Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
HTMi, Switzerland
Introduction
Tourism is one of the most important industries in any developing and least
GDP contributes by the tourism industry and it is the 4th largest export sector. For
example, accounts 6% of the world wide’s exports in service and responsible for 235
million jobs, or one in every 12 jobs worldwide (Tourism & More, 2010). Since
tourism has become one of the fastest growing industries in the world (Holden,
2000). Singtao News (2010) stated that some of the countries and areas mainly rely
on tourism industry for generating revenue as well. For example: Thailand, Macau
and Maldives etc. Nowadays, travel is not a noble or a difficult activity anymore, and
lots of people addicted to it (Ibid). This motivation has become influenced by the
leisure awareness. (Abubaker et al., 2014). The travel phenomenon has spread to
different level of groups, countries and ages, especially, teenagers (Wong, 2011).
According to Tourism & More (2010), educational tourism is one of the fastest
blooming sectors of the travel and tourism industry and often overlooked by tourism
professionals and marketers (Ibid). Such as many conferences and conventions have
components etc. Regarding the motivation aspects, the idea of educational tourism is
about self-improvement, relaxation, fun, and the important note is that learning is
for people of all ages (Ibid). People go on an educational tour beside for fun, most of
them are also with learning purposes and experiences (Rodger, 1998).
By the blooming of educational tourism, the combination of tourism and education
has enhanced the performance of tourism industry (Ahmad et al., 2011). Thus it can
be seen, educational tourism has its own market and contribute to the worldwide
tourism industry.
In figure 2.1.1, the two main components of educational tourism are tourism and
Educational tourists (Edu-tourists) are individuals or groups who travel to and stay
in places outside their usual environment for more than 24 hours, and not more
than 1 year, for the purposes of study, leisure, business or other activities.
However, it should not related to the exercise of an activity remunerate during an
educational purpose tourism (World Tourism Organization, 2012). Tourism & More
(2010) stated that, in lots of countries’ educational system, start from May to August
is the end of the academic year. The high tourism season is coming-up. This is
because most of the countries’ academic year finished and coming-up with the
development or career enhancement etc. Here are some examples of the variety of
vacations, alternative spring break travel experiences, educational cruises and skills
enhancement etc. (Ibid). Beside defend the definition of educational tourism, several
theories and models have been used to explain motivation. The following are
(Wilson, 1994) and Push and Pull Motivation Factors (Kim et al., 2007) to examine
motivation.
Definition of Motivation
This theory of personality has influenced a number of different areas. This wide
influence is due in part to the high stage of practicality of Maslow's theory and
describes many realities of personal experiences accurately (Ibid). The theory set as
possible to move to the next stage. The first stage is physiological needs such as food
and drink, follow-up by safety and security, social needs, esteem and
For example, students have their own need to feel, to control and have power over
their own lives. Moreover, students can exercise and validate in their learning
can discover their own decisions, effort and choices, enable them to be more
interactive with their coursework, teacher and peers effectively. While students
notice that they are on the track, they will be understand of their responsibility,
quality of work and intrinsic motivation etc. Start from that moment, students can
In order to get better understand the theories of motivation, it is divided into two
components – they are content theories and process theories. The former attempt to
learning motivation. His theory was primarily motivated by three principal needs:
for learning such as curiosity and challenge, for having fun such as variety and active
involvement and for connecting with others such as sense of belonging and
honoured voice (Ibid). Book fresh (2009) published that motivation is mainly based
wishes to achieve their wants and needs, then have to motivate himself. Since
everyone is unique and apart from each other. Therefore, his wants and needs vary
from other people obviously. The same idea as people’s stage of motivation. The
different wants and needs in each person vary in intensity based on their goals,
According to Kim et al. (2007), in order to define the motivation of students whose
have chosen a foreign university for their higher education, it is divided into three
groups, which are ‘’push, pull (country attributes) and pull (university attributes)
motivation factors’’. First of all, for push motivation factors, examples are
‘’Better career opportunity’’ etc. Second, for pull motivation factors (country
applying student visa’’ etc. And last but not least, for another pull motivation factors
higher school level. Therefore, studying abroad is not a difficulty anymore (Study
Skills, 2011).
Since Metro Daily (2012) mentioned, that Switzerland and Australia are the most
popular countries for studying professionals, like hotel’s hospitality studies and
veterinarian respectively. Regarding the push and pull motivation factors mentioned
above, below research are based and focused on comparing Switzerland and
Australia. As tourism industry has bloomed by the Chinese market in advance, hotel
and Tourism Management Degree has been a future mangers’ popular aim to achieve
study hotel and tourism management is Switzerland because they have the
different languages, teaching in different ways, but they have the same aim -
cultivate students to be a manager in hotels all around the world (Ibid). On the other
side, in an official research in 2011, Australia is the 3rd most popular destination for
international students (OECD, 2012). It is the first choice of Asian students who
want to study abroad. As a result, there are lots of English as second language
students from Asia go studying abroad in Australia (IDP HK, 2014). Moreover, they
Queensland (WenWeipo, 2010). Based on Metro Daily HK (2012), the most attractive
point of Australia’s and Switzerland’s university is, the tuition fees are reasonable,
around AUD 14,000-35,000 and CHF 25,000-63,000 per year respectively, most of
the Asian middle class families could afford the costs. Therefore, this point above are
attracting global students to choose study in these two countries respectively (Ibid).
home country, evolve self-development and learn local languages during interact
with local people (Ibid). Australia has a relaxed culture, high-quality education
system, work benefits, safe and security and strong economy etc. (IDP HK, 2014)
Therefore, students and parents are pleased to prefer these two destinations (Metro
Daily, 2012).
Traveling is highly motivating and influenced students by their curiosity to explore
the world and experience other cultures while they are studying abroad (Kim et al.,
Swiss different states, or travel to neighbours’ countries by local trains (AASS, 2014).
However, in Australia, students can only travel locally and also by plane due to the
giant landforms (IDP HK, 2014). In general, both countries government advocate
leading talented people to work and study, especially Australia, to enhance country’s
actual strength, such as educational level. Hence, government is likely to let students
and business people to apply visa (Metro Daily, 2012). Eventually, when they
since employers are likely to hire people who have a wider experience (Singtao
News, 2012). Due to the ‘’push and pull motivation factors’’, global students are
motivated and study aboard to enter a higher school in foreign countries (Kim et al.,
more specify is the motivation factors of study abroad. Based on the two main
such as variety and active involvement and for connecting with others such as sense
and understand the motivation of students study abroad, according to Kim et al.
(2007)’s ‘’push and pull motivation factors’’ Students would like to explore the
world, experience new cultures and also travel for fun during studying abroad (Ibid).
one of the main components to motivate global students, but explore the world is
important either.
For future recommendation, motivation is just one of the factors that drive students
more internal and external factors can be found that attract students to go studying
abroad, not just only their motivation points. Future research can be concentrated or
are very interesting sub-topic can be researched in the next research paper.
On the other hand, in this research paper just focus on study abroad in the existing
empirical research, there are still have lots of activities related to educational
tourism as mentioned above in chapter 2.1. Hence, when working on this topic again,
there should be included widely of the activities of educational tourism which makes
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