Nutrition in Emergency Situations:

Papers Presented on the 12 th Governing Board

Meeting of the Regional Network on
Food and Nutrition Planning (RN-FNP)

UP Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines

April 22, 2006

INSTITUTE OF HUMAN NUTRITION AND FOOD, COLLEGE OF HUMAN ECOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BAÑOS

NETHERLANDS DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION

KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

 Table of Contents

PAGE

I. INTRODUCTION 3

II. RATIONALE
5
A. BANGLADESH 5
B. Indonesia 6
C. Sri Lanka 6
III. Objectives 7
A. Bangladesh 7
B. Indonesia 7
C. Sri Lanka 7
IV. Methodology 8
A. Bangladesh 8
B. Indonesia 8
C. Sri Lanka 8
V. Expected Outputs 10
A. Bangladesh 10
B. Indonesia 10
C. Sri Lanka 11
APPENDIX
A. BANGLADESH: C APACITY B UILDING FOR N UTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT IN 13
EMERGENCY
SITUATIONS
B. INDONESIA: R ESEARCH PROPOSAL ON NUTRITION IN MERGENCY SITUATIONS 25
C. SRI LANKA: N UTRITIONAL REHABILITATION AND MANAGEMENT IN TSUNAMI 32
AFFECTED
Areas

2
I. Introduction

Nutrition plays an important role in disaster relief and emergency coping mechanisms. It is crucial

in facilitating the process of socio-economic recovery and post-disaster rehabilitation. This is

especially the case during outbreaks of nutritional deficiencies, malnutrition, and disease.

Disaster management needs immediate assistance in the form of nutrition intervention and

rehabilitation programs. Nutrition interventions are not only related to food provision but must also

encompass activities which have an impact on food security. Furthermore, these programs should

have far reaching scope and sustainability. Their immediate objectives should be to improve the

nutritional status of disaster victims and restore household capacity to produce or procure food.

The Food and Agriculture Association (FAO) defines rehabilitation as “technical assistance for

recovery of agricultural production and food supply.” There are three types of intervention programs

as defined by FAO:

a. protective – intervention meant to prevent further depletion of household resources and aid

recovery (e.g. food distribution)

b. promotive – intervention which directly provides households with resources that help

maintain food security (e.g. distribution of seeds and tools for planting, food aid)

c. facilitating – intervention which facilitates household recovery by creating the right

conditions and opportunities (e.g. providing market opportunities, lowering taxation rates)

However, rehabilitation does not necessarily mean a return to pre-emergency conditions. If there

was a surplus of food resources before the disaster, rehabilitation programs are only intended to

3
restore food security and not to fully compensate for severe losses. For chronic food insecurity

conditions, nutrition intervention programs should deal with the root causes of food insecurity,

malnutrition and should also development issues. The ultimate goal of nutrition

intervention/rehabilitation programs is to create food and nutrition security conditions which are

more stable and sustainable than before the emergency.

a.) Nutrition in post-emergency situations

During post-emergency situations, nutrition improvement programs tend to be of least priority

because of limited human resources and financial constraints. The tendency to overlook nutritional

status in post emergency rehabilitation may constrain the recovery of disaster affected areas.

Malnutrition is one of the major problems that occur after disasters and emergencies. Victims often

depend on relief rations for their food supply. These rations are often inadequate and

undependable especially when transport infrastructure has been damaged. Insufficiency of food

supply can lead to a further increase in the malnutrition rate and adult weight loss.

Diet quality in terms of food safety and nutrient composition is also affected during emergency

situations. Poor diet quality increases vulnerability to disease and infection. Among the main

causes of poor diet quality are damaged sanitary facilities and poor hygiene.

b.) Vulnerable groups during disasters

Physiologically vulnerable- infants, growing children and adolescents, pregnant and lactating

women, malnourished, the elderly and the mentally/physically/sensory disabled

4
Socio-economically deprived groups- displaced people, refugees, female headed households, the

poorest households, the landless and chronically food insecure households

The physiologically vulnerable groups can easily be identified and specific interventions targeted to

meet their need. However, the identification of socio-economically deprived households is more

difficult because there is no single criterion that can be automatically applied and the measures to

address that vulnerability depend on the particular post-emergency situation.

II. Rationale

Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka were severely affected by the tsunami which hit South Asia

on December 2004. The tsunami killed many people, displaced millions of residents and caused

extensive damage to property.

A. Bangladesh

Aside from the tsunami, Bangladesh also regularly suffers from different natural calamities like

floods, cyclones, and drought. Poverty, malnutrition and disease are prevalent in many parts of the

country. In fact, Bangladesh was ranked as the most disaster prone country in Asia according to

the UNDP’s 2001 disaster profile. Food production is also affected during these calamities. The

International Conference on Nutrition which was convened by FAO and WHO in 1992 emphasized

the importance of nutrition in emergency situations. The World Declaration and Plan of Action for

Nutrition also urged nations to develop sustainable nutrition programs.

In response to these needs, the Bangladesh Applied Nutrition and Human Resource Development

Board (BAN-HRDB) has created a project proposal which aims to strengthen Bangladesh’s

capacity for nutritional management in emergency situations.

5
B. Indonesia

Indonesia, which is the world’s largest archipelago, was also severely affected by the tsunami

(131,000 killed) and regularly experiences other natural disasters like earthquakes and drought as

well as socio-political conflict.

The Indonesian government has created a coordinating board called the Bakornas PBP to deal

with the disaster. However, there is a need for a standardized system of food and nutrition

management during disasters. The College of Human Ecology IPB and the Health Politechnique

Jakarta has presented a research proposal on nutrition in emergency situations. The research

aims to identify the types of disasters which affect various provinces in Indonesia and the response

mechanisms of the government and NGOs.

C. Sri Lanka

The December 2004 tsunami killed 38,900 people in Sri Lanka and affected the lives of about

234,000 families. The tsunami also destroyed infrastructure, communication and transportation

facilities.

Sri Lanka’s Ministry of Social Welfare and Ministry of Rehabilitation, Reconstruction and

Reconciliation initiated food distribution and relief efforts to the tsunami victims. However,

nutritional rehabilitation programs are noticeably lacking in these efforts. The tsunami victims are

susceptible to protein-energy malnutrition and other nutritional deficiencies especially children,

mothers and the elderly.

