PAPER

RADAR & MAPAGE

This Paper Is Arranged To Meet One Of The School Graduation Requirements

Teacher : Mr. Agung Triwanto, S.Pd

Arranged by :
Name : Vikry Setyo Budi
NIT : 16.012.10420
Class :

MIFTAHUL HUDA EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION

“ TAYU DELIVERY VOCATIONAL SCHOOL ”
SCHOOL YEAR 2018/2019
 FOREWORD

Thank you I pray to the presence of God Almighty, that I have completed
the final assignment of making a paper which is one of the tasks and requirements
for graduating from school by discussing the theme of Radar and Mapage.
In writing this paper I feel there are still many shortcomings in both technical
writing and material, given the abilities that I have. For that criticism and
suggestions from all parties I really hope for the improvement of the making of
this paper.
In writing this paper, I would like to express my gratitude to those who
helped in completing this research. Finally, I hope that Allah gives a fair reward to
those who have provided assistance, and can make all this assistance as worship.
Hopefully this paper can provide information or references that are useful for
readers and all those who are interested in the world of nautics.

Tayu, April 28th 2019

Author

Vikry Setyo Budi

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ..............................................................................................

FOREWORD ..............................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background ...............................................................................
1.2 Problem Formulation ................................................................
1.3 Purpose of Writing ....................................................................
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
2.1 Definition of Radar ...................................................................
2.2 Radar Components ....................................................................
2.3 Radar Works..............................................................................
2.4 Definition of Maping.................................................................
CHAPTER III CLOSING
3.1 Conclusions ...............................................................................
3.2 Suggestions ...............................................................................
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
The advancement of Technology is very rapid because many intelligent
scientists conduct experiments and finally find one of the types of
Electromagnetic Waves namely Radar Waves. Radar (which in English stands
for Radio Detection and Ranging, which means radio detection and spacing) is
a system of electromagnetic waves that is useful for detecting, measuring
distances and making folders of objects such as airplanes, various motor
vehicles and weather information ( rain).
The wavelength emitted by radar varies from millimeters to meters. Radio
waves / signals emitted and reflected from a particular object will be captured
by radar. By analyzing the reflected signal, the signal reflection can be
determined and through further analysis of the reflected signal the type can
also be determined. Although the received signal is relatively weak, the radio
signal can be detected and amplified by the radar receiver.
Radar observation objects can be: ships, islands, reflector radars, buoy
signs and other objects that can reflect electromagnetic waves, even low
clouds and rain can be detected by radar. Whereas the Map is basically a
curriculum material that functions to develop the ability for students of the
UNSOED Marine Science Study Program in the Kenautikaan Expertise to do
calculations on external influences such as winds and currents that will affect
the direction of the voyage being navigated to determine the predicted position
the ship.
This material is presented in 2 (two) learning materials, namely as follows:
1. Learning material 1: Understanding.
2. Learning material 2: The effect of interference on the presumptive position.
Both of these learning materials are presented in the Basic Material
Tutorial for Map Maps. After mastering this module, students are expected to
be able to position the ship in a good and correct manner according to
established procedures, so that the voyage can be carried out according to the
 plan safely and efficiently.
To study this training program students are required to have special
knowledge and skills about:
1. Map of the sea,
2. Compass, kinds of directions, variations, deviations, slides / misdirected,
3. The shape of the earth, the circles of the earth which includes the face and
rows so that it is expected to accelerate the understanding and application
of the Map Expectation Tutorial.
Thus we introduce the introduction of this paper for more details, please
read the following pages. Hopefully this paper can provide a useful reference
for science readers.

1.2 Problem Formulation

1. What is meant by radar?
2. What are the components of the radar?
3. How do radars work?
4. What does it mean to map a map?

