DECLARATION

I do hereby declare that the work which has been presented in this dissertation
entitled “ROLE OF MGNREGA ON SEASONAL MIGRATION ON RURAL AREA OF
JHARKHAND: A CASE OF HAZARIBAG DISTRICT“ submitted by me to the
Department of Economics Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribag for partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of Masters Degree in economics, is
my own original work and that has neither been submitted obviously to any other
institution, including this University nor has been published any time anywhere
before.

Sweta Kumari

Reg No.A-H65191/2013

Roll no.-170111013022

1|Page
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “ROLE OF MGNREGA ON SEASONAL

MIGRATION ON RURAL AREA OF JHARKHAND: A CASE OF HAZARIBAG DISTRICT“,
is a record of work independently carried out by SWETA KUMARI Reg no.- A-
H65191/2013Roll.no.-170111013022 , (2016-18) Department of Economics,
Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribag under my supervision is submitted for partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of Masters Degree in Economics to
the Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribag.

Date: Supervisor

Place: Ifsha Khurshid

Assistant Professor

V.B.U. Hazaribag

2|Page
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to acknowledged with immense sense of gratitude and indebtedness for
the guidance to my supervisor Dr. Ifsha Khurshid for his precious Supervision.
Insightful analysis , inspiring guidance and encouragements during this research
work. I wish to thanks him for the critical suggestions during my work. I could not
imagine having a better advisor and mentor for my desertion study without his
support this thesis would not have completed.

I express my deep gratitude to Kameshwar Updhayaya, Head of the Department

of Economics for his support and forwarding this thesis.

I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. Prakash Chandra Deogharia to his
support , true inspiration, critical reviews, appropriate direction, motivation
,advice and liberal help from time to time during the period of research.

I am also thankful to all the teachers in the department, namely, Dr. Vinita Rani
Ekka, Dr. Umendra Singh and Dr. Ifsha Khursid for there co-operation, help and
support. They supported me for time to time by giving valuable suggestions. I
could not overlook the staff of my Department, specially, Mr. Mangal baxla who
was of great help to me in various ways.

I convey my deep sense of regard to my parents , Smt. Manju Devi and Shri or
indirectly to the Deonandan Prasad. It is my pleasure to express my thanks to all
those who contributed in all those who directly or indirectly to the success of this
study.

SWETA KUMARI

3|Page
CONTENTS

CHAPTER

CHAPTER NO. PARTICULARS PAGE.NO

CHAPTER 01 Introduction 6-18
Introduction
GDP and PPP
HDI
Urban and rural
population
Statement of the problem
Govt. schemes
Seasonal migration
Seasonal migration in
India
Migration in Jharkhand
Objectives
Hypothesis
Methodology

CHAPTER 02 Review of literature 19-31

CHAPTER 03 Problems of seasonal 32-52

migration in rural India

CHAPTER 04 Government Schemes 53-62

IRDP
SGSY
SJSRY
REGP
MGNREGA

4|Page
CHAPTER 05 Socio Economic profile of 63-65
Hazaribag

CHAPTER 06 Role of MGNREGA on 66-70

seasonal migration in
Jharkhand

CHAPTER 07 Finding and Conclusion 71-73

Bibliography 74-75

5|Page
 CHAPTER-I

6|Page
 Role of MNREGA on seasonal migration on rural area of
Jharkhand: A case study of Hazaribag District

Introduction
The economy of India is a developing mixed economy. It is the world’s sixth
largest economy by the nominal GDP and the third largest by purchasing power
parity (PPP). The country ranks 141st in per capita GDP (nominal) with $7,783 as of
2018. After 1991 economic liberalization , India achieved 6.7% average GDP
growth annually. In financial year 215 and 2018 India’s economy because the
world’s faster growing major economy.

India GDP is estimated to have increased 6.6% in 2017-18 is expected to growth

rate 7.2% (MOSPI) 7.5% forecast for 2118-19.

The population of the India in the year 2017, 1.3366 billion increasing population
year 2018. 1,354,051,854. India is the 3rd largest by purchasing power parity

Purchasing power parity is an economic theory that compares different currencies

though a “ basket of goods” approach. According to this concept two currencies
are in equilibrium at par were a basket of goods (taking into account the
exchange rate) is priced the same in both countries.

GDP and PPP

In contemporary macro economics, gross domestic product (GDP) refers to the

total monetary value of the goods and services produced within one country.
Nominal GDP calculates the monetary value in current absolute terms. Real GDP
takes the nominal GDP and adjust it for inflation. Further , some accounts of GDP

7|Page
are adjusted for PPP. This this adjustment attempts to convert nominal GDP into a
number more easily comparable between countries with different currencies.

One way to think of what GDP with PPP represents is to imagine the total
collective purchasing power parity to Japan if it were used to make the same
purchases in U.S. markets. This only works after all Yen are exchanged for Dollars.
Otherwise , the comparison does not makes sense.

The following example illustrates this point. Suppose it costs $ 10 to buy a shirt in
the U.S. , and it cost € 8.00 to buy the same shirt in Germany. To make an apples
to apples comparison , the € 8.00 in Germany needs to be converted into U.S.
dollars. If the exchange rate was that the shirt in Germany cost $ 15.00, the PPP
would be 15/10, or 1.5 for every $1.00 spent on the shirt in the U.S., it takes $1.50
to obtain the same shirt in Germany.

HDI
The human development Index (HDI) was developed by the United Nation as a
metric to assess the social and economic development levels of countries. Four
principal areas of examination are used to rank countries: mean years of
schooling , expected years of schooling ,life expectancy at birth and gross national
income per capita. This index makes it development levels over time and to
compare the development levels of different countries.

Urban and Rural Population of India 2011

According to the provision data released by census India, these are some of
trends of urban and rural population of India.

For the first time since independence , the absolute increase in population
is more in urban areas that in rural areas.

Rural population in India: 68.84%

Urban population in India : 31.16%

8|Page
Level of urbanization increased from 27.81% in 2001 census to 31.16 % in 2011
census.

The proportion of rural population declined from 72.19% to 68.84%.

Here is data table and static for the urban and rural population and percentage of
urban and rural population of India according to provisional data.

Code State Total Rural Urban Rural Urban

population population populatio populatio popualtion
n n
INDIA 1,21,01,93 83,30,87,66 37,71,05,7 68.84 31.16
,422 2 60
01. JAMMU 1,25,48,92 91,34,820 34,14,106 72.79 27.21
AND 6
KASMIR
02. HIMACHA 68,56,509 61,67,805 6,88,704 89.96 10.04
L
PRADESH
03. PUNJAB 2,77,04,23 1,73,16,800 1,03,87,43 62.51 37.49
6 6
04. CHANDIG 10,77,04,2 29,004 10,25,682 2.75 97325
ARH 36
05. HARYANA 10,54,686 1,65,31,493 88,21,588 65.21 34.79
06 DELHI 1,67,53,23 4,19,319 1,63,33,91 2.50 97.50
5 6
07 UTTRAKH 1,01,16,75 70,25,583 30,,91,169 69.45 30.59
AND 2
08 RAJASTHA 6,86,21,01 5,15,40,236 1,70,80,77 75.11 24.89
N 2 6
09 UTTAR 19,95,81,4 15,51,11,02 4,44,70,43 77.72 22.28
PRADESH 77 2 5
10 BIHAR 10,38,04,6 9,20,75,028 1,17,29,60 88.70 11.30
37 9
11 SIKKIM 6,07,688 4,55,962 1,51,726 75.03 24.97
12 ARUNACH 13,82,611 10,69,165 3,13,446 77.33 29.97
9|Page
 AL
PRADESH
13 NAGALAN 19,80,602 14,06,861 5,73,741 71.03 28.97
D
14 MANIPUR 27,21,756 18,99,624 8,22,132 69.76 30.21
15 MIZORAM 10,91,014 5,29,037 5,61,977 48.49 51.51
16 TRIPURA 36,71,032 5,29,037 9,60,981 73.82 26.18
17 MEGHALA 29,64,007 27,10,051 5,95,036 79.92 20.08
YA
18 ASSAM 3,11,69,27 2,67,80,516 43,95,036 85.92 14.08
2
19 WEST 9,13,47,73 6,22,13,676 2,91,34,06 68.11 31.89
BENGAL 6 0
20 JHARKHAN 3,28,66,23 2,50,36,946 79,29,292 75.95 24.05
D 8
21 ORISSA 4,19,47,35 3,49,31,234 69,96,124 83.32 16.68
8
22 MADHYA 7,25,97,56 5,25,37,899 2,00,59,66 72.37 27.63
PRADESH 5 6
23 GUJARAT 6,03,83,62 3,46,70,817 2,57,12,81 37.42 42.58
8 1
24 MAHARAS 11,23,72,9 6,15,45,441 5,08,27,53 54.77 45.23
HTRA 72 1
25 KARNATAK 6,11,30,70 3,75,52,529 2,35,78,17 61.43 38.57
A 4 5
26 GOA 14,57,723 5,51,414 9,06,309 37.83 62.17
27 TAMIL 7,21,38,95 3,71,89,299 3,49,49,72 51.55 48.45
NADU 8 9
28 PUDUCHE 12,44,464 3,94,341 8,50,123 31.69 68.37
RRY

SOURCE: CENSUS 2011

10 | P a g e
 Statement of the problem
Few people are still engaged in agriculture and they are monsoon dependent so
they remain employee for about 8-9 month while they suffer unemployment for
the left few month. This has resulted in the transition of people from rural areas is
called seasonal migration.

Government schemes try to stop this rural urban migration such as:

IRDP (Integrated Rural Development Program)

IRDP launched on October 2nd ,1980, all over the country and accordingly all the
15 blocks of Bough Kondhamal District have been covered under the scheme.
Since then prior the above period , IRDP was in operation in 8 block of the district
since 1978-79. The IRDP continues to be a major poverty alleviation programmed
in the field of rural development . the objective of IRDP is to enable identified
rural poor families to cross the poverty line by providing productive assets and
inputs to the target groups. The assets and input to the target groups . the assets
which could be in primary, secondary or territory sector are provided through
financial assistance in the form of subsidy by the Govt. and term credit advanced
by financial institutions. The programme is implemented in all the blocks in the
country as a centrally sponsored schemes funded on 50-50 basis by the centre
and state. The government schemes is merged with another schemes named
S.G.S.Y since 01.04.1999.

SGSY (Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana)

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana is an vikas initiative launched by the

government of India to provide sustainable income to poorest of the poor people
living in rural and urban areas of the country. The schemes was launched on April
1, 1999.