The Department of Food Science and Technology of the University of Peradeniya is proposing a

project for the nutritional rehabilitation and management of tsunami affected areas in Sri Lanka.

The main objective of the project is to safeguard the nutrition status of the tsunami victims. The

project also aims to establish a nutrition surveillance system in the affected areas.

6
III. Objectives

A. Bangladesh

1. strengthen Bangladesh’s existing capacity for nutritional management in emergency

situations

2. create awareness among policy makers and development planners through nutrition

advocacy

3. develop human resource on nutritional management in emergency situations through

trainor’s training

4. develop training course curriculum and training modules

5. develop capacity building of the Bangladesh Applied Nutrition and Human Resource

Development Board (BAN-HRDB)

B. Indonesia

1. Identify the types of disasters usually experienced in Indonesia

2. Identify the response mechanisms or programs by communities, government and

non-government organizations

3. Identify the linkage agencies at the national and sub-national levels

4. Develop capacity building to deal with disasters at the national and sub-national levels

C. Sri Lanka

1. Determine the baseline nutritional situation of preschool children (aged three months to one

year) living in selected tsunami affected areas

2. Rehabilitate the identified malnourished children by providing supplementary feeding

3. Launch nutritional advocacy campaigns for the higher officials in government and non-

government organizations involved in tsunami relief activities

7
 4. Establish working committees in the divisional secretariat level, involving representatives of

line ministries, local government and NGOs to implement and monitor the project activities

5. Provide nutritional education to school teachers and village level officers in order to improve

awareness and train them to conduct in-class/ village level nutritional assessment and

nutritional surveillance through record keeping

6. Help the displaced families with the establishment of home gardens

IV. Methodologies

A. Bangladesh

1. Development of course curriculum and training modules

2. Development of IEC training materials

3. Nutrition advocacy meetings

4. Monitoring and Evaluation

B. Indonesia

1. Review of related literature and Internet browsing

2. Focus group discussions

3. Site visits and observation

C. Sri Lanka

1. Survey
Two tsunami affected areas will be selected for the survey. It will be conducted among pre-

school and primary school children using a representative sample. Trained health workers

8
 and other qualified persons will carry out the survey under the supervision of a Medical

Officer of Health (MOH).

The following data will be gathered:

 Weight & height of preschool and primary school children

 Socio-economic data
 Dietary assessment
 Clinical assessment

2. Supplementary feeding:

Supplementary feeding will be provided to the identified malnourished children during the

baseline survey.

3. Advocacy Meetings:

a. National Level – seminar for policy makers and senior administrators

b. Division Level – One day seminar for relevant local authorities, government officials and

NGOs. The advocacy campaign will be repeated in the second year.

4. Nutrition Training:

A training manual will be prepared before the conduct of the training. One week training on

nutrition awareness will then be conducted. The training will focus on the following specific areas:

 Overview of the current nutritional situation

 Nutrition deficiencies
 Nutritional assessment
 Rehabilitation through local resources
 Preparation & use of IEC materials on nutrition
 Nutritional advocacy and counseling
 Social mobilization and community participation

9
 Four training workshops will be conducted during the first quarter of the project

involving 25-30 participants per workshop.

Identified participants are:

 20 Volunteers (10 from each DS division)

 Teachers in primary schools / other selected teachers (science, home science, health

education)

 Representatives from NGOs and relevant local officers from the village and line

ministries (Grama Niladhari, Agriculture production and research assistant, Samurdhi

Development Officer, Agriculture Instructor, Public Health Inspector, Public Health

Nurse, Public Health Midwife

5. Establishment of nutritional home gardens:

The Sri Lankan Department of Agriculture (DoA) will provide the inputs such as planting

materials and technical assistance for this activity.

V. Expected Outputs

A. Bangladesh

1. Course curriculum and training materials

2. Training modules

3. IEC materials

4. At least 800 professionals trained in nutrition management during emergency situations

B. Indonesia

1. Data on the magnitude of disasters and their effects on food and nutrition security

2. Data on capacity building for nutrition management during disasters at the national and

provincial levels

10
3. Training manuals for nutrition in emergency situations

C. Sri Lanka

1. Baseline data of preschool children (aged 3 months to one year) living in selected tsunami

affected areas

2. Supplementary feeding projects

3. Nutritional advocacy campaigns

4. Nutritional education tools/facilities

5. Nutritional home gardens

References:

1. http:// tsunami.esn.ac.lk/inPerspective/AgroStaff/nutrition%20webpage%202.pdf

2.

11
APPENDIX

12
 PROJECT PROPOSAL

1. Title : Capacity Building for Nutritional Management

2. Sponsoring Ministry
3. Implementing Agency
4. Objectives
i. Major objective
ii. Specific objectives
in Emergency Situation in Bangladesh
: Ministry of Agriculture, Government of
Bangladesh
: Bangladesh Applied Nutrition and Human
Resource Development Board (BAN-HRDB)
in collaboration with
Regional Training Program on Food and Nutrition
Planning (RTP-FNP), University of the
Philippines Los Baños
To strengthen existing capacity for nutritional
management in emergency situation
(a) Creation of awareness among
the policy makers and development planners
through nutrition advocacy.

(b) Human resource development on nutritional

management in emergency through trainer’s
training.
(b) Development of training course curriculum
and training module.
(c) Development of related IEC material
(d) Capacity building of BAN-HRDB

5. Relevance of the As a follow up of the ICN held in Rome, 1992

objectives with the
national development
perspective
National Plan of Action for Nutrition (NPAN) was
developed involving thirteen ministries and was
approved at the highest level of the government.
Different ministries have been implementing
various programs and projects under the NPAN to
attain its goal within the time frame. Recently, a
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) has also
been developed for implementation. Also the
government has initiated various efforts to achieve
the Millennium Development Goals at the
country level.
Successful implementation of the proposed project
will help in attaining the goals and objectives of

13
 those documents.

I. Rationale of the Project

The proposed project is intended to help the professionals involved in the
management of emergencies with a nutritional component at national and sub-national
levels by improving understanding through advocacy meeting and training.
All emergencies threaten human life and public health. They often result in food
shortage, impair or jeopardize the nutritional status of a community and cause excess
gender specific mortality risks in all age groups. Nutrition is therefore a key public health
concern in emergency management.
The International Conference on Nutrition, convened by FAO and WHO in 1992,
attached great importance to nutrition in emergency situations. The World Declaration
and Plan of Action for Nutrition, signed by 159 ministerial representatives and the
European Economic Community, urged governments to provide sustainable measures to
those people and ensure their nutritional well-being. In emergency situations, high rates
of malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies associated with high rates of mortality
continue to occur.

