MOTOR NE U RO NS

BY GROUP 11
GROUP 11
• ABDUL SAMATH NAZIA • MILTON POOJA MILTON
SHIFANA • MOHAN DIVYABHARATHI
• CHANDRAN CAROL • RAJU POOVIZHI
JOSEPHIN PUNITHA
• RAMASAMY
• JAGADEESAN HEMALATHA MARAGATHARANI
• JEYARAJ JEHIN MARIA • SELVAM PREETHA
INTRODUCTION
MOTOR NEURONS
• A motor neuron is a neuron whose cell body is located
in motor cortex , brain stem or the spinal cord and
whose axon projects to the spinal cord or outside of
the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control effector
organs mainly muscles and glands.
STRUCTURE
short dendrite , long axon.
FUNCTION
conduct impulse to effector (muscle / gland)
LOCATION
cell body / dendrites in spinal cord
axon outside spinal cord
 TYPES OF MOTOR NEURONS
There are two types of motor
neurons.
UPPER MOTOR NEURONS
LOWER MOTOR NEURONS
UPPER MOTOR NEURON
•Part of central nervous
system which is
composed of neurons
whose cell bodies are
located in brain or spinal
cord.
LOWER MOTOR NEURON
Part of peripheral nervous system made up of
motor and sensory neurons with cell bodies
located outside of the brain and spinal cord.
Types of lower motor neurons are
ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS
BETA MOTOR NEURONS
GAMMA MOTOR NEURONS
 LOWER MOTOR NEURON LESION
•DEFINITION OF LMNL:
Destruction of motors
which supply the muscles.
•
It starts from anterior
horn cell ends at muscles.
CAUSES OF LMNL:
•Destruction in the anterior horn cell:
poliomyelitis
•Motor nerve is affected:traumatic stress
•Abnormal stimulation at neuromuscular
junction.
•Myomatous for muscles:neoplasm “trauma”
.
FEATURES AND MANIFESTATION OF
LMNL:
1.Motor affection
2.Reflex affection in lmnl
3.Reaction of degeneration(electric
current)
 UPPER MOTOR NEURON LESION
•UMNL also known as
pyramidal insufficiency
•
It is a lesion of neural
pathway above the
anterior horn cell of the
spinal cord or motor nuclei
of cranial nerve.
COMMON CAUSES
•UMNL occurs in conditions affecting
motor neurons in brain or spinal cord
such as
•
Stroke,traumatic brain injury
•
Also cerebral palsy.
SYMPTOMS
•Muscle weakness
•Decreased control of active movement ,
particularly slowness.
•Spasticity, a velocity dependent change in
muscle tone
•Clasp-knife response where initial higher
resistance to movement is followed by lesser
resistance
BABINSKI SIGN
•Babinski sign is present, where the big toe is
raised(extended)rather than curled
downwards(flexed)upon appropriate stimulation of the
sole of the foot.
•It is an abnormal response in adulthood.
•It is normally present in infants from birth to 12 months.
•The presence of babinski sign after 12 months is the
sign of a non-specific upper motor neuron lesion.
UPPER MOTOR NEURON SYNDROME
•UMNS is the motor control changes that can occur in
skeletal muscle after an upper motor neuron lesion.
•other features include
weakness
altered muscle tone
decreased motor control including decreased speed and
accuracy
exaggerated deep tendon reflexes including spasticity and
clonus.
TREATMENT
•It should be based on assessment by the
revalent health professionals.
•For muscles with mild to moderate impairment,
exercise should be the main stay of
management and need to be prescribed by
physiotherapist or health professional skilled in
neurological rehabilitation.
•It may require additional interventions.
•These interventions include serial casting,
flexibility exercise such as sustained
positioning problems and medical
interventions.
• The degree of muscle weakness makes
developing an exercise program difficult.
•Medical interventions may include
medications as baclofen,diazepam,
dantrolene or clonazepam.
•Phenol injections into the muscle belly can
be used to attempt to dampen the signals
between nerve and muscle.
THANK YOU