11 | P a g e
 Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana

Country India

Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Ministry MRD

Launched 1, april , 1999

By subsuming 6 previous programmes IRDP (Integrated rural development

programme in 1980), TRYSEM, DWCRA (Development of of women in rural area in
1982) and one million wells yojana, Ganga Kalyan Yojana and supply of improved
tool kits to artisans this schemes was launched.

12 | P a g e
REGP (Rural Employment Generation Programme)

Indian government has always been serious in providing enough employment

opportunities to the rural unemployment labour force. It is established that the
development of the rural India is crucially important for the overall development
of the country. The rural India being the most important population from where
all the natural assistance and wealth is drawn towards the urban crowd has been
neglected for years. It is the right of the rural population to enjoy adequate
opportunities to earn their livelihood and live a decent standard of life . Rural
employment generation programme was another major step by the government
of India which was a great success story. Its main purpose was to alleviate poverty
from rural areas by providing employment opportunities to rural people thus
improving their livelihood. It succeeded in its objective of job creation by
elimination poverty in many areas of the country.

JNNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission was a massive city-
modernization scheme launched by the Government of India under Ministry of
urban development. It envisaged a total investment of over $ 20 billion over
seven years named after Jawaharlal Lal Nehru , the first Prime Minister of India.
The schemes was officially inaugurated by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on
3rd December 2005 as a programme meant to improve the quality of the life and
infrastructure in the cities. It was launched in 2005 for a seven year period (upto
march 2012) to encourage cities to initiate step for bringing phased
improvements in their civic service levels. The government has extended the
tenure of the mission for two years. i.e. from April 2012 to March 31,2014.

PMJDY ( Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana), Prime Minister’s people money
schemed is India’s National Mission for financial inclusion to ensure access to
financial services , namely Banking serving and Deposit Accounts, Remittance,
Credit , Insurance, Pension in an affordable manner. This financial inclusion
campaign was launched by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi on 28th

13 | P a g e
August 2014. He had announced the scheme on his first Independence Day
speech on 15th August 2014.

Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana

Country India

Prime Minister Narendra Modi

Key People Arun Jaitley

Launched 28th August 2014

MNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee Act)

MGNREGA, also known as Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee

scheme (MNREGS) is Indian legislation enacted on August 25,2005. The
MGNREGA provides a legal guarantee for one hundred days of employment in
every financial year to adult member of any rural household willing to do public
work related unskilled manual work at the statutory minimum wage. The ministry
of rural development (MRD) Government of India is monitoring the entire
implementation of this schemes in association with State Governments.

Purpose of the my study is to highlight the impact of MGNREGA on seasoned

migration.

Seasonal Migration

14 | P a g e
Seasonal Migration is very common in agricultural cycles. It includes to migration
such as moving or cattle to higher elevations during summer to escape the heat
and find forage. Human labour often moves with fruit harvest or the other crops
that require manual picking.

While the culture of many crops has become entirely mechanized, others, such as
fruits and vegetables still require manual labour at least for harvest and some
such as tobacco still need manual labour for its culture. Much of the work was
once provided by family members or boarding students, but they are less
available now, and farms are larger . now, migratory workers provide much of the
hand labor required in agriculture in the U.S and the other countries. Labour
contractors arrange with farmers to provide the necessary help at the seasonal
time , often with foreign National whose employment opportunities are more
limited in their home areas.

The Economy of India is a developing mixed economy . it is the world’s sixth

largest by the nominal GDP and the third largest by purchasing power parity
(PPP). The country ranks 141st in per capita GDP (nominal) with $ 2,134 and 123rd
in per capita GDP (PPP) with $ 7,783 as of 2018. After 1991 economic
liberalization, India achieved 697 % average GDP growth annually . in financial
year 2015 and 2018 India economy became the world’s faster growing major
economy.

15 | P a g e
Seasonal Migration in India

The NSS defines migrants as those for whom the last usual place of residence in
different from the present place of residence of a person is defined as a place
when the person stayed continuously for a period of six month or more. However
there are persons who do not change their UPR but undertake short term
movements. In NSS 64th round information was collected regarding the short term
movements of the people who had stayed away from the village town for one
month or more less than 6 months during the last 365 days for employment in
seasonal migration in India. The sector wise distribution of both male and females
seasonal migrant.

Migration in Jharkhand

Migration creates condition for deep rooted changes in the social and cultural life
of both the migrant community as well as the lost community for over a hundred
year. The tribles of chotanagpur and santhal Pargana region of Jharkhand have
been steady migrating out of their home, land in search of livelihood because of
the development policies of the government big dam and industries were
established acquiring the land the forests of tribals . The tribals are dependent on
the land of and forests for displaced were compelled migrate to urban are : for
their bread and butter at very low wages women who play a very important role
in bringing up their family and children are also adversely affected by these
development programmes ; Though the early history of tribles out migration is
obscure it is generally believed that Jharkhand was the destination of the tribal’s
in the early time. The reason was relatively isolated from other region of the
country. Different tribles migrated from the rest of the world oraon entered this
area as late as 14th contrary after the fall of Rohtasgarh Fort with the most

16 | P a g e
numerous tribles of the region from Hazaribag to the lamin-e-koh which took
place in late 18th century started the modern phase of migration in this region.
Since the early 19th century , seasonal and permanent out migration from this
area was reported these is evidence of regular seasonal migration of will collies of
Hazaribag and chotanagpur to the Bengal District as trible economy access future
to food in the village pushes the tribles out to seasonally migrate where as the
expansion of labour demand in irrigated agriculture as well as in the urban
industrial sector pull them to migrate in search of higher wages but such
explanations will be partial for societal level a complex process operates that over
as migration.

17 | P a g e
 Objectives
1. To study the impact of MGNREGA on rural employment
2. To study the impact MGNREGA on seasonal migration.

HYPOTHESIS

1. MGNREGA has increased rural employment.

2. MGNREGA reduced seasonal migration.

METHODOLOGY

Methodology is usually guideline system for sowing a problem with specific

components.

The present study will be based on the analysis of secondary data.

The major source for the secondary data will be various published sources like
Jharkhand annual report, census report 2011, Jharkhand economic survey,
different website, document of Jharkhand agricultural council.

As far as approach to research in the present study is concerned it is a case of

study in which an attempt will be made do study the role of MGNREGA on
seasonal migration.

18 | P a g e
 CHAPTER-II

19 | P a g e
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

The main purpose of the review of literature pertaining to the evaluation of

performance of MGNREGP in rural development is to give a proper orientation
and perspective in the present work. A survey of literature play a significant role
in establishing the backdrop for any research work in social science. It is felt that
justification of present study can be made by reviewing the available literature on
the subject.

Therefore, an attempt has been made to review the literature on the subject so as
to establish the relevance of the present study

KHAN AND SLUJA (20019)

Studied the impact of the NREGP on rural livelihood. The analysis look at the
direct and indirect effect of NREGP on employment generation and poverty
reduction in local areas. The survey recorded income and expenditure level by
type of household (large, small and marginal farmer, agricultural labour, service).
The survey also recorded production activities undertaken by the inhabitants.

JACOB NAOMI (2008)

Studied the impact of the NREGP on rural –urban migration. It analyzed migration
as a negative force, focusing on distress migration. Distress migration takes places

20 | P a g e
when people have to go cities to find work because they cannot survive on what
they can do in their own villages.

CANNING AND BENNATHAN (2005)

Observed that a conducive macro-economic environment is essential for efficient

resource allocation to reap the positive impact of infrastructure development. An
orientation to economic demand consideration like service prices and user
charges is essential as the most enduring benefit of infrastructure is reliability and
quality of the service demanded by the user. User charges should reflect supply
and demand condition and non-market externalities as far as possible, to ensure
that infrastructure is more economically efficient and environmentally favorable ,
canning and Bennathan , however posit that physical infrastructure investment in
a form of complementary capital that support services necessary for the
operation of productive private capital.

JALAN AND RAVOLLION (2009)

Attempted to establish a direct link between infrastructure and economic growth

through extensive studies in rural China. As per their estimates; every 1 percent
increase in the road density per capita, the private consumption expenditure
increase by 0.08% in rural China, simarilarly poor household living in communes
with paved road have a higher probability of escaping poverty than house hold
living in communes with paved roads. The paper also highlights the importance of
rural infrastructure and public assets like road in lowering transaction costs and
improving income to farmers in rural china by providing market access.

THE WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT (1994)

Titled ‘ Infrastructure and Development stressed the importance of efficient

utilization of infrastructure facilities ‘ While in most underdeveloped and
developing regions, it is important to increase the existing stock of infrastructure
facilities, there should also be a focus on improving the effective utilization of
infrastructure facilities. Take for instance irrigation infrastructure . on the other
hand, it is important to invest in expanding the network of irrigation facilities and
bring more area under irrigation cover. On the other hand, it is equally important
21 | P a g e
to improve the utilization rate of the existing irrigation facilities. The effectiveness
of infrastructure is significantly dependent on its equality at the time of inception,
as well as how well it is maintained.

GOPARAJU (2009)

Analyzed the recent legislation of the Indian Government known as NREGA or

National Employment Guarantee Act,2005. According to this study the design
implementation and promising initial result clearly challenge existing wisdom on
how to make effective policy decision. The framework presented in the paper
best explain various facets of mess remarkable policy. Pioneering future
application to other social and economic challenges are suggested.

ACTION FOR FOOD PRODUCTION(2009)

STUDIED ‘Infrastructure Development and Beyond: Exploring the scope for

sustainable livelihood support under NREGA recognizing the need to learn from
work carried in MGNREGA and its effectiveness for sustainable livelihood support
at the community leve; AFPRO carried out a study in chainpur Block District
Gumla, Jharkhand. An assessment was done of 37 work in 28 villages and 10 Gram
Panchayat in Chainpur Block. Work covered included Ponds, wells, road, check
dams, earthen bunds, land leveling sites and guard walls. Work were selected on
a random basis from different years of MGNERA implementation since 2006. Area
for improvement at village level were related to effective participation of
villagers/ Beneficiaries in the decision making process, selection of need based
schemes, and increasing the ownership of infrastructure created. Under the
scheme. The need to give priority to selection of smaller structure for soil and
water conservation has also been highlighted in the recommendation giving
better tool to worker, orientation of functionaries, coordination among line
departments, etc are some of the other measure suggested.

ASCI (2009)

22 | P a g e
Conducted a study to understand MGNREGA’s process procedure and impact. The
study was oriented towards identifying good practices that could be scaled up for
strengthening the programmed Research was undertaken in six block of 3 district-
Anatpur, Adilabad and Guntur of Andhra Pradesh. The positive finding of the
study included, increase in groundwater in Anantpur as a result of the asset
created, improved agricultural yield across all three district and reduction in
migration. The study also showed the problem the programme faced including
delays in wage payment and poor quality of assets.