It is important that emergency management is a multicultural and institutional

venture. It can not be the domain only of the national or local government or of any
single institution. Various stakeholders e.g., local government, health, agriculture,
environment, social welfare, finance, communications, public works, food, marketing,
disaster management along with non-government organizations are involved in disaster
management in Bangladesh. However, close coordination needs to be strengthened.
Second, ensuring adequate nutrition in emergency compels a holistic and
proactive approach, which implies more than food distribution and protection of health.
Inter-sectoral and comprehensive action is needed to combat the situation.
Third, effective handling of an emergency requires the country to establish
mechanisms that can provide early warning to the people in possible areas that can be
affected.
Fourth, for policies and plans to be effective, the authority and resources for their
implementation should be decentralized to the sub-national levels.

14
 Lastly, the communities and families have often developed some coping
strategies. The goal of emergency preparedness and response is essentially to enhance
this self-help capacity as well as to ensure all the necessary support in helping each
community manage the health, food, and nutrition situation adequately.
In brief, nutrition is a key component of emergency preparedness and response. But
it has not been integrated with any of the existing initiatives properly. Thus, the proposed
project intends to take the initiatives to integrate nutritional management in the
emergency situation through capacity building particularly of human resources through
advocacy meetings and training programs on the following aspects:

i. Identifying necessary information systems, data, indicators and

sources for
nutritional surveillance and early warning.
ii. Collecting and storing baseline data, analyzing and disseminating relevant
information for purposes of policy-making, strategic planning, advocacy, and
public awareness and participation.
iii. Defining strategies, programs, technical standards, guidelines, and procedures
including food ration and distribution systems, newsletters / bulletins, lists of
nutrition resource persons in the area) for nutritional and food surveillance,
generalized, selective, and therapeutic feeding programs, and micro nutrient
fortification or supplementation.
iv. Organizing rapid assessment to determine the presence and extent of
nutritional emergencies, and full assessment of nutritional status in valid
samples of children and adults.

v. Developing continuing surveillance of nutritional status in emergency- affected

areas, including monitoring the adequacy of food distribution systems and the
impact of interventions, and contributing to the building and interpretation of
databases on food availability and its adequacy, food stocks, logistic systems,
food control systems etc.
vi. Ensuring that appropriate therapeutic management is provided for severely
malnourished individuals.

vii. Developing institutional and human capacities and learning materials for in-
service training of nutritionists and others, including those responsible for
food distribution, handling, preparation, etc., and for therapeutic feeding, and
for strengthening training curricula on nutrition emergencies for all categories
of personnel.
viii. Coordination with the relevant stakeholders and strengthening cooperation
between GOs and NGOs.

15
II. Present Government Initiatives and Their Weaknesses
1. Initiatives
During the last two decades, the Government of Bangladesh has undertaken a number
of initiatives to address the emergency situation. Some of the important initiatives are
stated below:

a. Natural Disaster Program

The Government of Bangladesh has drawn up a five year strategic plan for the
comprehensive Disaster Management Program (2004-2008). It envisages creating a
paradigm in disaster management from conventional response and relief practices to a
more comprehensive risk reduction culture. The plan incorporates programs which
strengthen the capacity of disaster management systems in order to reduce unacceptable
risks and improve response and recovery management at all levels.

b. Construction of Disaster Shelters in South-West Region

The Government has approved the construction of disaster shelters in the Southwest
Region of the country at a cost of Tk.500 Lakhs. The project has been implemented by
the Directorate of Relief and Rehabilitation during the period of 2002-2005.

c. Construction of Flood Shelters in the Flood Prone Areas

This project has been undertaken by the Directorate of Relief and Rehabilitation for the
period of 2004-2007 at a cost of Tk.658 lakhs. Initiatives have been undertaken under this
project to construct flood shelters in the flood prone areas of the country.

d. Asrayan/ Abashan Program (Provision of Shelters)

After Independence, the Government initiated the “Cluster Village” project to rehabilitate
the landless people. In line with this activity, a number of Cluster villages were
established. After the cyclone of 1997, the Government took steps to build strong houses
and shelters and the Asrayan project was also launched. It is a program which provides
shelter and self-employment for the poorest people of society. Asrayan residents also got

16
training in disaster management, team building, women’s empowerment, primary
healthcare, skill development, and income generating activities. Recently, the
Government has undertaken a similar program named Abashan. The objectives of this
program are:
(i) provide homeless and landless families with homesteads and basic facilities
on Khas land (Government owned)
(ii) enhance community development, crisis-coping capacity and increase self-
reliance
(iii) facilitate provision of basic necessities, i.e. education, health and nutrition,
family planning ; and
(iv) promote income-generating activities.

e. Food for Works Program

Under the Food for Works Program, the poorest families who are malnourished in the
severely affected areas of the country are included. About 30 kg ration of cereals (mainly
rice and/or fortified wheat flour) are given per month to each distressed women (coverage
is around 250,000). The UN World Food Program is involved in implementing the
project.

f. Old – Age Allowance Scheme

The number of the elderly (people above 60 years old) has been estimated to be 7.6
million as recorded in the 2000 Census. Beginning in April 1997, the Government has
introduced the “Old-Age Allowance Scheme” in all rural areas of Bangladesh as well as
in municipal areas. At present, this program is operating in 42,991 wards in six divisions
of Bangladesh. A total of a million elderly and poor persons (men and women in equal
numbers) receive this pension. Each beneficiary receives Tk. 165 per month. In the 2003-
04 budget, the allocation was Tk. 1.8 billion for this program.

g. Vulnerable Group Development Program (VGD)

The Vulnerable Group Development Program (VGD) is targeted to provide food and
development services to the poorest women in rural areas. The program currently
attempts to improve the economic and social situation of the poorest women so that they
may improve their living conditions and are able to sustain themselves above the poverty
level. More specifically, the immediate objective of the program is to increase the income

17
earning capacities of the beneficiaries particularly the women. The food allocation is
same as in the Food for Works Program.

