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Technical Report on Pollution and Climate Change in the Red Sea State, Sudan

Working Paper · April 2015

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Adil Omer
Red Sea University
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 Technical Report

T0: Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources –Khartoum

A workshop in Pollution and Climate Change in the Red Sea State

Overview:-
The H.C.E.N.R-Khartoum in collaboration with The Ministry of Environment and
Tourism organized a workshop for one day entitled “Pollution and Climate
Change in the Red Sea State” on 28th, April 2015 at Al-Salam Hall in Port Sudan.
3 papers were presented, the 1st one entitled “Persistent Organic Pollutants” and
2nd one “Climate Change and the expected impacts on the Sudanese Coast” and
the 3rd paper “Some environmental Problems in the Red Sea State”.
Objectives:- the workshop aimed to give:
1- Highlighting on climate change and its impacts on both the marine and
the terrestrial environments of the Red Sea State.
2- Empowerment towards International Agreements concerning
environmental conservation which Sudan signed.

2nd paper Climate Change and the expected impacts on the Sudanese Coast
Introduction:
The Red Sea extends from the Gulf of Sues to Bab-Almandab strait about
2100km.Its width is 200- 300km.The Sudanese Red Sea Coast extends to about
750km from the Eritrean boarders in the South to the Egyptian boarders in the
North.
These environments comprise many habitats i.e. sand, clay and salt marches. The
biodiversity of the Sudanese Coast is unique. The main marine habitats are; coral
reefs, mangrove and the sea grass.

Objectives:
The main marine habitats which mentioned above are extremely important
because they represent:
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 1- Nursery and Feeding grounds (mangrove)
2- Spawning grounds for fish (coral reefs)
3- Protection body for the coast against high water waves.
Vulnerabilities:
 Climatic factors:
1- Frequent temperature increase (1-1.5c)
2- Sea –level rise
3- Low& erratic rain fall
Expected Impacts:
1- Bleaching of Coral reefs (highest rate was 90% in 1998) at Dongonab Bay
2- Land precipitation in broad areas
3- Salt water Intrusion

Non Climatic factors:

1- Tourism activities
2- Over fishing
3- Over grazing and loss of natural habitats
4- Ship water balance
Expected Impacts:
1-Destruction of coral reefs
2- Fluctuation in Fisheries Industry & Aquaculture
3- Mismanagement of natural resources & limited scientific knowledge
(Fisheries data)
Recommendations:
1- Coral reef reseeding programs
2- Construction of monitoring stations for sea-level measurements & maintain
the old ones
3- Full use of G.I.S Information for Prediction in Sea- level fluctuations
4- Open channels with scientists, the government and private sectors.
5- Activate the national marine fisheries law

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 6- Activate the state environmental law
7- Set up projects with national and International organizations
3rd paper “Some environmental Problems in the Red Sea State”
Introduction:
• The Red Sea State is located between latitudes 16o and 22o north and
longitudes 34o and 37o east in the extreme northeastern part of Sudan
• As an administrative unit, the Red Sea State occupies an area of 218,887
km2 divided into 10 localities. The total population of the State is 1397110
persons) according to the last census in 2008
The average population density in the state is about 6 persons per km2, but it
considerably varies among the ten localities of the state. Population increase
compared to previous census is 97 %. Urban population was 56% in 2008-
compared to 45% in 1993 .Current urban population estimates are 62%.
Objectives:
In view of the state location - its vulnerable environment associated with
increased human activity and the impact of climate change - the following
environmental threats represent some risks and problems:
1-Increase of solid waste quantities and emissions of pops
2-Land based pollution
3-Un-proper sewage disposal
4-Oil spills
5-Over fishing of sharks
6-Cutting of forest trees and overgrazing of pastures
7-In addition that the negative impacts of climate changes are shown in the
following indicators;
- Low erratic rain fall
- Increase in desertification process
- Increase in summer temperature, sun strokes or sun scorch cases
- Shifts in sowing dates of several crops
- shortage in drinking water for both man and animals

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 - Appearance of invading plants i.e. Mesquite and unpalatable forms of
pastures
Interventions & Recommendations:
To overcome this situation the Ministry of Environment and Tourism (Sate
level) formulate a strategic plan of environment sector for 2012 – 2016
including the following steps:
- Strengthening the institutional legislative and the mandate of the
ministry
- Establish Data base and information project
- Encouragement of private sector to invest in disposal of soiled -petroleum,
oil and sewage water waste
- Rebuilding of biodiversity of habitat and ecosystems
- Assessment of climate vulnerability and mitigation

Thanks

Adil Sidahmed Omer

Dept. of Environment & Natural Resources, Fac. of Applied Sciences

Red Sea University

Mob: 0916767622 e-mail: adilomer12@yahoo.com

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