AIYAR AND SAMJI (2009)

IN THEIR PAPER ON “Guaranteeing Good Governance : Understanding the
effectiveness of Accountability in NREGA . this study document social audit in
Andhra Pradesh and the state experience in institionalizing. These audit into the
implementation of the MGNREGA. It draws on empirical work aimed at measuring
effectiveness of social audit conducted between March and December 2007.

AMBASIA(2010)
In his study on MGNREGA and rural governance Reform: Growth and Inclusion
through Panchayats: focused on the constitutional 73rd Amendment Act and the
establishment of the local governance system in India through three-tier
Panchayati Raj Institution (PRIs) that marked a new chapter in the history of
democratic decentralization in India. The vision behind this has been that these
local government institution will be the pivot fostering inclusion in an era of high
economic growth. This study argues that the challenges of inclusion are
formidable and the articulation of this vision has been hampered by an ineffective
devolution of funds , function and functionaries to the PRI’s. in this context , it
examines the experiences of the MGNREGA to see how its overcomes have fallen
short of its potential due to inadequate support structure at the grassroots. It
then attempts to spell out a blueprint of reform that are needed for MGNREGA

23 | P a g e
to realize its true potential. Since fund to PRI’s are not so much of an issue after
MGNREGA, functionaries are the real bottleneck, which must be taken care by re-
vision by the cutting edge of the implementation of the Act. The study also
examines in detail the development of Information Technology (IT) for MGNREGA
and suggest how it can be strengthened. It purposes that to ensure proper
monitoring ,evaluation, development of human resources and their development
; IT innovation and for grievances redness, a national authority for MGNREGA is
needed to anchor and support implementation. It further argues that white such
support and resources deployment are necessary condition; rural development
and the empowerment of the poor can’t happen through techno-managerial
provisioning alone but grassroots mobilization. In the task of mobilization and
support to GSs and PRIs for making MGNREGA can effectively transform
governance at the grassroots and also empower rural communities overtime such
reform can become the way forward for all intervention targeting the rural
power.

AMBASIA etoal (2008)

In their article on ‘Two Years of NREGA : The road Ahead; said that is not possible
to realize the massive potential of the MGNREGA if we deploy the same ossified
structure of implementation that has deeply institutionalized corruption,
inefficiently and non-accountability, into the very fabric of Indian deco nary. On
the other hand , it the reform suggested in this study are put into place, the
MGNREGA hold out the prospect of transforming the livelihood of the poorest of
transforming the livelihood of the poorest of the poor and heralding a revolution
in rural governance of India.

AZAM (2011)

Focused on the “The Impact of Indian job Guarantee Scheme on labor market
Outcome evidence from a natural Experiment. Public work programmed, aimed at
building a strong social safety net through redistribution of wealth and generation
of meaningful employment, are becoming increasingly popular in developing
countries. The NREGA enacted in August 2005, in one such programme. This

24 | P a g e
paper assesses causal impact (Intent-to-Treat) of NREGA on public work
participation; labour force distribution, and real wage of causal worker by
exploring in phased implementation across Indian state. Using Nationally
representative data from the national sample survey (NSS) and Difference-in –
Difference framework find that there is a strong gender dimension to the impact
of NREGA: it has a positive impact on the labour force participation and this
impact on the labour force participation and this impact is mainly driven by a
much sharper impact on female labour force participation. Similarly NREGA has a
significant positive impact on the wages of female causal worker/real wages of
female worker increased experienced in non-NREGA districts w; however the
impact of NREGA on wages of causal made worker has been marginal (about 1%).
Using data from the pre-NREGA period. The author also performed falsification
exercise to demonstrate that the main conclusion are not confounded by pre-
existing differential trends between NREGA and non- NREGA districts.

BABU et.al (2011)

Discussed the impact of MGNREGA on agriculture and rural labour market: A

study of Madhya Pradesh:-The study has been undertaken in brutal and Mandela
districts of Madhya Pradesh to assess the impact of MGNREGA on labor market,
particularly with regard to change in land nuse, cropping patterns and economic
of agriculture. In both district, research showed that fallow land has been brought
under cultivation: there has been a change in cropping pattern from dry land
crops to irrigated crops and from traditional to cash crops. There is also a
reported hike in the cost of labour. Migration continued unaffected in the study
areas . however, there was no distress migration by the simple farmer.

BABU et. Al (2010)

Tested the impact of MGNREGP on scheduled caste and scheduled tribes, studies
conducted in 8 states as Tripura ,Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Mizoram, Orissa , Tamil
nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal to highlight issued related to MGNREGA

25 | P a g e
and scheduled caste and scheduled tribes in each of the states. The studies also
elaborated the issue of MGNREGA implementation.

BASSI AND KUMAR ,(2010)

In their article NREGA and rural water management in India: Improving welfare
effects. NREGA is being analogized by many in the academic development and
policy arena as a ‘silver bullet’ for eradicating rural poverty and unemployment by
way of generating demand for productive labour force in village and private
incentives for management of common property resources. The study arouses
that the nature of water management activities are planned and implemented in
different regions, without any consideration to their physicians scion economic
realities of the region concerned ; are creating several negative welfare effects. It
identifies three broad and distinct regional typologies in India for different regions
and proposes the types for water management work under NREGS for each
typology which has the potential to generate labour demand ,while producing
welfare effects.

BASU (2011)

In his study on Impact of REGS on seasonal labor Market: Optimum compensation

and worker welfare discussed the recent enactment of the NREG Act in India that
has been widely held as a policy that provide a safety net for the rural poor with
the potential to boost rural income stabilize agricultural production and reduce
rural urban migration. This study model the impact of such employment
guarantee scheme in the context of an agrarian economy characterized by lean
seven involuntary unemployment as a consequences of tied labour contracts.
Specifically, it examine labour and output market responses to a productive rural
employment guarantee scheme (EGS) and determines the optimal compensation
to public work employee. Consistent with the objectives of

( i ) productive efficiency

( ii) welfare maximization of the labourers.

26 | P a g e
The author’s framework provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation of a
number of conflicting observation and empirical result on the impact of an EGS on
agricultural wages, employment and put-put and underscore the importance of
the relative productivity of worker in the EGS programme vis-à-vis their
counterpart engaged in agricultural production in determining the success of
these programmes.

BBERG (2012)
Tested the impact of the Indian government, on agricultural wages. The rollout of
NREG in three phases is used to identify difference-in-difference estimates of the
programme effect. Using monthly data wage from the period 2000-11 for a panel
of 249 district across 19 Indian states , we found that on average, NREG boost the
real daily agricultural wage rate by 5.3%. it takes six to 11 month for an NREG
intensity stock to feed into higher wages. The wage effect appear to be gender
neutral and biased toward unskilled labour. It is positive across different
implementation after controlling for rainfall, district and time fixed effects, and
phase-wise linear, quadratic; and cubic time trends.

The validity of the author’s identification strategy is confirmed by Placebo fest.

They have argued that since most of the world’s poor live in rural area, and
poorest of the poor are agricultural wage laborers , rural public work constitute a
potentially important anti-poverty policy tool.

BHATTACHARYA et al. (2010)

Assessed the ‘Social safety Nets and Nutrient Deprivation. An analysis of the
NREGP and the public Distribution System in India. Using primary data collected
during 2007-08, the author examined the nutritional status with respect to the
two macro nutrient as well as various micro nutrients of rural household in 3
states- Andra Pradesh , Maharastra and Rajasthan. They have found that by and
large there are serious deficiencies with regard to consumption of various
nutrient is all the 3 state. With this as a background; they model the impact of the
two policy intervention (NREG and PDS) on nutrient intake. In addition to OLS and
IV estimation for each. Nutrient of each state ; they also conducted system

27 | P a g e
estimation for each nutrient for all states. Finally in order to assess the impact on
an index of under nutrition, both the nutrient inmate relation and how the
proportion of undernourished very must be taken into account.

BORNER et.al (2012)

Studied on MGNREGA implementation a cross state comparison, this study look

at MGNREGA performance in Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh with regard to the
influence of socio-economic characteristics of the states, political influence and
organizational capacity of respective state government. Finding indicate the aside
from leadership commitment, state level politics have minimal impact on
MGNREGA’s implementation rather if it is the strength of the district, block and
G.P’s administrative and organizational capacity that appear to be a determining
factor of success. The study show that the obstacles to MGNREGA
implementation in both Tamil Nadu and U.P include the state’s reluctance to
disburse unemployment allowance to worker and questionable productivity of
assets created through MGNREGA public work project.

BORDOLOI (2011)

Focused on the impact of MGNREGA on wage return, Food Security and rural
urban. Migration- Assam. The study was carried out in 5 district of Assam. To
study the impact of MGNREGA on wage differential and migration as well as to
assess the scheme processes and procedure. MGNREGA does not have a
significant impact on migration because it is unable to meet the demand from
wage seekers . one the positive side; the scheme has reduced gender differential
in wages, majority of beneficiaries perceive the assets created under the
MGNREGA as beneficial.

COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF INDIA (CAG) (2008)

Published a paper on performance Audit of Implementation of NREGA Act. The

request of the Ministry of rural Development; the CAG undertake an Audit in 2006
28 | P a g e
to evaluate how effectively state were making a transition from the earlier wage
employment programmes to the MGNREGA. The audit was conducted in 26 state
and the sample for the audit included 25 % of the MGNREGA district in each state.
The audit was conducted in the introductory phase of the Act and majority of the
finding of the audit were process deviation with regard to the national guidelines.
It is important to note that several state took action on the finding of the CAG and
introduced system to prevent procedural deviations and promote transparency in
the implementation of the scheme.

CENTRE FOR SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT (2008)

Published a study on opportunities and challenge for NREGA. This compilation

look at how NREGA is an opportunity to make job work for village development. It
show how the scheme need to look at holistic planning and how the details , and
not the concept; of the MGNREGA need to be fixed for, the good of ecological
regeneration too, is in the detain

In 2006-07 alone MGNREGA has created more than half a million productive
assets, mostly water and soil conservation structure. Each of them has the
potential to herd poverty out from the villages.

On the other hand ,the Act has not been able to generate the kind of employment
demand as expedited. It has created only an average of 43 days of employment in
2006-07. Thus it is important to understand the complex socio-economic and
governance challenge of these districts.

STUDY OF CHANDRASHEKHAR AND GHOSH (2011)

On Public work and wages in rural India. This study is based on an analysis of the
NSSO’s 64th round data that showed that real wages specially for women
increased in rural area after implementation of the scheme. Labour cost account
for less than half and usually around one third of total agricultural cost.
MGNREGA has positive effect on women worker in rural labour market. It has
caused gender gap to come down.