h. Food for Education / Cash for Education

There are a large number of dropouts from schools among children aged between 6 to 10
years old. The main cause of this is poverty which forces parents to send their children to
work. The Food for Education program was designed to encourage poor families to send
their children to school. It is designed to ensure that children from the poorest 40 percent
of households are enrolled in formal primary schools. The Food for Education has been
converted into Cash for Education where households with qualifying pupils receive Tk
100 per month for one pupil and Tk. 125 per month if more than one pupil is enrolled.
This is now a major component of the education budget, accounting for about one third of
the annual development budget earmarked for primary education. This is fully financed
by the Government and it is the largest conditional cash transfer program in the country
with an annual budget of about Tk. 6.6 billion. Since June 2001, the program has been in
operation in 1,254 Unions of 464 Upazilas, with coverage of 17,811 schools. An
estimated 5.5 million pupils benefit from this program.

i. Allowance Scheme for Widowed and Distressed Women

Women suffer when they become widowed, divorced or abandoned by their husbands. At
present, widowed, divorced and abandoned women constitute about 11 percent of total
married women. To deal with this problem, the GOB introduced the “Widow Allowance”
scheme in September, 1999. Under this program, five extremely poor women in a ward
who are either widowed or have been deserted by their husbands are given Taka 150 per
month. In 2003/04, the allocation for this program was Taka 900 million. At present, a
total of 4,488 Unions are covered under this program. Besides, some small municipalities
have also been included in this program

j. Concerned Agencies and Linkages

The Ministry of Food and Disaster Management is the lead Ministry responsible for the
management of natural disasters and saving the lives and properties of the affected people
particularly the poor. In addition, other Ministries including Agriculture, Health and

18
Family Welfare, Livestock and Fisheries, Women and Child Affairs, Local Government
Rural Development and Cooperatives, Social Welfare have their own programs on
disaster management. However, more cooperation and coordination are needed for
effective disaster management.

k. Assessment of National and Sub-National Capacity to Deal with Disasters

The Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics under the Ministry of Planning and Finance is
responsible for assessing the extent of damages caused by natural disasters. Aside from
this, individual ministries also assess the damage for their specific sector. However, intra-
ministerial coordinated efforts need to be strengthened by involving the development
partners.

2. Weaknesses
a. Lack of Evaluation
Most of the initiatives mentioned above have not been rigorously evaluated. The absence
of evaluation makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about their impacts and
future policy directions for safety net programs in Bangladesh.

b. Lack of Integrated National Policy and Coordination

There is no integrated national policy for social protection and safety net programs.
Therefore, the extent, nature and mechanisms of most of the initiatives change with a
change of government. There is also a lack of integration and weak coordination among
various stakeholders to combat the emergency situation.
c. Limited Coverage
Various initiatives undertaken in Bangladesh provide very limited coverage which cannot
cope with the magnitude of extreme poverty that exists in the country. The survey reveals
that those initiatives cover about 10 million people, and consequently fall drastically
short of the needs of 23.9 million people who belong to the extremely poor category.
Present initiatives lack coverage of the socially excluded, marginalized, ethnic and caste
groups including the disabled, tribal and nomadic peoples. Those initiatives fail to
understand the specific risks arising from arsenic pollution. Some outcast groups in
Bangladesh like cobblers, sweepers and fishermen live in extreme poverty. Tea plantation

19
workers are another group found to live for years in extreme poverty. These categories of
people were not addressed in those initiatives.

d. Lack of Integration of Nutritional Considerations

All of these programs are conducted without incorporation of nutritional considerations at
all levels. Neither the policymakers nor the beneficiaries are aware of the increased
importance of nutrition in emergencies, particularly for women and children. Also, health
care services including sanitation and safe water are not included as an agenda in the
programs.
It is therefore imperative that all government initiatives which are sound and effective in
tackling the immediate problem of hunger of the affected poor people should be made
comprehensive and wholesome by making the policy level people as well as the
beneficiaries aware of the importance of nutrition in emergencies. The proposed project
aims to address this issue.

Major components of the project Component cost

( Lakh Taka )
GOB RTP-FNP
i. Course curriculum and training module --- 20.00
development
ii. IEC materials development --- 25.00
iii. Nutrition advocacy meeting 1.00 15.00
iv. Trainors’ training ( 20 Batches ) 2.00 20.00
v. Monitoring and evaluation --- 5.00
vi. Equipment --- 10.00
vii. Furniture 2.00 ---
viii. Building construction for the Regional Centers of 20.00 ---
the Board
ix. Sound system for the conference/training room ---- 20.00
x. Pay & allowance 3.00 ---
xi. Contingency 2.00 5.00

20
 30.00 120.00
Total
( 42,857) ( 171,429 )
USD USD
Location of the project Project HQ will be at Dhaka but the
activities will be implemented at the
national, division and district level.
Implementation period
a) Date of commencement July 2006
b) Date of completion June 2008

Implementation schedule

i. Development of training course July- October 2006

curriculum and
module / procurement of equipment and
furniture
ii. IEC materials development July- October 2006
iii. Implementation of nutrition advocacy November 2006
meetings at national level. ( two)
iv. Implementation of six nutrition December 2006- January 2007
advocacy meetings at divisional levels
v. Implementation of training programs February to December 2007
( twenty batches)

21
Financing of the project
i. Likely source of local resources GOB
ii. Likely source of foreign RTP-FNP
resource / assistance

Estimated cost
i. Total Tk. 130.00 Lakh
ii. Local Resource Tk. 30.00 Lakh
iii. Foreign resource Tk. 100.00 Lakh

Expected output of the project

i. 800 professionals including policy makers and
implementors trained on nutritional management in
emergency situation
ii. Training course curriculum
iii. Training module
iv. IEC materials
v. Enhanced management capacity
vi. Sensitized mass media
vii. Strengthened coordination mechanism
viii. Existing capacity of the Board strengthened

22
 Monitoring and evaluation
An independent monitoring and evaluation team will be constituted by the RTP-FNP involving
eminent nutritionists who have wide experience in the field of nutrition. The team members must
have sufficient skill in monitoring and evaluating nutrition intervention. The team will closely
monitor and evaluate the activities to be implemented under the proposed project.
The remuneration of the team members will be fixed by the RTP-FNP.

