tt0 − Tθ0 Et h σθ dη d2 ξ
M0 + C l + K l ξ = ( ) + ( + ) (2.9)
dt2 dt dz R0 1 − σθ σt Ro dz dz 2

d2 η dη η d2 η Eθ h η dξ
M0 2 + Cr + Kr η = 2 Tθ0 + Tt0 2 + ( + σt ), (2.10)
dt dt R0 dz R0 (1 − σθ σt) Ro dz

in which M0 = ρ0 h + Ma where ρ0 is the mass density, h is the thickness of the arterial

wall, Ma is the additional mass of the mechanical model, (ξ,η) represent the displace-
ment components of the vessel wall along the axial and radial directions respectively
while (Tto , Tθ0 ) are the initial respective viscoelastic stress components acting along the
longitudinal and the circumferential directions. Kl and Cl represent (per unit area) the
spring coefficient and the frictional coefficient of the dashpot respectively in the longitu-
dinal tethering and Kr and Cr are those in the radial direction. Eθ and Et are Young’s
moduli in the circumferential and longitudinal directions, respectively, σθ and σt are the
corresponding Poissons ratios. The boundary conditions are:[4]

dw dT dC
u = 0, = 0, , = 0, at, r = 0. (2.11)
dr dr dr
dη dξ
u= , w = , T = T1 , C = C1 on, r = R(z, t). (2.12)
dt dt

5
6
Chapter 3

Graphical results and discussion

The propagation properties of blood flow depend on the influence of the elastic wall
parameters which represents the total mass of the vessel and the surrounding tissues M and
the longitudinal contributions of the viscous and elastic constraints to the total tethering
Cl and Kl respectively. The easiest way of understanding this fact is the presence of fibres
(collagen, elastics and smooth muscle cells (SMCs)) in the wall surface,

Figure 3.1: Variation of velocity profiles w with r for free and tethered tubes(a) and for
different values of b*.[1]

Fig. 3.1(a) and (b) describe the distribution of the axial velocity w in the case of free
and tethered tubes and indicate how the axial velocity is influenced by the Sisko parameter
b*. It is observed that the transmission of axial velocity curves through a tethered tube
(M = 0.70, C = 10, K = 20) is substantially higher than that through a free tube (M =
0.15, C = 0, K = 0). To some extent, the dimensionless material parameter b* indicates
the ratio of a power-law part to a viscous part in a Sisko fluid if n6=1. In the case of
(n6=1,b*=0) denotes a viscous Newtonian fluid, whilst b*→∝ describes a purely power-
law fluid. It is observed that with an increase in the Sisko parameter b*, the axial velocity

7
decreases and the transmission of axial velocity curves through a Newtonian fluid (b =
0) is substantially higher than that through a Sisko fluid. The effect of vessel tapering
together with the shape of stenosis on the blood flow characteristics seem to be equally
important and hence deserve special attention. The tapering is a significant aspect of
mammalian arterial system.

Figure 3.2: Variation of velocity profiles w with r for different values of n and F(a) and
(b) respectively.

Fig. 3.2(a) and (b) show the variation of the axial velocity w with radial distance r for
different values of the power index n and the flow rate F.It is indicated that the magnitude
of the axial velocity decrease by increasing of the power index n while it increase by
increasing the flow rate F. Also the values of axial velocity through a Newtonian fluid (n
= 1) is substantially higher than that through a Sisko fluid n6=1.

The wall shear stress is important in understanding the development of arterial disease
because of the strong correlation between the localization of arteriosclerosis (stenosis) and
arterial wall. The variation of the wall shear stress distribution Srz with axial distance
z for different values of the maximum height of stenosis δ*, the total mass of the vessel
and the surrounding tissues M, the longitudinal contributions of the viscous and elastic
constraints to the total tethering C and K respectively is shown in figs. 3.3 and 3.4.It
is observed that the wall shear stress distribution increases by increasing the maximum
height of stenosis δ* and the magnitude of the wall shear stress distribution is higher in
the case of stenosis than that for the case of no-stenosis (δ*=0)

The effects of the free and tethered tubes also the Sisko parameter b* on the wall shear
stress distribution Srz are displayed in Fig. 3.5(a) and (b). To discus the effects of the
free and tethered tubes on the wall shear stress distribution we prepared Fig. 3.5(a) with
the various values of the parameters.It is observed that the transmission of the wall shear