DHEERAJA AND RAO (2010)

29 | P a g e
In their study on “ Changing Gender Relation: A study of MGNREGA across
different state; presented the impact of MGNREGA on gender relation in 102
districts in 27 state. The study found that gender relation in favour of women
increased in the post- MGNREGA period “Self-estee,”, self image and confidence
level of women has improved through their participation under MGNREGA’s
consolidated these changes. Gender Relation Index (GRI) consisting of social;
economic and political dimension at both household and community levels
increased for women after implementation of MGNREGAs.

DREZE (2011)

In his article an ‘Breaking the Nexus of corruption’, in the battle for employment
Guarantee, the essay looked at the effectiveness of the transparency safeguards
under MGNREGA. In the initial stage of implementation of the scheme, claims
were often made that MGNREGA funds are not reaching the poor based on
misleading of a CAG report. The field studies undertaken indicate positive finding
and show an improvement, fewer instances of corruption and leakage under
MGNREGA than programmes like the National Food for work Programme.

DUTTA et al., (2012)

Published the paper “does India’s Employment Guarantee Scheme Guarantee

Employment? The study analysis the data from India’s National Sample Survey for
work in all states. The authors have shown the exceptions that poorer families
tend to have more demand for work on the scheme, and that (despite the un-met
demand” the self targeting mechanism allows it to reach relatively poor families
and backward classes castes. The extent of the un-met demand is greater in the
poorest states-ironically where the Scheme is needed most. Labour market
responses to the scheme are likely to be weak. The scheme is attracting poor
women into the workforce, although the local-level rationing processes favour
men.

GHOSH (2011)

ATTEMPTED THE STUDY THE “Impact of NREGA on wage rates , Food Security and
rural urban migration in west Bengal; The study aims to compare wage
30 | P a g e
differentials between MGNREGA activities and other wage employment activities
and the pattern of migration from rural to urban areas across five districts of west
Bengal. The MGNREGA wage was found to be highest than the wage for
agricultural workers in the state and this led to distortion of the wage labour
market. The study postulates that the net effect of MGNREGA has been negligible.

31 | P a g e
 CHAPTER-III

32 | P a g e
 MIGRATION IN INDIA: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

INTRODUCTION
Migration is a natural process that often happen depending on the socio-
economic ,demographic, cultural , and political and environmental factors related
to the migrant people. Migration is not a mere shift of people from one place of
residence to another. It is most fundamental to the understanding of
continuously changing space content and space relationships of areas (Gosal
1961). Bogue (1959) considers it an instrument of cultural diffusion and social
integration which yield more meaningful redistribution of population. Smith
(1960) has started about three-fold impacts of migration on (1) the area of out-
migration (2) the area of in migration and (3) the migrants. The persons of the
areas of out-migration decrease while the population of in-migration increasing.
The migration from rural to urban areas has been increasing slowly with
industrialization and modernization in India. The main reason for migration is
business related migration. The male migration constitutes the highest level of
migration in India due to employment purpose. The female usually migrates as
accompanists of males through several other factors like after marriage or family
transfer, but with the recent survey single female are also slowly increasingly
moving out in search of a jobs. There are many definitions of migration, According
to Lee, “Migration is permanent or semi-permanent change of residence.”
According to Weinberg, “ Human migration as change of place permanently or
temporarily for an appreciable duration as in case of seasonal worker. According

33 | P a g e
to Safa, “ Migration is normally viewed as an economic phenomenon through
non-economic factors obviously has some bearing (Singh, 1989)

Migration process has been one of the most dynamic human activities from the
very beginning of human life. In early days people moved from one forest to
another in search of forest products. When most of people divorced the forest life
and adopted civilized life they developed relationship with domesticated animals
and fertile land. As a result, mobility of mankind for developing cultivation. The
people moved from early civilized area to other parts of the world , partly for
agricultural purposes or for trade and partly for investigation. Migration of the
people to big cities from all the corners of the country with different social and
cultural background. When such people meet in cities and stop living together, a
new cosmopolitan culture develops. Such cultures are more liberal, impersonal,
self-centered and more materialistic.

Migration and census of India

Migration data were recorded at the time of first census in 1881based on the
place of birth. In 1961, modification were made to include place of birth and
duration of residence. In 1971, additional information on place of last residence
and duration so stay at the place do enumeration were incorporated in 1981
census and modified in consecutive censuses. In the census of India, migration is
enumerated on the following tow basis (1) place of birth; if the place of birth is
different from the place of enumeration (known as life-time migrant)

(2) place of residence ; if the place of last residence is different from the place
known as migrant by place of last residence.

Migration is India is primarily of two types

(1) Long term migration: long term migration resulting the relocation of an
individual or household
(2) Short term migration: involving a black forth movement between a source
of destination. Mostly short term migration belongs to socially
economically deprived groups such as Scheduled castes and Scheduled
Tribes having negligible education attainment, limited assets and resource
34 | P a g e
 deficits. Between 2001-11 from 2.4 percent in 1991-2001. About 45.31
crore (37%) people in India are migrants and above 80 percent migrants are
males (srivastava, 2011). The north Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
have highest percentage of rural population with 18.6 and 11.7 percent of
people living in villages in 2011. These states are largest migrants relocates
from Uttar Pradesh to Maharashtra, Delhi , West Bengal , Punjab and
Haryana. Other major migrants sending states are Rajasthan ,Madhya
Pradesh , Andra Pradesh and Jharkhand. All the major sending states are
chateracterized by low, social and economic development. Cities of
Mumbai, Delhi and Calcutta are largest destination for internal migration in
India. Seasonal migration vary by area and Industry. Numbers of people
from drought prone areas including Andra Pradesh, Karnataka migrate
seasonally to work in brick making construction tile factory and crop
cutting. About 90 percent of laborers in construction industry are internal
migrants. Seasonal Migration is also attracted by agricultural work such as
rice harvest in west Bengal, Sugar cane in Gujarat.

35 | P a g e
 Causes of Migration
Urbanization:

Urbanization has been a major drover of internal migration. Rates of

urbanization influence rural-urban wage differences. An increase in the
demand for labour in urban areas can attract urban wages and increase
migration. The pull factor of better job facilities , good salary and more income
,medical and educational facilities are attracting rural people to more to the
cities(kundu, 2012). The push factors of no job facilities , low salary, less
income , drought ,less medical and education compel people towards cities.

Marriage:

Marriage is a very important factor of migration. Every grill has to migrate to

her in-law’s place of residence ,thus the entire female population of India has
to migrate over short or long distance . about 49.35 percent people shifted
their residence after marriage in 2011.

Employment

People migrate in large number from rural to urban areas in search of

employment in industries, trade, transport and services. The rural areas does
not provide employment to all the people living there. Even the small-scale
and cottage industries of the villages fail to provide the employment to the
entire rural community. About 10.22 percent of migrants migrated for
employment in 2011.

36 | P a g e
 India: Migration by reason, 2001-11

2001 (%) 2001 (%)

Work/employment 14.70 10.22
Business 1.20 0.96
Education 3.00 1.77
Marriage 43.8 49.35
Moved after birth 6.70 10.57
Moved with household 21.00 15.39
Other reason 9.70 11.74

Source : census of India, 2011.

Education

Due to lack of educational facilities in rural areas for higher education. Many of
them settle down in the cities for earning a livelihood after completing their
education. In 2011 census about 1.71 percent people migrated for education

Lack of security

Political disturbances and interethnic conflicts drive people away from their
homes . large number of people has migrated out of Jammu and Kashmir and
Assam during the last due to disturbed conditions these. People also migrate on a
short term basis in search of better opportunities for recreation, health care
facilities etc

‘Pull’ and ‘Push’ Factors :

Two principle factors push and pull are responsible for migration. The push factor
are poverty, lack of work opportunities, exhaustion of natural resources and
natural calamities, scarcity of cultivated land, inequitable land distribution, low

37 | P a g e
agricultural productivity etc pull factors attract migrant to an era (area od
destination like employment and higher education opportunities higher wages
facilities, better working conditions. Millions of people migrated from their far-off
villages to the big cities of Kolkata, Mumbai and Delhi. The appealing living
conditions like slums, lack of safe water, absence of sanitation, overcrowding with
the attendant increase in crime, insecurity for women ,sexual abuse and exposure
to frequent epidemics are the immediate outcome of this population shift.

CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION
Migration affects both area of origin of migration and the areas of destination of
the migrant population. The consequences of migration can be defined as.

i. Demographic consequences:

Migration changes the characteristics of population in region of out

migration and regions of in-migration. It changes and sex composition of
population with rate of growth of population. The proportion of old
migration in source region. The high sex ratio is found in the source areas
because mostly the youthful male population is involved in migration.
Consequently, these areas are depleted of the youth population and results
in lowered rates of births and lower population growth rates.

ii. Social Consequences: Migration results in intermixing of diverse cultures

and leads to the evolution of composite culture. It breaks the narrow
thoughts and widens the mental horizon of the people . in history, India
received migrants from different cultural groups missing different
cultural groups causing different cultures but sometimes migration
creates social vacuum and sense of dejection among individuals and
people fall in crimes and drug abuse (khullar, 2014)
iii. Economic consequences: Migration changes the resource-population
ratio. If the people are moving from an over populated area to an area
of under population the results= is in the balancing of the resource
population ratio. If the migration is from an era of under population to
very population or optimal populated, the results are harmful to both

38 | P a g e
 the areas. Migration affects the receiving areas becomes more
productive causing dependency ration the source areas. Braib drain is
another consequences of migration. Skilled people migrate from poorer
countries to developed countries in search of better economic
opportunities in search of better economic opportunities. People
migrating out send remittance to their families at home and add toe
economic prosperity.
iv. Environmental consequences: Large scale movement of people from
rural to urban areas causes overcrowding in cities and puts heavy
pressure on resources. It causes haphazard growth of cities and causes
slums locking basic infrastructural facilities such as safe drinking water,
electricity sewage etc, overcrowding is also responsible for any
environmental problems of air, water ,land and noise pollution,
disposable and management of solid wastes.
v. Other consequences: Migration enhances remittances to the south
region but causes heavy loss to human resource in terms of skilled
labour. Eg. Behind women enjoy empowerment effects increased
interaction in society including their partnership as workers and decision
making of households.