Table 1. List of Existing Capacity* and Training Needs in Food and Nutrition
Program Planning and Management at the Country Level

Existing
Administrative Capacity Training Needs Recommendations for
Level (if possible (also indicate by sector) Meeting
indicate by Training Needs
sector) (Activities)
1 2 3 4

National No such Nutrition advocacy meetings would be Advocacy meetings will be

program other conducted involving the professionals implemented as per
than BAN-HRDB involved at the policy level with recommendations of the
different Ministries such as Food and proceedings of the
Disaster Management, Social Welfare, Stakeholders Meeting in
Health and Family Welfare, Agriculture, Dhaka in Identifying Training
Livestock and Fisheries, Women and Needs on FNPPM,
Children’s Affairs, Local Government, conducted earlier in
Information collaboration with the RTP-
FNP

Divisional Level No such Nutrition advocacy meetings would be
program other conducted involving the professionals
than BAN-HRDB involved at divisional levels with
different Ministries such as Food and
Disaster Management, Social Welfare,
Health and Family Welfare, Agriculture,
Livestock and Fisheries, Women and
Children Affairs, Local Government,
Information.
Advocacy meetings will be
implemented as per
recommendations of the
proceedings of the
Stakeholders Meeting in
Dhaka in Identifying Training
Needs on FNPPM,
conducted earlier in
collaboration with the RTP-
FNP.

23
District Level District and Upazila level officers of Training programs will be
different Ministries such as Food and implemented as per
Disaster Management, Social Welfare, recommendations of the
Health and Family Welfare, Agriculture, proceedings of the
Livestock and Fisheries, Women and Stakeholders’ Meeting in
Children Affairs, Local Government, Dhaka on Identifying Training
Information will be given one week Needs on FNPPM,
trainors’ training on nutritional conducted earlier in
management in emergencies. The collaboration with the RTP-
training program will be conducted at FNP.
Dhaka.

*includes facilities, training and available IEC materials

Table 2. Proposed Budget for the Planned Activities

Amount in Lakh Taka

Estimated Costs
Activity Details of the activity (indicate local
counterpart)

GOB RTP- Total

FNP
1. Course curriculum and RTP-FNP will take the responsibility
training module development to develop course curriculum and
training module as per project --- 20.00 20.00
proposal.
2. Development of IEC RTP-FNP will take the responsibility
materials to develop IEC materials for the --- 25.00 25.00
program
3. Nutrition advocacy Two advocacy meetings will be
meetings organized at the national level
involving the policy makers and in six 1.00 15.00 16.00
divisions involving officers of the
related stakeholders working at the
divisional level.
4. Trainors’ Training One week trainors’ training program
(20 Batches) will be implemented at Dhaka inviting 2.00 20.00 22.00
relevant professionals of various
stakeholders

24
5. Monitoring and evaluation Monitoring and Evaluation team will
be constituted by the RTP-FNP to
monitor and evaluate the performance --- 5.00 5.00
of the project.

6. Equipment Five personal computers and two

lap-tops will be procured to facilitate --- 10.00 10.00
the activities.
7. Furniture 2.00 --- 2.00
8. Building construction for Office building in one of the Regional 20.00 --- 20.00
the Regional Centers of the Centers of the Board will be
Board constructed.
9. Sound system for the Sound system for the training / --- 20.00 20.00
conference / training room conference room will be installed to
run the training program effectively.
10. Pay & allowance Pay and allowances of the four staff 3.00 --- 3.00
members
11. Contingency Stationeries will be purchased. 2.00 5.00 7.00

Total 30.00 120.00 150.00

( 42,857 ) (171,429) ( 214,286 )
USD USD

Note: Tk.150.00 Lakh (USD 214, 286); Exchange rate 1 USD = Taka 70.

Research Proposal on
NUTRITION IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

Proposed by the:

DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY NUTRITION,

COLLEGE OF HUMAN ECOLOGY IPB

DEPARTMENT OF NUTRITION,
HEALTH POLITECHNIQUE JAKARTA

25
 Proposed to:
RTP – FNP, UPLB Los Baños
DIRECTORATE OF COMMUNITY NUTRITION, MOH
Jakarta, April 2006

A. INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is caught in the grip of a number of mutually enforcing problems: (1)

the destructive impact of the TSUNAMI disaster, and (2) the EL NIÑO phenomenon—a
global change in climatic conditions which causes drought, forest fires and also
unusually extensive rain-fall and subsequent floods.

Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world. It is located in southeastern

Asia, between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean (see Figure 1) with a total area of
1,919,440 sq kms (land: 1,826,440 sq kms, water: 93,000 sq kms). Most of the area is
coastal lowland; larger islands have interior mountains. Indonesia also has numerous
volcanoes.

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 Figure 1. Map of Indonesia

Since Indonesia is located on the edges of tectonic plates, specifically the

Pacific, Eurasian, and Australian, the country frequently experiences earthquakes and
the resulting tsunamis. Table 1 shows the frequency of tsunamis in Indonesia during the
last decade. The tsunami that hit the West Coast of Sumatra on December 26, 2004 was
the first, not only for the ten-year period but also in the tsunami history of Indonesia. So
was the tsunami in Seram on January 28, 2004. The other places that experienced
tsunamis have a record of at least three. For instance, Irian Jaya had three tsunamis;
one in 1934, followed by another one in 1996, and the most recent was in 2002. Aside
from earthquakes and tsunamis, occasional floods, severe drought, and social conflict at
certain parts of the country frequently occurred.

These calamities lead to environmental damage, destruction of agricultural

areas, death, unemployment and damage to property, and also contribute to food
insecurity and malnutrition. For example, the December 2004 tsunami at west coast
Sumatra (particularly Aceh and part of Nias) took 131,000 lives with another 37,000
missing, left some 570,000 displaced persons, and caused an estimated $4.5 billion
worth of damages and losses. In addition, severe drought in some areas of East Nusa
Tenggara and Papua recently created serious food and nutrition insecurity problems.