8
Figure 3.3: Variation of the wall shear stress distribution Srz with z for different values
of δ* and M

Figure 3.4: Variation of the wall shear stress distribution Srz with z for different values
of C and K

9
stress curves through a tethered tube is substantially higher than that through a free
tube.We can see that the wall shear stress distribution increases by increasingthe Sisko
parameter b* and the transmission of the wall shear stress curves through a Sisko fluid
is substantially higher than that through a Newtonian fluid (b = 0). It is clear that the
wall shear stress distribution profiles with the time t have a periodic oscillation form and
there are three time cycles where the length of the cycle is equal to 1.6 approximately.
In the first cycle, the magnitude of the wall shear stress distribution starts decreasing
to reach its minimum then starts increasing to reach its maximum then repeat its form
again to reach the beginning point of the second cycle and so on. Also we can see that
the magnitude of the wall shear stress distribution possess similar variations in the second
and third cycles, Moreover, this oscillation decaying as the time t increases.

Figure 3.5: Variation of the wall shear stress distribution Srz with t for free and tethered
tubes

Fig.3.6 illustrate the variation of the resistance to flow (resistance impedance) with
maximum height of stenosis δ* for different values of length of the artery L and the
flow rate F.It is observed that the resistance impedance decreases by increasing L and F
while it increases by increasing δ*.Moreover, Fig.3.7 explain the variation of the resistance
impedance with time nearly three cardiac cycles to show that the resistance impedance
profiles have an oscillation form through tapered artery and this oscillation decaying as the
time t increases. The variation of temperature profile for different values of the free and
tethered tubes also the Sisko parameter b* is shown in Fig. 3.8. To see the effects of free
and tethered tubes on temperature, we prepared Fig. 3.8 by the data.It is observed that
the transmission of temperature curves through a tethered tube is substantially higher
than that through a free tube. Also to see the effect of the Sisko parameter b* on the
temperature, we prepared Fig. 3.8 for various. It is observed that with an increase in
the Sisko parameter b*, the temperature increases and the transmission of axial velocity
curves through a Sisko fluid is substantially higher than that through a Newtonian fluid
(b = 0).

10
Figure 3.6: Variation of resistance impedance (resistance to flow) λ with δ* for different
values of L and F

Fig. 3.9 illustrate the variation of the temperature with radial distance r for different
values of the power index n and the Brickmann number Br.It is observed that the tem-
perature b increase by increasing n and Br. Further, the values of temperature curves
through a Newtonian fluid (n = 1) is substantially lower than that through a Sisko fluid
n6=1.The variation of concentration profile for different values of the free and tethered
tubes also the Sisko parameter b* are displayed in Fig.3.10.

It is observed that the transmission of concentration curves through a free tube is

substantially higher than that through a tethered tube. Also to see the effect of the Sisko
parameter b* on the concentration,the concentration decreases and the transmission of
concentration curves through a Newtonian fluid (b = 0) is substantially higher than that
through a Sisko fluid.The Sisko fluid exhibits the shear-thinning and shear-thickening
behavior for alternative values of n. Most of non- Newtonian fluids (foods, bio-fluids,
personal care products and polymers) undergone to steady shear exhibit shear thinning
behavior, i.e. their viscosity decreases with increasing shear rates.

The degree of shear thinning is dictated by the value of (n), with (n) tending to zero
describes more Newtonian liquids, while the most shear-thinning liquids have a value of
(n) tending to unity. Shear thickening is defined in the British Standard Rheological
Nomenclature as the increase of viscosity with increase in shear rate. This increase in the
effective viscosity occurs when the increasing shear rate exceeds a certain critical value.
Although Shear thickening fluids are much less common than shear thinning materials
in industry, an increasing number of applications take advantage of the shear thickening
behavior to improve their performance, i.e. the incorporation of Shear thickening fluids to
fabrics in order to improve the ballistic protection and enhance resistance. However, shear
thickening is an undesirable behavior in many other cases and it should never be ignored,

11
Figure 3.7: Variation of resistance impedance (resistance to flow) λ with t for free and
tethered tubes

because this could lead to technical problems and even to the destruction of equipment.