TEMPORARY AND SEASONAL MIGRATION IN INDIA

Migration from one area to another in search of improved livelihoods is a key

feature of human history (Srivastava and Sasi kamr, 2003). These moves might
be of short to long distance as well as of short to long distance (kosinski and
prothero, 1975: Massey,1990 ; stone ;1975. It is evident from the available
literature that there is a widespread occurrence of temporary and seasonal
migration for employment in developing countries (Braw, n2007; Deshingkar
AND Farrington,2006; Hugo, 1982; lam et al, 2007; mere, 2006; yang ,1992.
Temporary migration is also one of the most significant livelihood strategies ,
adopted among the poorest sectioning rural areas India, pre-dominantly in the
form of seasonal mobility of labour (Breman. 1978; Breman 1996; Deshingkar
and Farrington, 2009 ; Dashingkar and start, 2003 ; Haberfeld etal. ,1999 ;
Mosse et al., 2005; Rao and Rana, 1997; Rogaly, 1998 ; Rogaly et. Al., 2001.
39 | P a g e
 Temporary migration often used interchangeably with circular, season-al,
short-term and spontaneous migration, has been subject of much dis-course. It
is sort of mobility where the economic activity of a person in moved but not
the usual residence (Bilsbarrow et al.,1984. Researchers and Statisticians differ
on the definition of temporary migration in respect to the duration of stay.
However there is an agreement on the fact that the temporary but
uninterrupted absence from the place of origin is an important condition for
temporary migration (Hugo, 1982, Zelinsky, 1971). In essence , temporary
migration is a move made for a short period of time with the intention of
returning to the place of usual residence. An important group of circular
migrants consists of seasonal migrants. Those who combine activities in
several places according to seasonal labour requirements. Six month is
generally used as the maximum duration of a temporary move (Mere, 2006;
Pham and Hill, 2008; Srivastava and Sasi kumar, 2003.

Temporary migration is also perceived as a transitional step before a

permanent change of residence (Pham and hill, 2008). Moreover
contemporary trends indicate that a growing number of migrants choose to
retain strong links with their villages because of social ties and long term
intention to look after a better life in the village (Bhagat, 2010; Deshingkar,
2006; Srivastava and shashi kumar, 2003). In the economy of rural households
of developing countries. Temporary migration plays an important role not only
by securing household survival but also by providing income to household
members. Household diversify their economic activities outside the traditional
agricultural sector to secure alternative sources of income by sending out
members to work in urban areas for a short duration (Deshingkar and
Ferrington, 2009 ; Pham and Hill, 2008). Yang and Gus (1999) have found that
in rural areas , men’s decision to migrate is mainly shaped by community level
factors whereas for rural women, temporary labour migration is
predominantly determined by individual characteristics. In urban areas,
however , individual as well as household factors seem to determine
temporary migration (Yang. 1992).

40 | P a g e
 Rural Migration: A critical problem:

The village is the backbone of our country, which is the cornerstone of the
country. As if talking about building a strong building the foundation is first
strong thanked. In otherwords, it can be said that priority should be given to
rural structure to harness the foundations of the country and to make its
overall development. That means that rural areas should be connected to the
wave of development. Here, on the other hand, if you talk about the current
perspective, then in the last few decades , there has been an increase in the
migration from the rural areas which is turning into full migration, as time goes
on. As a result , many negative facts are coming out, in which the village has
been found to be extinct. Although migration and migration from rural areas is
increasing. This is revealed by the data obtained from the rural areas, but it is
extremely important to know the migration before this. It is also important to
consider the effects and consequences of migration. By definition migration is
an indicator of social change. It has two forms-

Internal

Travel and International Travel The Whole world is experiencing migration.

Some social demographic problems are solved by the migration and are also
confused where social imbalances arise from migration has been extremely
ancient and universal. The process of internal migration started from the
colonial era. Both agriculture and industry were different during colonial
period. There was no synergy between the two. As a result large number of
peoples are migrating in the catchment of employment and even today, the
employment for the employment continues. The status of migration continues
in our society.

People are migrating to raise the livelihood, education, living and family
status. The main feature of Indian society is Joint Family tradition and society”

41 | P a g e
 seeing the data here ,there is a disruption in the joint families due to the
migration.

Due to migration and migration in modern times, old social elements have no
value. Modernization and urbanization and industrialization have changed
“social values”. The joint family is becoming a family convert. As well as
migration problems like social disruption, family dissolution and religious
disintegration are being born.

However , keeping in view the importance of the block of the your field of
study area then in present tine there is a long term migration from the rural
areas to short term migration. That is why family and social dissolution are
promoting some villages are also ended due to migration. So many villagers
are also on the verge of end. Solid steps to save need to raise, because the
rural areas are the basis of India. Therefore it is very important to prioritize the
villages. This thing is not hidden from anyone that the villages are feeling.

According to the 1971 census 79.78 % of the population resided in the villages,
which are reduced to 68.70 & according to 2011 census. These figures clearly
show how population is going out of the way, due to which many social
problems as arising.

Due to regional imbalance is also increasing, where the population is

increasing in cities on the other side due to which many villages have become
extinct and many are on the verge of extinction. Traveling in India is moving
from villages to cities.

The rural population is rapidly running towards the cities because every person
is looking for a good life. Apart from this, other reason can also be considered
responsible for the migration., for example- the decline of small cottage
industries from the rural areas, the end of agriculture, landless cultivators,
poverty problems, social inequalities, desire for more wages, attractiveness of
cities, unemployment etc. have come out in many areas due to study various
schemes are being run by the government of India to curb these travels such
as :- bharat Nirman, MNREGA, Self help Groups, Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar

42 | P a g e
 Yojana, one lump sum aid, Micro small Term Loan scheme, Scheduled castes,
Scheduled Tribes, Women’s Handicapped Assistance Scheme etc. but all of
these programme have not yet seen any special effect, still the migration from
the villages is still going on in a very large scale which is a matter of concern.

To prevent these problems awareness about rural people should not be spread
about the schemes being run by the government, i.e the knowledge of the
Scheme and facilities being implemented by them for the people. Providing
training and financial assistance for the Self-employment of the villages, the
distribution of small and cotton industries which are closed on the verge of
closure etc.

To teach school education as well as skill development in villages, so that they

can be self dependent.

The government arrange electricity in villages where small factories should b

started and simultaneously promote tourism as well. Because India is one of
the oldest country in the world and according to the January 2015, about 7.90
lakh foreign tourists came to the country in the year 2014-15.

The government should promote tourism in villages to which the people will
get small jobs. For the all round development of the villages, corruption has to
be stopped so that the development of villages is not misused. Former Prime
Minister Mr. Rajiv Gandhi said that the money that is sent to the people from
the government, the public gets only 20 paisa from that Rs.1 and ends in the
rest. Therefore, it should be given a little bit of attention.

Encourage investment in basic infrastructure agriculture and other important

sectors in villages. Make farmers aware about modern agriculture and give
proper support price for crops. In the event of loss of crops of farmers, benefit
by instant insurance etc.

Today our country’s growth rate is going up by more than 8 % but is there any
impact of this growth in the villages . the village is till backward due to same
unemployment, illiteracy, communalism, caste etc.

43 | P a g e
 We have to add the villages to this wave of development, so that all of them
can be saved. I hope that soon these problems will be solved or many people
will be overcome with disappearance of the village and the country can face a
huge problem.

Seasonal Migration of rural labour in India

The impact of seasonal migration has been overlooked by the students of

migration. A unique data set collected in Durgapur-one of the less developed
districts of India allow us to closely examine both the determinants and impact
of seasonal migration.

Detailed information was gathered from all members of 624 households, thus
enabling analysis of both individual and household levels. The findings indicate
the seasonal migration among rural laborers is wide spread.

Rural household in India use migrant labor offered by their members to

improve their well-being by both reducing the impacts of inferior conditions
and by raising household’s income level.

Migrant labor is a compensating mechanism used by households to reduce

their disadvantageous position. Migrant household are characterized by the
lower education levels, lower level of income from agriculture and by an
inferior geographical location. However, those households sending migrant
labor are found to have higher income levels than those not sending migrant
labor.

Income from migrant labor accounts for sending almost 60 % of total annual
income of households sending at least one grant laborer. Such findings are in
accordance with the explanations derived from the new economics of
migration

We can thus learn that migration related decisions should not evaluated only
on the basis of utility maximization of individual migrants, but also on the basis
of risk reducing by households.

44 | P a g e
 Causes and impacts of seasonal migration on rural livelihoods.
Both urban and rural areas as places of destination and rural villages as origins
of migrants have been considered. Data were collected using a questionnaire
survey, key informant interviews, focus group discussions and household case
studies. Shortage of farmland, debt, lack of viable non-farm activities locally,
on the desire to earn additional income are the major reasons for seasonal
migration of labour.

Social networks and information flows are also important factors in migration.
The research found that single men are predominantly involved in migration
while the participation of women is negligible.

The earnings obtained have allowed rural households to supplement their

income from agriculture and indirectly contributed to overcoming the problem
of farmland scarcity.

The timing of movement which coincides with the agricultural slack season at
home makes the impact of seasonal out migration on agriculture minimal.
Rather than viewing it as a livelihood option of the rural poor which
contributes to reducing poverty and improving the livelihood of the poor,
migration is still perceived negatively, and there has been little awareness of
its significance.

Workers on the move: Seasonal migration and changing Social relations in

rural India

This paper considers seasonal migration in different regions of India, and

argues the need for a better understanding of social and economic relations
and the circumstances under which migration can effect these to the benefit
of poor migrant worker.

45 | P a g e
 Reasons for seasonal migration
Seasonal migration is very common in agricultural cycle. It includes migration
such as moving sheep or cattle to higher elevations during summer to escape
the heat and find more forage. Human labor often moves with fruit harvest or
to other crops that require manual picking.

Seasonal Agricultural Migration

While the culture of many crops ( especially dru crops) has become entirely
mechanized, others sucha s fruits and vegetables, still require manual labor, at
least for harvest, and some , such as tobacco, still need manual labor for its
culture.

Much of the work was once provided by family members or boarding students,
but they are less available now, and farms are larger. Now, migratory workers
provide much of the hand labor required in agriculture in the US and other
countries

Labor contractors arrange with farmers to provide the necessary help at the
seasonal time, often with foreign nationals whose employment opportunities
are more limited in their home areas.

A number of migratory contractors, known as “Custom harvesters”, move with

their combines to follow the wheat harvest in the United States and Canada as
the season moves north some crops dusters are also migratory, following
seasonal patterns of need.

Most commercial beekeepers in the US are migratory, spending winter in

warm climates and moving with the spring to follow the bloom, or pollination
contracts for almonds, apples, blueberries and other fruits and vegetables
theta require bees. Migratory beekeeping also is practiced, especially in
France, Australia, South Africa and Argentina.