Table 1. Occurrence of Tsunamis in Indonesia (1994-2004)

EARTHQUAKE
DATE LOCATION
INTENSITY
2004-12-26 OFF WEST COAST OF SUMATRA 9.00
2004-01-28 SERAM, INDONESIA 6.5
2002-10-10 IRIAN JAYA, INDONESIA 7.7

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 2000-05-04 SULAWESI, INDONESIA 7.5
1996-12-14 SULAWESI, INDONESIA 7.0
1996-02-17 IRIAN JAYA, INDONESIA 8.1
1996-01-01 SULAWESI, INDONESIA 7.6
1995-05-14 TIMOR 6.9
1995-03-19 PARTS OF INDONESIA 7.1
1995-02-13 PARTS OF INDONESIA 6.8
1995-01-27 PARTS OF INDONESIA 6.8
1994-10-08 HALMAHERA INDONESIA 6.9
1994-06-02 JAVA, INDONESIA 7.2
1994-02-15 SOUTHERN SUMATRA 7.0
1994-01-21 HALMAHERA, INDONESIA 6.2

To cope with these problems, Indonesia has developed a coordination board

called the “Badan Koordinasi Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana dan Penanganan
Pengungsi or Bakornas PBP” (National Coordination Board for Disaster and Refugee
Management). At the national level, it is chaired by the Vice President. At the provincial
level, the organization is named as “Satkorlak” or Coordination Implementation Unit for
Disaster Management, and chaired by the Governor. The following are the agencies that
are involved:

1. Office of Ministry Coordination for Social Welfare (Kantor Menko Kesra)

2. Ministry of Social (Depsos)
3. Ministry of Internal Affairs (Depdagri)
4. Bureau of National Logistics (Bulog)
5. Ministry of Health (Depkes)
6. Ministry of Agriculture (Deptan)
7. Ministry of Public Works (Departemen PU)
8. Ministry of National Defense/Police (Polisi/TNI)
9. Ministry of Transportation (Department of Transportasi)
10. Ministry of Information and Communication (Department of Informasi dan
Komunikasi)

Although different calamities have occurred and have been proven to affect the
nutritional status of the victims, Indonesia has not established a standardized system for
preventing food and nutrition problems and food handling during disasters. For this
reason, this study aims to identify the existing procedures of nutrition management,
which emergency treatments need to be implemented by concerned sectors/institutions
at the central and local levels, as well as financial/budget allocation, human resources
for planning and disaster management.

B. OBJECTIVES
The study aims to elaborate the following:

28
1. Types of disasters usually experienced at various provinces in Indonesia
2. Response mechanisms or programs by communities, government and non-
government organizations
3. Linkage agencies at the national and sub-national level
4. Capacity building to deal with disasters at national and sub-national level

C. OUTPUT
1. Availability of information regarding the magnitude of disasters (e.g. type, frequency)
and its impact on food and nutrition insecurity at selected provinces.
2. Current mechanisms/programs and recommendations for their improvement
3. Availability of information regarding capacity building at national and provincial levels
(human resources, facilities, etc.) to deal with nutritional problems during emergency
situations
4. Availability of draft manuals for training of nutrition in emergencies

D. METHODS
1. Study Site
The study will be conducted at Jakarta, Aceh and East Nusa Tenggara.
Elaboration regarding the national system of nutrition in emergency will be held in
Jakarta by visiting Satkorlak PBP and all the agencies involved in this coordinating body.
Relevant information and documents regarding the national system of disaster
management and their standard operating procedures, particularly in terms of nutrition
programs, will be gathered at Jakarta. Lessons learned related to nutrition in emergency
situations based on the tsunami in Aceh, drought and social conflicts in East Nusa
Tenggara will be deeply elaborated in these two regions.

2. Time Schedule and Scope of Activities

The study will start on April 2007 and end on September of the same year. The
study activities and their schedule are presented on the table below.

ACTIVITIES APRL MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP

1. Development of Instruments XXXX
2. Data collection
- Jakarta XX
- Aceh XX XX
- East Nusa Tenggara XX
3. Data processing and analysis XXXXX
4. Report writing and seminars XXXX XXXX

3. Data Collection

The following table shows the types of information that will be gathered and the
methods that will be implemented.

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 INFORMATION METHOD INSTRUMENT
1. List of disasters, magnitude Review of reports/literature, - Check list
and impact on nutrition and internet search - Questionnaire
health of the victims (focusing
on maternal and child
nutritional status)
2. Programs of bakornas and Literature/reports review/ - Check list
Satkorlak PBP, particularly content analysis; Focus - FGD guidance
dealing with food shortage and Group Discussions (FGD)
characteristics of food as well
as their impact on health and
nutritional status

3. Document of policy, programs Literature search, review of - Check list

and standard operating reports
procedures including
mechanisms of aid from
government, NGO’s and donor
agencies etc.
4. Capacity building (human Review of reports, FGD - Check list
resources/personnel,facilities etc) - FGD guidance

5. Practices of nutrition in Site visits (observation), - Check list

emergencies based on Aceh review of literature/reports; - FGD guidance
and East Nusa Tenggara FGD
experiences
6. Needs on capacity building for Site visits (observation), - Questionnaire
nutrition in emergencies FGD - FGD guidance
(training and development of
manual)

5. Organization

The study will be conducted by researchers from the Department of Community

Nutrition, College of Human Ecology in cooperation with Health Polytechnic Jakarta,
Directorate of Community Nutrition, Ministry of Health, and Local Government of Aceh
and East Nusa Tenggara, under the supervision of RTP-FNP and FAO-RAPA.

E. BUDGET

A sum of Rp 204.000.000 (equivalent to 22,418 USD) is needed to conduct the

study and for the development of training materials on nutrition during emergencies.
The details of the budget are presented in Appendix 1 below.

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 ACTIVITIES Details Unit Costs and Volume Total (Rp) US
Dollars
1US$ =
Rp 9,100

1. Preparation 1.Instrument four meetings, each 3.000.000 330

development worth Rp 750.000
(questionnaire,
etc)
2. Multiplication of Package 1.500.000 165
instruments

2. Data Collection 1. Transportation Bogor-Jakarta 5 times a 2.500.000 275

Rp 500.000
Bogor-Aceh, 3 man, 10.500.000 1154
return, a. Rp 3.500.000-
Bogor-East Nusa 9.000.000 989
Tenggara 3 man, return,
Rp 3.000.000,-/ps
2.Local transporta- 6 ps 10 days (60 man 9.000.000 989
tion (Aceh, East days), Rp 150.000/ps
Nusatenggara)

3. Per diem 60 man days Rp 30.000.000 3297

500.000/ps
4. FGDs, 3 sites 3 x Rp 4.500.000 13.500.000 1484

3. Data processing Data entry and Package 10.000.000 1099

processing
4. Development of Writing of manuals, 5 x Rp. 3.000.000 15.000.000 1648
Manuals for 5 topics
training materials
5.Report writing Draft report writing Package 10.000.000 1099

6. Seminar Presentation, Package 5.000.000 549

seminar kits

7. Printing Reports 10 exp; Rp. 50.000 500.000 55

Manuals 300 exp; Rp. 50.000 15.000.000 1648

8. Salaries Researcher 24 man month, 48.000.000 5275

Rp 2.000.000/month
Research Assistant 6 man month 1.500.000 165

TOTAL 204.000.000 22,418

*) It is estimated that around 10 percent of the budget (USD 224) will be allocated from the local
budget, particularly from the Directorate of Community Nutrition, MOH.