Fig. 3.12 show the variation of the total pressure rise across the length of stenosed
artery ∆p, with flow rate F for three different fluids: the Newtonian fluid (b = 0), the
shear-thickening fluid n¿1;b*6=0 and the shear-thinning fluid n¡1;b*6=0. It is observed that
with an increase in the Sisko parameter b, the pressure rise decreases and the transmission
of the curves through a Newtonian fluid (b = 0) is substantially higher than that through
a Sisko fluid(b*6=0) . For a shear-thinning fluid n¡1 as a model of blood, at high shear
rate the rheological data for blood shows that it approaches a constant minimum value of
viscosity (its viscosity decreases with increasing shear rates) and the high shear viscosity
can be accounted for by modeling blood viscosity using shear-thickening fluid n¿1. For
a fixed flux F, a much larger pressure gradient is needed than that for a shear-thinning
fluid than that through a shear-thickening fluid.

Trapping represent an interesting phenomenon for the fluid flow. In the wave frame,
streamlines under certain conditions split to trap a bolus which moves as a whole with
the speed of the wave. The formation of an internally circulating bolus of the fluid by
closed streamline is called trapping. The bolus defined as a volume of fluid bounded by
a closed streamlines in the wave frame is transported at the wave.Fig.3.12 reveals that
there is no separation of flow and the flow is laminar at δ = 0:1 but separation occurs
and the stream lines seem turbulent at δ=0:2 and δ=0:4 also we can record that the size
of trapping bolus increase clearly by increasing the maximum height of stenosis δ* where
the fluid moves as a bulk.

12
Figure 3.8: Variation of temperature profiles β with r for free and tethered tubes and for
different values of b*.

Figure 3.9: Variation of temperature profiles b with r for different values of n and Br

13
Figure 3.10: Variation of concentration profiles σ with r for free and tethered tubes and
for different values of b*

Figure 3.11: Variation of concentration profiles r with r for different values of Br and Sr

14
Figure 3.12: Variation of pressure drop ∆p with flow rate F for different values of b* and
n.

Figure 3.13: Plot showing streamlines for different values of maximum height of stenosis
δ* and taper angle φ

15
Figure 3.14: Plot showing streamlines for different values of power low index n and Sisko
parameter b*

16
Chapter 4

Conclusions

The effects of heat and chemical reactions on Sisko fluid model of blood flow through an
anisotropically tapered elastic arteries with overlapping stenosis is studied. Graphical re-
sults are presented for the wall shear stress distributions and resistance to flow (resistance
impedance), axial velocity, the temperature, the concentration of fluid and trapping. The
main finding can be summarized as follows:

1)The magnitude of the axial velocity w is higher for a Newtonian fluid (b = 0) than
that for a Sisko fluid and it decreases by increasing of the power index n. Further the
transmission of axial velocity curves through a tethered tube is substantially higher than
that through the free tube.

2)The wall shear stress distribution and resistance impedance profiles with the time have
an oscillation form through the tapered overlapping stenosed arteries and this oscillation
decaying as the time increases.

3)The temperature profile increase by increasing the Sisko parameter b* and the power
index n but the concentration profile has an opposite behavior as compared to the tem-
perature profile.

4)The effect of vessel tapering is an important factor considered in this paper. The
results considered three different taper angles of artery which are the converging tapering
(φ¡0), non-tapered (φ=0) and the diverging tapering (φ¿0) in the presence of overlapping
stenosis. Under stenotic conditions, the curves through the converging tapered artery are
higher than those in the non-tapered artery and the diverging tapered artery.

5)The transmission of the pressure drop curves through a Newtonian fluid (b* = 0)
is substantially higher than that through a Sisko fluid b*6=0 also for a fixed flux F, the
magnitude of the pressure drop for a shear-thinning fluid n¡1 is much larger than that
through a shear-thickening n¿1.

6)In the overlapping stenotic region, by increasing the maximum height of the stenosis
δ*, the stream lines separate and the trapping bolus appear.[5]

17
 7)The size of trapping bolus increases toward the left at diverging tapering artery and
it increases toward the right at converging tapering artery.

8)The trapping bolus increase in size toward the line center of the tube as the power
index n increases and it appear gradually by increasing the Sisko parameter b*.

9)The size of trapped bolus for the stream lines in the free isotropic tube is smaller
than those in the tethered tube.

18
References

[1] R. Ellahi S. Nadeem Noreen Sher Akbar, S.U. Rahman. Nano fluid flow in tapering
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[2] Kh.S. Mekheimer and M.A. El Kot. Mathematical modelling of unsteady flow of a sisko
fluid through an anisotropically tapered elastic arteries with time-variant overlapping
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