46 | P a g e
 Seasonal non-agricultural migration
Some researchers suggest that snow birds, Canadian and US citizens climtes
during the winter, exhibit patterns of seasonal migration. Although they are
moving for non-agricultural reasons, they move with the seasons. For example,
many residents of Contrarian, Canada move to Florida, US during the winter.
The practice actually dates back to colonial times, when Bostonians of means
would often go (by sea) to Charleston or Savannah for winter. Later, the
wealthy in the growing country maintained several seasonal residences and
shifted residence with the seasons to avail themselves of the best time to be at
each location, and they named their time there “the season” . in British India,
Ceylon and Malaya, the cooler hill stations became the place of residence for
Europeans during the hot summers, and Simla become the summer capital of
the British Raj.

MGNREGA-AN ALTERNATIVE TO MIGRATION

According to NSSO report: In India , nearly 29 percent of the the persons were
migrants with significant rural-urban and male-female differentials.

(1) The migration rate proportion of migrants in the population in the

urban areas 35 percent was far higher than the migration rate in the
rural areas 26 percent.
(2) Magnitude of male migration rate was far lower than female
migration rate, in both rural and urban areas. In rural areas nearly
about 48 percent of the females were migrants while the male
migration rate was only 5 percent, and in the urban areas, the male
migration rate was nearly 26 percent compared to female migration
rate 46 percent
(3) Migration rate in rural areas was lowest among the Scheduled Tribe
(ST), nearly 24 percent, and it was highest among those classified in
the social group “others”, nearly about 28 percent. In urban areas,
migration rate was lowest among other backward class (OBC) nearly

47 | P a g e
 33 percent, and it was highest among those classified in the social
group “others”, nearly 38 percent.
(4) For rural male, migration rate was lowest nearly 4 percent among
the not literates, and was nearly 14 percent among those with
educational level “graduate and above”. For urban males also, it was
lowest for among the “not literates” 17 percent and 38 percent for
those with educational level ‘graduate or above’ level
(5) Among the migrants in the rural areas, nearly 91 percent had
migrated from the rural areas and 8 percent had migrated from the
urban areas. Whereas among the migrants in the urban areas, nearly
59 percent migrated from the rural areas , and 40 percent from
urban areas
(6) Nearly 60 percent of urban male migrants and 59 percent of urban
female migrants had migrated from rural areas.
(7) The most prominent reason for female migration in both the rural
and urban areas was marriage: for 91 percent of rural female
migrants and 61 percent of the urban female migrants The reason
was marriage. The reason for migration for male migrants, was
dominated by employment related reasons for both rural and urban
areas. Nearly 29 percent of rural male migrants and 56 percent of
urban male migrants had migrated due to employment related
reasons.
(8) Higher percentage of persons were found to be engaged in
economic activities after migration: for males the percentage of the
workers increased from 54 percent before migration to 62 percent
after migration in rural areas and from 46 percent to 70 percent in
urban areas. While for females it increased from 20 percent to 33
percent in rural areas and from 8 percent to 14 percent in urban
areas
(9) For rural males, self employment had emerged as main recourse to
employment after migration. The share of self employment in total
migrants increased from 16 percent before migration to 27 percent

48 | P a g e
 after migration, while the shares of regular employees and casual
labors remained almost stable in both before and after migration.

Impact of MGNREGA on Migration:

One of the significant objectives of the MGNREGA is to arrest out migration of

unskilled landless labor force from the rural areas to urban areas by ensuring
up to 100 days of wage employment within their native jurisdiction so that
these guaranteed wage employment can be judiciously and rationally utilized
by the landless peasants during lean and distress seasons. As far as possible
the work site is to be within a five km radius of the applicants village.

In case it is not it must be provided within the block and the laborers must be
paid 10 percent of their wages as extra wages to meet the additional travel
and living expenses MGNREGA too could became a predictable source of local
employment and therefore reduces distress migration.

In this respect MGNREGA contrasts with previous employment programmes

such as Jawahar Rozhar Yojana or Sampoorna Rozgar Yojana. MGNREGA will
have significant positive impact on seasonal rural-urban migration by providing
rural workers with employment during the lean season. The lack of exact
official data on migration is a matter that should be corrected as soon as
possible as it is quite important to quantify this as accurately as possible as
rural urban migration can become quite a problem for both the source and
destination areas.

Research seems to indicate that the agriculture labor shortage is not caused
entirely by MGNREGA, data from Financial Year 2010-11 suggests that 10
percent of the works in the scheme have been generated during the
agriculture lean season on the other hand , data from some studies
demonstrates that there has been a change in the composition of the

49 | P a g e
 MGNREGA labour force where more agricultural labour is participating in the
scheme. An analysis of the quantum of MGNREGA works provided across the
year also indicates a powerful seasonal fluctuations, with a disproportionately
higher share of works being done during the agricultural off-season.

The month-wise employment data under v during Financial Year 21010-11

indicates that it is in the lean agricultural season (April-June and January-
March) that around 70 percent of person days of work were generated . while
this does not factor in migration of labour during an agricultural lean season to
other places, it does suggest that the impact of MGNREGA an labor markets
may be limited at best. The MGNREGA income in wages has two dimension.
The families owning small agricultural land which is insufficient to generate
food security for the whole of the year or create additional surplus of cash to
meet other basis needs, families are supplementing agricultural income with
wage income of MGNREGA.

50 | P a g e
 Analysis of MGNREGA:
MGNREGA has had a more direct and positive impact on reducing distress
migration as compared to migration taken up for economic growth and other
reason studies indicate that MGNREGA has reduced migration by providing
work closure to home and decent working conditions. A study conducted on
Anantpur, Andra Pradesh observed that the scheme bought down the
migration levels from about 27 percent to 7 percent in the sample village due
to availability of work. Another case study from Bastar notes that in one block
the number of people migrating declined from 4500 to 500 as a result of
employment being provided close to home by MGNREGA. A survey of 240
households in the district of Sidhi in Madhya Pradesh also confirmed these
findings; migration had reduced in sample areas by 60 percent due to the
availability of work.

The impact of the MGNREGA may be more on the population that migrates for
employment; as per the National Census data 2001 around 15 percent of the
households migration for employment.

In Punjab, while there has been a reduction in the in-flow of labours, there is
significant impact of MGNREGA and out-flow of labour. This may be because ,
to begin with only a limited percentage of population migrates out of the
state for migration.

In a study to assess the impact of MGNREGA on migration in Punjab, it was

found that only around 5 percent of the 300 households in five districts
reported migration from the village due to employment opportunities. The
world development report 2009 contended that a reduction in migration as
caused by MGNREGA is posing a barrier to internal mobility thus limiting
economic growth of these households. A majority of the studies on the subject
note that only about 5 percent of the 300 households in five districts reported
migration from the village due to employment opportunities. The world
Development report 2009 contended that a reduction in migration is caused
by MGNREGA, is posing a barrier to internal mobility thus limiting economic

51 | P a g e
 growth of this households. A majority of the studies on the subject note that
the scheme has cause mostly a reduction in distress migration, and
opportunistic or inspirational migration in search of better and more lucrative
opportunities continue as before particularly because MGNREGA cannot
match the wages of skilled labour in cities.

The reduction in distress migration may be more apparent in the case of

households that need to migrate with their families; the entire family is forced
to migrate to cities due to limited work opportunities. This leads to a
disruption of children’s education and access to family health care.

52 | P a g e
 CHAPTER-IV

53 | P a g e
 GOVERNMENT SCHEMES

List of Government Schemes in India

The ministries of the Government of India have come up with various useful
schemes from time to time. These schemes could be either central, State specific
or joint collaboration between the centre and the states. They are detailed below:

IRDP Integrated Rural Development programme:-

IRDP launched on October 2nd ,1980 all over the country and accordingly all the
15 blocks of Boudh Kondhamal district have been covered under the scheme.
Since then, prior the above period, IRDP was in operation in 8 blocks of the
district since 1978-79. The IRDP continues to be a major poverty alleviation
programme in the field of rural Development. The objective of the IRDP is to
enable identified rural poor families to cross the poverty line by providing
productive assets and inputs to the target groups. The assets which could be in
primary secondary or tertiary sector are provided through financial assistance in
the form of subsidy by the government and term credit advanced by financial
institutions. The programme is implemented in all the blocks in the country as a
centrally sponsored schemes funded on 50;50 basis by the centre and state. The
scheme is merged with another scheme named S.G.S.Y since 01.04.1999.

Limitations:-

1. In the integrated rural development, the village has been treated as a

homogenous concept and as a unit of development which is not there. Thus
there is a serious problem of economically efficient base for integrated
rural development.
2. No attempt was made to consider the policy of distribution of land or for
more equitable distribution pattern and revitalizing the possessing of other
productive assets in the rural areas by limiting size of individuals units.

54 | P a g e
 3. Inability of science and technology to solve by itself, the problem of rural
poverty.

The target group under IRDP consists of small and marginal farmers, agricultural
laborers, rural artisans, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and socially and
economically backward classes behaving annual income below Rs. 11,000 defined
as poverty-line for the eighth plan.

In order to ensure that benefits under the programme the more vulnerable
sectors of the society, stipulated that at least so percent of the coverage should of
women beneficiaries and three percent of age should be of handicapped persons.

The optional strategy of IRDP intended to follow the “ha hold approach” rather
the “individual approve. The poorest households are identified and the economic
upliftment of these household is soar through a package of activities involving
allowing members with the particular attention being given to women.

The IRDP is implemented through dis “rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) and
level agencies at the grass root level. The giving body of DRDAs includes local
MP’s , MLA , chairman of zila parishads, heads of district development
department, representatives of SCs/ and women.

At the grass-root level, the blocks I responsible for implementation of the

program. The state level coordination committee (SL monitors the programme at
state level whereas Ministry of rural areas and employment is risible for the
release of central share of funds, poll formation, overall guidance, monitoring
endive action of the programme.

Some of the import “integrated rural development programme inch National rural
Employment Minimum Needs Programme (MNP), Training rural Youth for self –
employment (TRYSEM), 197 development of women and children in rural
(DWCRA , 1982 ) , swarnajayanti Gram Swarajgar Yojana, Pradhan mantra Gram
Sadak Yojana, sampoorna gram rozgar yojana and national food for work
programme etc.

55 | P a g e
The IRDP was first proposed in the cent budget of 1976-77. The programme with
some notifications was introduced on an expanded scale 1978-79 beginning with
2300 blocks. Another 3 blocks were added during 1979-80.

SGSY Swarnjayanti gram Swarajgar Yojana:-

SGSY is an vikas initiative launched by the Government of India to provide
sustainable income to poorest of the poor people living in rural and urban areas
of the country. The scheme was launched on April 1, 1999.

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana

(SGSY)

Country India

Prime Minister Atal Biahari Vajapyee

Ministry MORD

Launched 1 April ,1999

By subsuming 6 previous programmes IRDP Integrated Rural Development

programme in 1980, TRYSEM, DRCRA development of women in rural area in
1982 and one million wells yojana. Ganga kalian yojana and supply of improved
toolkits to artisans this scheme was launched.