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 Research Proposal for Nutrition in Emergency Situations

1. A. Project Title: Nutritional Rehabilitation and Management in Tsunami

Affected Areas of Sri Lanka
B. Name and Address of Proposing Institution:

Department of Food Science & Technology

Faculty of Agriculture

32
 University of Peradeniya
Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

2. Project Management Team:

A. Principal Researcher/ Project Coordinator:

1. Name: Dr. Nihal G. Wijesinghe

2. Designation: Senior Lecturer & Head/ Department of

Food Science and Technology

3. Academic Qualifications: PhD (U.K)

4. Field of specialization: Human Nutrition
5. Address/Tel. No. / e-mail Department of Food Science & Technology,
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya
081-2395212/2387181; wijeng@yahoo.com
B. Collaborating Researcher I:

1. Name: Dr. Ananda Chandrasekara

2. Designation: Senior Lecturer /Registered Medical
Officer.
3. Academic qualifications: Ph.D. (Sydney)
4. Field of specialization: Clinical Biochemistry, Human Nutrition
5. Address/Tel. No. / e-mail: Department of Food Science & Technology,
Faculty of Agriculture, University of
Peradeniya
081-2387181; acha3482@hotmail.com

C. Collaborating Researcher II:

1. Name: Mr. Udeni Sarathchandra

33
 2. Designation:
3. Academic qualifications:
4. Field of specialization:
5. Address/Tel. No. /e-mail:
Director, Ministry of Regional Development
B.A., M.P.S-FNP (UPLB, Philippines)
Food & Nutrition Planning and Regional
Development
Ministry of Regional Development
No. 29, Gall Face Terrace
Colombo -03
Sri Lanka. Tel 011 2307827
secrid@sltnet.com

3. INTRODUCTION:

Sri Lanka is an island in the Indian Ocean with a population of over twenty million. It has

a tropical climate with two prominent monsoon rainfall patterns. Based on the rainfall

pattern, Sri Lanka is divided into three zones: the Wet Zone, Dry Zone and the

Intermediate Zone. These zones are faced with different sets of natural disasters. The Wet

Zone frequently experiences floods and landslides during the rainy season while the Dry

Zone has drought from time to time. In addition, the country has been experiencing a

Civil War for the last three decades, which is mainly confined to North and East Sri

Lanka. In December 2004, Sri Lanka was devastated by tsunami, the worst natural

disaster in the country’s history. The disaster was totally unexpected and the magnitude

unimaginable. Though Sri Lanka faces natural calamities such as floods, drought and

occasional cyclones, the extent and magnitude of such problems have been miniscule

compared to the tsunami. The extent of damage is shown by the number of dead and

missing people (over 38,900) and the number of families affected (around 234,000),

which is nearly one million people. In addition, 114,000 houses and private buildings and

176 schools were partially or completely destroyed. The destruction to transportation

34
infrastructure included 435 km of roads and 23 bridges, 160 km of railway track, 69

railway stations and 10 railway bridges. Nearly 222,660 households lost access to

electricity.

Response Mechanisms to the Tsunami Disaster:

Immediately following the disaster, the Ministry of Public Security, Law and Order set up

an operations centre to handle relief and rescue efforts. A Commissioner General of

Essential Services was appointed to coordinate the government agencies involved in

relief and rescue. H.E. the President appointed three special task forces; namely, the Task

Force for Rescue and Relief (TAFRER), Task Force for Logistics, Law and Order

(TAFLOL), and the Task Force for Rebuilding the Nation (TAFREN) to deal with the

situation. The Centre of National Operations (CNO) was established under the

Presidential Secretariat to coordinate immediate relief operations and to gather and

distribute data relating to relief.

Foreign governments, the UN and other international agencies, national and international

NGOs, armed forces and the general public carried out relief operations which included

the immediate supplies of food, water, medicine, clothes and tents. The Ministry of Social

Welfare and the Ministry of Rehabilitation, Reconstruction and Reconciliation

commenced the distribution of food and other essential items to the affected districts with

the help of government forces.

In addition to the above mentioned special institutions, the central and local governments

had a well established network of administration starting from District Secretariat down

35
to “Gramaniladhari” (Village Headman) to coordinate the activities within the designated

areas. The government and private agencies were represented in these district and

divisional level action committees.

4. PROJECT JUSTIFICATION:

Although relief measures in the form of supplying food, medicine and other essential

items, and reconstruction of shelter and infrastructure facilities are being carried out,

well-organized nutritional rehabilitation programs are not being incorporated to these

efforts. A majority of affected people are still living in temporary camps with minimum

basic facilities. Many of them have lost their loved ones, belongings and their livelihood.

Under such situations protein-energy malnutrition and other nutritional deficiencies could

be anticipated among the most vulnerable groups, such as infants and young children,

pregnant and lactating mothers and the elderly. Unless programs aimed at improving the

nutritional condition are planned and implemented, health and nutritional problems in

those areas may grow out of proportion in the near future and it will be then too late and

too costly to take remedial action.

Hence the proposed project will focus mainly on improving the nutritional situation and

establishing a nutrition surveillance system in the affected areas. This work could serve

as a pilot project and could be extended to other areas with similar disaster situations in

the country.

5. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES:

36
 The goal of the project is to safeguard the nutrition situation of the affected people.

Specific objectives of the project are listed below.

1. To determine the baseline nutritional situation of preschool children (aged 3

months to one year) living in selected tsunami affected areas covered under the

project

2. To rehabilitate the identified malnourished children by providing supplementary

feeding as an urgent measure

3. Nutritional advocacy campaign for the higher officials in government and non-

government organizations involved in tsunami relief activities

4. To establish working committees in the divisional secretariat level, involving

representatives of line ministries, local government and NGOs to implement and

monitor the project activities.

5. To provide nutritional education to school teachers and village level officers in

order to improve awareness and train them to conduct in-class/ village level

nutritional assessment and nutritional surveillance through record keeping.

6. To help the displaced families with the establishment of nutritional home gardens.

6. METHODOLOGY:
6.1 Selection of the area:
Two tsunami affected areas in the Galle District, namely Hikkaduwa and Bentota

Divisional Secretariat (DS) divisions will be selected for the study. Two other DS

divisions in the same district will be used as controls.

6.2 Activities of the Project:

37
 I. Baseline data collection:

A survey will be conducted among pre-school and primary school children using a

representative sample. Trained health workers and other qualified persons will carry

out the survey under supervision of a Medical Officer of Health (MOH) of the area.

Following data will be collected:

 Weight & height of preschool and primary school children

 Socio-economic data (through questionnaire)
 Dietary assessment (through questionnaire)
 Clinical assessment

II. Providing supplementary feeding for the malnourished:

Supplementary feeding will be provided only to the identified malnourished children

during the baseline survey. The assistance of other agencies working in the area will be

sought in providing supplementary feeding.

III. Advocacy Meetings:

1. National Level – Half a day seminar for policy makers and senior administrators

2. Division Level – One day seminar for relevant local authorities, government

officials and NGOs. The advocacy campaign will be repeated in the second year.

IV. Nutrition Training:

A training manual will be prepared prior to the conduct of training.

One week training on nutrition awareness will be conducted. The training will

include the following specific areas:

 Overview of the current nutritional situation

 Nutrition deficiencies

38
  Nutritional assessment
 Rehabilitation through locally available resources
 Preparation & use of IEC materials on nutrition
 Nutritional advocacy and counseling
 Social mobilization and community participation
Four training workshops will be conducted during the first quarter of the project

involving 25-30 participants per workshop.

Identified participants are:

 20 Volunteers (10 from each DS division)

 Teachers in primary schools / other selected teachers (science, home science,

health education)

 Representatives from NGOs and relevant local officers from the village and

line ministries (Grama Niladhari, Agriculture production and research

assistant, Samurdhi Development Officer, Agriculture Instructor, Public

Health Inspector, Public Health Nurse, Public Health Midwife)

V. Establishment of nutritional home gardens:

The services available in the Department of Agriculture (DoA) will be utilized for

this activity. Interested participants could be provided with technical assistance

and inputs such as planting materials through collaboration with the DoA.

7. AGENCIES CONCERNED AND LINKAGES:

39
Several government and non-government organizations have already started their own

projects in the area. However, they have not considered nutrition improvement as a

criterion of the projects. Following are some of the agencies that are already in the

project area.

1. Ministry of Regional Development:

Tsunami affected area rebuilding project – Southern Province

Activities: Rehabilitation and reconstruction of roads, schools, houses, markets and

libraries

2. Ministry of Social Services:

Activities: Financial assistance to displaced families; Community settlements and

livelihood projects.

3. Ministry of Health Care & Nutrition:

Activities: Primary health care, water and sanitation, supplementary feeding projects,

disease prevention, health education

4. Ministry of Disaster Management:

Activities: Overall coordination and monitoring of projects

5. World Food Program:

Activities: Supplementary feeding program, sanitation, community health etc.

6. American Red Cross/ Belgian Red Cross/ Sri Lankan Red Cross:

Activities: Community health project, water and sanitation, construction of houses,

livelihood improvement, education

7. UNICEF:

40
 Activities: Child protection, infrastructure development, hospitals and community

clinics, school feeding

8. District Secretariat:

The District Secretary and the Divisional Secretaries are involved closely with the

coordination of the activities in the area conducted by government or non-

governmental organizations. The assistance of the existing organizations can be

sought through proper advocacy and by developing links with them.

8. WORK PLAN:

The project activities identified are for two years duration.

8.1 Activities for the 1st year:

 January to April- Preliminary visits: Courtesy calls, questionnaire

preparation, pre-testing, preparation of the training

manual

 May to August - Conducting the survey, analysis of data, report writing

 August onwards- Rehabilitation of the malnourished

 Sept. to December- Advocacy meetings: national and divisional levels

 August to December – Nutrition training programs

8.2. Activities for the 2nd year:

 January to December - Monitoring & on-going evaluation: Data collected by

41
 teachers & volunteers will be used.

 March to April - Advocacy meeting: national and divisional (March, April)

 Sept. to December- Nutritional assessment: using clinical and anthropometric

data

9. BUDGET:

The project is expected to run initially for two years. The budget including the local
counterpart funding is given below.

Year 1
Item Cost (US $)
1. Preliminary visit, courtesy calls 500.00
2. Questionnaire preparation and pre-testing 250.00
3. Training manual (500 copies) 800.00

4. Surveys:
weighing scale (10 units) 400.00
stadiometer (10 units) 500.00
stationary 200.00
desktop computer 800.00
honorarium for data collectors (12 people) 400.00
5. Two advocacy meetings (25-30 participants/meeting) 1500.00
6. Supplementary feeding for needy children 1500.00
7. Four training workshops (1 week each) 9000.00
8. Laptop computer 1000.00
9. Travel 2000.00
10. Honorarium for the coordinator 1800.00
Total (year 1) 20,650.00

Year 2

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 Item Cost (US $)
1. Two advocacy meetings (25-30 participants/meeting) 1500.00
2. Monitoring:
Travel 1600.00
Nutritional assessment 1500.00
3. Honorarium for data collectors (12 people) 400.00
4. Honorarium for the coordinator 1800.00
Total (year 2) 6,800.00
Total budget expected from the RN 27,450.00

Local Counterpart Contribution:

1. Supplementary feeding for children 1500.00
2. Audiovisual equipment (multimedia projector) 1500.00
3. Communication charges (telephone, fax) 500.00
4. Training workshops:
Opening, closing ceremonies, certificates 800.00
Secretariat assistance (for the project period) 800.00
Location for training workshops 200.00
Total 5,300.00

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