The SGSY Swarnjayanti gram Swarajgar Yojana aims at providing self-employment

to villages through the establishment of self-help groups. Activity clusters are
established based on the aptitude and skill of the people which are nurtured to
their maximum potential. Funds are provided by NGO’s , banks and financial
institutions.

56 | P a g e
Since its inception , over 2.25 million self-help-groups have been established with
an investment of Rs.14,403 Crore(US $ 2.2 billion), profiting over 6.697 million
people.

The swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) was launched as integrated

program for self- employment of the rural poor with effect from April 1, 1999.

Working of the SGSY

The SGSY was somewhat intended to provide self-employment to millions of

villagers. Poor families living below the poverty line were organized into self –help
groups established with a mixture of government subsidy and credit from
investment banks. The main aim of these SHGs was to bring these poor families
above the poverty line and concentrate on income generation through combined
effort. The scheme recommended the establishment of activity clusters or
clusters of villagers grouped together based on their skills and abilities. Each of
these activity clusters worked on a specific activity chosen based on the aptitude
and skill of the people, availability and resources and market potentiality.

The SHGs are aided , supported are trained by NGO’s , CBOs individuals , banks
and self-help promoting institutions, Government-run District level development
Agencies _DLDA) and the respective State Governments also provide training and
financial aid.

The programme focuses on establishing micro enterprises in rural area.

SJSRY Swarna Jayanti Shawrojgar Yojana

SJSRY Swarna Jayanti Shawrojgar Yojana in India is a Centrally Sponsored scheme
which came into effect on 1 December 1997. The scheme strives ato provide
gainful employment to the urban and rural poor living below the poverty line.

The SJSRY Swarna Jayanti Shawrojgar Yojana scheme is being implemented on a

cost-sharing basis between the Centre and the States in the ration of 75:25. Given
the low allocations for the scheme, only about 2 lakh urban poor under skill
development and 50,000 under self-employment are being benefitted under

57 | P a g e
SJSRY annually. The target under skill development of the urban poor is very small
considering that number of urban poor was estimated at 81 million in 2004-05
and that Nationally a target of 500 million persons to be skill-trained by 2022 has
been fixed by the National council on skill development.

Salient Features of SJSRY

The SJSRY Swarna Jayanti Shawrojgar Yojana shall rest on a foundation of

community programme shall rely on establishing and promoting community
organizations and structures to provide supporting and facilitating mechanism for
local development. Towards this end community organizations like neighborhood
groups (NHGs, and Community Societies (CDs) shall be set up in the target areas
based on the UBSP pattern. The CDSs shall be focal point for the purposes of
identification of beneficiaries, preparation of application, monitoring of recovery
and generally providing whatever other support is necessary to the programme.

The CDSs will also identify viable project suitable for that particular area. These
CDSs may also set themselves up as Thrift and Credit societies to encourage
community savings, as well. These bodies will try to link local resource generation
efforts with wider institutional finance. It is expected that these bodies will be
registered under the Societies Registration Act or other appropriate Acts to
provide them direct access to funds under various schemes as also wider finance
and credit base. A maximum expenditure at the rate of Rs. 100 per member for
the first year, and rs.5 per member for each subsequent year will be allowed for
activities connected with the CDSs. The CDSs being a federation of different
community based organization shall be the entire gamut of social sector inputs to
their areas including but not limited to health, welfare, education etc through
establishing coverage between schemes being implemented by different line
departments within their jurisdiction.

58 | P a g e
REGP Rural Employment Generation Programme
Indian Government has always been serious in providing enough employment
opportunities to the rural unemployed labour force. It is established that the
development of the rural India is crucially important for the overall development
of the country. The rural India population from where all the natural assistance
and wealth is drown towards the urban crowd has been neglected to years. It is
the right of the rural population to enjoy adequate opportunities to earn their
livelihood and live a decent standard of life. Rural employment generation
programme was another major step by the government of India which was a
great success story. The main purpose was to alleviate poverty room rural areas
by providing employment opportunities to rural people thus improving their
livelihood. It successeded in its objectives of job creation by elimination poverty in
many backward areas of the country.

Evolution of the Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP)

Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP) came into vision on 1st April
1995. It was crucially recommended by the high power committee which was
thereafter fully launched by thru Prime Minister of India with the main agenda of
creating and flourishing two millions jobs in the rural areas of the country it was a
good show. The target group consisted of the rural poor and unemployed in the
town where the population count is not more than twenty thousand as per the 91
census. The legislation words include that any area termed as a village based on
the earning of the state, irrespective of the population should be under the
purview of this schemes . many industries were setup in rural backward areas
where the fixed capital investment is not more than fifty thousand rupees and
who use or do use power for manufacturing are eligible for financial assistance
under this schemes.

Main objectives of the programme

Ensure adequate employment in rural locations

59 | P a g e
Enhance entrepreneurial skills and wisdom among the employed youth of the
rural locations

Ensuring that the target for the rural industrialization is achieved.

Inviting financial concerns to provide credits to rural industries.

Features of the Schemes

The main purview of this scheme is the village industries setup in the backward
and rural locations of the country. The main idea behind the entire effort and
investment is to improve the condition of the industries in the rural area and also
increase the count of the industries in such are. This would in turn help in
generating more and more jobs both skilled and unskilled for the rural population.
The criterion for eligibility for funding under the scheme is quite simple. The
applicant must be an individual who is rural artisan or otherwise and concerns like
cooperative societies, trusts etc. and will be eligible for a project upto twenty five
lakh rupees. This schemes eliminated the entry of partnership firms public or
private limited companies joint ventures etc. various ways of help like capital
subsidy in the form of margin money upto 25% of the project cost till ten lakhs
and balance project upto 10 percent of twenty five lakh. The idea is that the
borrower would need to spend ten percent of the cost and rest ninety percent
would be paid by the Government via banks assigned for this work .

IMPLEMENTATION

The scheme is controlled and managed by the KVIC with the help of many
partners such as :

All public sector banks

Regional Cooperative banks

NBFCs and BFCs approved by the state and central government.

60 | P a g e
To start with the success story about 23453 project were financed while it was
24747 in count the very previous year. Andra Pradesh was ranked as the most
efficient state in employment generation followed by Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and Haryana.

To cater to the needs of meeting the margin money claims of the enterprises an
amount of INR two hundred ninety two crore was sanctioned. After which, again
an amount of INR three and a half crier was spent for aligning backward and
forward links for the REGP units across the country. NBFCs and BFCs extended a
great financial assistance of INR sex hundred sixty five crore which helped in the
construction of the business units.

MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment

Guarantee Act:-
MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme is Indian
legislation enacted on August 25, 2005. The MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi Rural
Employment Guarantee Act provides a legal guarantee for one hundred days of
employment in every financial year to adult member of any rural households
willing to do public work related unskilled manual work at the Statutory minimum
wage. The Ministry of Rural development (MRD), Govt of India is monitoring the
entire implementation of this schemes in association with state governments.

Purpose of my study is to highlight the impact or rate of MGNREGA on seasonal

migration.

Under MGNREGA households are entitled to 100 days of paid work every year.
However they can only access every year. However, they can only access this
employment if they have a MGNREGA job card and if they request employment
from their Gram Panchayat local village council. The PACs Kaam Mango Abhiyaan
(work demand campaign) aimed to educate and mobilize socially excluded
communities to demand work under this government scheme. In total , PACs has
gelped 851,778 people to apply for MGNREGA work and 664,603 people have
actually received MGNREGA work-330,379 people got paid on time and in full.

61 | P a g e
A lack of awareness

Various studies on MGNREGA have highlighted that although many rural

communities need more paid work. Demand for work under more paid work.
Demand for work under MGNREGA is not being generated.

Socially excluded groups in particular face institutional and social discrimination

that often prevents them from accessing other employment opportunities and so
the MGNREGA scheme is a vital livelihood option for them.

The main reason for the lack of take up of the scheme is that community
members do not know about it or do not understand the process for demanding
work. In addition Gram panchayat (who supposed to run the scheme at a
community level) have not proactively encouraged it or planned works under it.

This scheme provides 100 days employment to the adult members of any rural
household in every financial year, which is ready to do public work related
unskilled wages on the statutory minimum wage of 220 rupees per day. In the
financial year n2010-11, the expenditure of the central government for this
scheme was Rs.40,100 crores

62 | P a g e
 CHAPTER-V

63 | P a g e
SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF HAZARIBAG
HAZARIBAG

Hazaribag is a district of Jharkhand is full of beautiful tourist sites located in

Jharkhand. Hazaribag means that there are thousands of gardens and it is made
up of two words thousand and garden. Here the health hill Resort has been
constructed at the altitude of 2019 feet. This resort is nestled benefits can be
availed by staying in nature’s lap in this health resort. As well as enjoying health
benefits, you can visit many beautiful tourist attractions here, hazaribag lake is
the chief to the tourist places where water sports can be enjoyed. Hazaribag
wildlife sanctuary, canary hill and rajrappa are its other major tourist sites.

HAZARIBAG CITY

COUNTRY INDIA

STATE JHARKHAND

LAWMAKER MR. JAYANT SINHA

DEPUTY COMMISIONER MR. MUKESH KUMAR

POPULATION 14,34,005 (as of 2011)

AREA HEIGHT (ASML) 601 metres

64 | P a g e
Hazaribag wild Life Sanctuary
Tourists can visit wildlife Sanctuary in hazaribag. It is very spacious and beautiful.
Its area is approximately 184 sq. km. for its beauty it is known all over the world.
Here tourists can see different species of plants and animal. In this Sanctuary,
mainly bhalu, Samba< nilgai, chital and kaka are found. The time of April-July is
ideal for roaming because its greenery increases manifold at this time.

CANARY HILL
There are several hills in hazaribag in which the canary hill chief is located. There
are also three lakes on this hill which make it beautiful in its beauty. A building
has been constructed on the hill. The beautiful scenery of hazaribag can be seen
from this building which makes tourists spell bound. These scenes are so beautiful
that tourists do not forget to capture these photos in their cameras.

Hazaribag District in the north chotanagpur region is a district of Jharkhand with

its administrative headquarter located at hazaribag city. According to 2011 census
the district encompasses a geographical area of 3,555 sq km and has a population
of 17,34,495 persons including females. The district has a sex ratio of 947. The
major religions in the district is Hindu (80.01%) and Muslim (16.21%) of the total
population respectively. The literacy rate in the district is 69.75 % persons, 80.01
% males and 58.95% females. Main spoken languages are Hindi (82.12%), Urdu
(10.369%) and Santali 3.64% labor force participation rate is 31.08%. main sources
of income in the district is from the agriculture sector and per capita income is Rs.
22.489. the crime rate in tad district is 175.21 for the year 2014. Total cropped
area is 2,093 in sq km (2015).

65 | P a g e
 CHAPTER VI

66 | P a g e
ROLE OF MGNREGA ON SEASONAL MIGRATION IN JHARKHAND

The state of the Jharkhand earlier more known as a geographical entity of

chotanagpur and santhal pargana was created on 15th Nov 2000. Since 1936, it
was part of the state of Bihar when Odisha was separated during the British rule.
The demand for Jharkhand state was rejected by the states Reorganization
Commission of 19585 on the ground that it didn’t have a common language. A
large number of tribal dialects, regional languages along with Hindi and Bengali
are spoken in Jharkhand.

During the pre-independence period Jharkhand experienced substantial exodus of

population especially of tribal’s to the gardens of Assam and to the jute mills of
Calcutta (corbridge 1988, Sharma 1994). After independence Jharkhand
experienced intensive industrialization and urbanization accentuating the
historical push forces for tribal out migration from the region (Maharatna and
chilcte ,20040. The level of urbanization in Jharkhand was more than double of
Bihar when it was created . the state has also sizable presence of ST (26.2%) and
SC population 12%. As per 2011 census the STs comprise of 8.6 million and SCs
about 4 million out of the total population of 32 million of Jharkhand was a nett
out-migrating state NSSO, 2010, although it has received huge migration inn the
particularly from Bihar and neighboring states. Also as a result of mining and start
of heavy industries a large number of people have been displaced since
independence largely belonging to the tribal population. The figure of
displacement varies from 1.5 million to 3 million people Lok Sabha Secretariat
2013; Maharatna and chilletee 2004.

In the field of migration studies , Jharkhand presents a methodological challenge

as it represents a complex and intervene nature of human mobility we also find
that the migration studies at a macro level are limited due t the availability of
data. It may benoteeddd that 2011 census has not published migration data s yet
even after 5 years of census taking and the latest data is available from NSSO
pertaining to t\he 64the round 2007-08.

The study attempts to examine the out migration from Jharkhand aafter its
formation both within and outside the state. The study highlights that migration
67 | P a g e
has many forms and each form is rooted in the socio-economic conditions of the
areas of the origin. The state has skittle benefitted from international out
migration like other states such as Punjab Kerala and Gujarat. The emigration of
Jharkhand has been the least in country. Thus it is pretend to highlight that
globalization of labour has little benefitted the state. On the other hand, long
term internal migration which is mainly influenced by the nature of urbanization
in this state and regional disparities in the pattern of urbanization in the country
has benefitted the better off sections with relatively higher economic and
educational status.

Jharkhand has an urban population of about 7.9 million constituting about one-
fourth of the total population of thee state. The spatial distribution urban urban
population of Jharkhand is concentrated in three Million plus cities namely
Ranchi, dhanbaad and Jamshedpur. The lopsided distribution of urban population
among the size class of urban centers reflects not only huge urban inequality but
also the nature of economic development and opportunities for the deprived and
marginalized sections comprising the two fifth sections of the population of
Jharkhand.

Natural increase contributes nearly 40% of the urban growth ,while the net rural
to urban classification adds 50% to the urban growth during 2001-2011. In this
situation net rural to urban migration is likely to contribute just 10% to the urban
growth. These indicates about the emerging pattern of urbanization in Jharkhand
lacking vigor of urban transformation.

Analysis of migration data shows that Jharkhand occupies a prominent positioning

short term seasonal and temporary migration. A large population of seasonal and
temporary migrants belongs to the tribes and dalits communities who remained
disadvanged and have been subjected to land and forest alleviations leading to
their large displacement since independence. The seasonal and temporary
migrants also predominantly move from rural to urban areas. It is estimated that
nearly 500 thousand people from Jharkhand are circulating every year for a
period of one months during a year for seeking livelihood outside their place of
origin mostly belonging to rural areas. These migrant workers mostly work a

68 | P a g e
construction workers domestic servants and in the transport and hotel industry
mostly outside the state of Jharkhand.

The policy discussion on migration generally laments about increasing rural to

urban migration. It is generally understood as a failure of rural development
which resulted into increased agrarian distress leading to migration. On the other
hand deplorable condition of the urban infrastructure and services is also
attributed to the rural to urban areas. Many of them are poor and disadvanged
and are not able to avail the social security provisions due to being mobile. It is
the need of the time that our social security programmes be made possible.

Migration from Jharkhand highest in country: Economic Survey

RANCHI: The economic survey of India has revealed that Jharkhand lost close to 5
millions of its working age population between 2001 and 2011 due to migration.
More than 5 % of the working age population migrates annually to other states in
search of better employment opportunities ,education aor because of loss of
traditional livelihood.

The net outflow of the working age population is the highest among states in the
country.

West Bengal serves as a home to the highest number of migrants. West Bengal
has developed industrial sector and a sprawling metropolitan capital. Bihar and
Uttar Pradesh have been identified as states with the second and third highest
inflow of migrants from Jharkhand respectively in the survey.

A high net migration, greater than 15% was observed in the district of Dhanbad,
Lohardaga and gumla. More than 90,000 people travel from Dhanbad to Howrah
each year, which has been identified as the top route for migration in eastern
India.

An important development in the survey has thrown up in the rise in female

migration in the decade 2001-11 across the country. The female migration has
almost doubled since the last study was conducted in 1991-2001 and is now
almost the same as that of the male migrants.

69 | P a g e
The reason the economic survey cities , for this is that both men and women from
impoverished families travel to other places for employment opportunities
leaving behind their children and other members of the family. The same pattern
has been observed in Jharkhand.

However, a survey conducted by the state’s skill development department in

2011 showed that 80 % of the respondents had not observed any improvement in
their economic condition since their family members had migrates had returned
to their villages empty handed past demonetization in November last year.

Agriculture basic point has lost its benefits in rural areas of Jharkhand. No money
in hand to run the family and feed to all small scale industries too lost its value. All
situations in negative side education facilities are poor . so to rush to nearby
states or areas very natural process. All this happened due to government
negligence and lack of interest. On the other hand , a group of persons are
operating with all promises to ensure to give handsome money and facilities if
they refer to go outside state. And this is happening. This is very logical and
correct. But wrong part is this when girls are lured to wrong situations. This need
check to move for betterment cannot be termed as bad migration but now
government has started taking care and it has come down but livelihood this
always happens and will happen this may be termed good migration.

70 | P a g e
 CHAPTER-VII

71 | P a g e
 FINDING AND CONCLUSION

MGNREGA is landmark legislation in the history of social legislation in India after

Independence Mahatma Gandhi NREGA is a very good step from they
government to reduce unemployment. MGNREGA is a well thought out legislation
, a powerful tool in the hands of the rural India, particularly through the provision
of extra income during tough times.

Impact of the MGNREGA, evidence clearly indicate that the scheme has impact on
the income, expenditure pattern, savings, migration, assets creation in the village,
assets creation on the private lands of SCs and STs status of women and social
relationship MGNREGA has also brought in benefits to the households as well as
to the community.

MGNREGA has brought positive changes in the respondents in terms of house,

increase monthly household income, education, increase monthly expenditure on
food items, improvement in fuel use for cooking, improvement in the sources of
drinking water, improvement in the use of toilet facility and reduction in social
evils like untoucability convergence of MGNREGA with education and health
departments lead to better human development in Rajasthan. MGNREGA also has
brought positive change in the respondents in terms of employment
opportunities, living standard of the rural poor, rural connectivity. Economic
independence to rural women, increased purchasing power, providing economic
safety, no grater discrimination in the allocation of work etc.

The distinctiveness of MGNREGA is in the fact that it carries emphasis on issues

like equality of wages for men and women ,elimination of contractors, creating

72 | P a g e
transparency in muster roll and payment of wages only through bank and post
office accounts to prevent corruption.

This assets built under MGNREGA have to e targeted to better serve the needs of
the local population. There needs to be a blueprint that clearly outlines the
essential infrastructure for each district black bad village and the scheme should
be used as a tool to create this infrastructure. A positive side , there has been a
rise in employment days and wages in Rajasthan.

There has been some good work done under MGNREGA, MGNREGA in family
here to stay and will help serve a very important purpose of providing a lifeline to
poor and underemployed rural people but the administration needs to show
more seriousness and professionalism in its attitude towards the scheme.

73 | P a g e
 BIBLIOGARPHY

Aggarawal A. , A. gupta and G. Kumar,2012. “Evaluation of NREGA wells in

Jharkhand” Economic and political weekly

Azam , M. 2012. “ The Impact of Indian Job Guarantee scheme of Labor market
outcomes: Evidence from Natural Experiment.: IZA Discussion paper 6548. Bonn,
Germany : Institute for the study of labour.

Berg E; S. Bhattacharya, r. durgam and M> ramachandra 2012. “can rural public
works affect agricultural wages? Evidence from India “working paper 2012-06.
Oxford UK: centre for the study of African Economics.

Bhaskar, B. 2012. “farmers switching from paddy to cotton.” The Hindu, June 23

CSE (Centre for Science and environment) 2008. An assessment of the

performance the National Rural Employment Guarantee in terms of its potential
for creation of National wealth in villages. New Delhi.

Deininger, K; and Y. Liv. 2013 welfare and poverty Impacts of India’s National rural
employment Guarantee scheme: Evidence from Andra Pradesh IFPRI discussion
Paper 01289. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute Food
Policy Research Institute.

Dutta, P.,R. Murgai, M. Ravallion and DVD Walla. 2012, “ Does India’s
Employment Guarantee Scheme Guarantee Employment. “Economic and Political
weekly.

74 | P a g e
GOI (Government of India) 2005. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act:
The Gazette of India, Extra ordinary, New Delhi

Gupta, S.2006 “were district choices for NFFWP Appropriate? Journal of Indian
School of Political Economy.

IIFN (Indian Institute of Forest Management) 2010. Impact assessment of NREGA

activities of Ecological and economic security . Bhopal

Jolhar, A. 2012 “Provide 100 days employment only during lean agricultural
season.” The Hindu January 2.

Khera, r. and N. Nayak 2009. “Women workers and perception of the National
rural employment Guarantee Act ” economic and political weekly

Singh J. and J>V Meenakshi 2004. “ understanding the feminization of agriculture

labour “Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics.

Uppal, V. 2009. “ Is the NREGS a safety Net for children? Studying the access to
the national rural employment guarantee scheme of young lives families, and its
impact on child outcomes in Andra Pradesh. “ master of Science (M.Sc) thesis,
Economics for Development, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.

75 | P a g e