1.3 Purpose of Writing

1. Know the understanding of radar.
2. Knowing the components of radar.
3. To find out how radar works.
4. To find out how to determine the position of the ship on the map both by
way of guessing position and position obtained from a line of land and
space objects.
5. Able to make the ship's guessing position properly and correctly according
to established procedures, so that the voyage can be carried out according
to the plan safely and efficiently.
6. Can determine the guess position by estimating the distance traveled
during the desired time on the bow line calculated from the first position.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition of Radar

Radar stands for Radio Detection And (Radio) Ranging. As the name
implies radar is used to detect the position of an aircraft expressed in the
direction or azimuth which refers to the North and at a certain range of the
antenna.
Radar works by using radio waves that are charged from the surface of the
object. Radars produce electromagnetic energy signals that are focused by
antennas and transmitted to the atmosphere. Objects that are in the flow of this
electromagnetic signal, called objects, spread the electromagnetic energy.
Some of the electromagnetic energy is spread back towards the radar. The
receiving antenna, which is usually also a transmitter antenna, captures the
reverse distribution and enters it into a device called a receiver.
While conventional detectors, radars or stands for Radio Detection and
Ranging, use radio waves for detection. If the wave emitted about an object (in
this case an aircraft) will reverse direction, and the time needed to return
through the receiver can find out information on distance, speed, direction,
and altitude.
The development of radar adds new equipment called SSR (Secondary
Surveillance Radar) as a complement to the radar (Primary Surveillance
Radar). SSR is a military discovery called IFF (Identification Friend or Foe).
The way it works every time the radar performs a "sweep" of the wave, at that
time a high frequency signal will be emitted. This signal is received by
transponders on the plane and will emit a signal to be returned to the ground
radar station. This will give accuracy to the location of the aircraft rather than
relying solely on radar waves.
When we use radar, we definitely want to achieve one of the three things
below:
1. Detect the presence of an object remotely. Generally the object moves, like
an airplane. But radar can also be used to detect objects buried in the
 ground. In some cases, the radar can recognize the type of aircraft it
detects.
2. Detect the speed of an object.
3. Mapping something, such as satellite or spacecraft orbits.
In aircraft, radar use is actually very significant. In the Wikipedia website
mentioned, an early warning aircraft (Airborne Early Warning - AEW) is a
radar system carried by an aircraft designed to detect other aircraft. This radar
can distinguish between airplane friends and enemy airplanes from a distance.
Early warning aircraft are used in defensive and offensive flight operations.
Offensively, this system is tasked with directing combat aircraft to their
targets. Defensively, the system is in charge of monitoring enemy attacks.

2.2 Radar Components

1. Modulator, is a transmitter controller by determining the time and number
of signals that must be transmitted.
2. Transmitter is a device that produces energy for signals that will be
transmitted.
3. The antenna, focuses signal energy to be emitted into the atmosphere and
collects the results of the reflection back from the object.
4. Duplexer as a link between the transmitter and receiver.
5. Receiver as a back signal amplifier received by the antenna.
6. Signal processor as a signal processor again.
7. The display screen, displays actual information about pulses that have
returned.

2.3 Radar Works

Radar works by using radio waves that are charged from the surface of the
object. Radars produce electromagnetic energy signals that are focused by
antennas and transmitted to the atmosphere. Objects that are in the flow of this
electromagnetic signal, called objects, spread the electromagnetic energy.
Some of the electromagnetic energy is spread back towards the radar. The
receiving antenna, which is usually also a transmitter antenna, captures the
reverse distribution and enters it into a device called a receiver.
The working principle / radar concept is to measure the distance from the
sensor to the target. The measure of distance is obtained by measuring the
time needed by electromagnetic waves during its propagation from the sensor
to the target and back again to the sensor.
The classification of the Radar is:
1. Based on waveform (Waveform)
- Continuous Wave / CW (Continuous Wave)
It is a radar that uses a transmitter and receiver antenna (receive
antenna) separately, where the radar continuously emits
electromagnetic waves. The unmodulated CW radar can measure the
target speed through and position the target angle accurately.
Unmodulated CW radar is usually used to determine the target speed
and become a missile guide.
- Pulsed Radars / PR (Pulsed Radars)
It is a radar whose electromagnetic waves are cut rhythmically.
Radar pulse frequency (Pulse Repetition Frequency / PRF) can be
classified into 3 parts, namely PRF high, PRF medium and PRF low.
2. Based on the Amount of Antennas
- Monostatic Radar
Monostatic radar is a type of radar that only has an antenna that is
used to transmit and receive signals. This radar has a section called a
duplexer to separate the receiver and transmitter. Monostatic radar
usually uses waveforms (Waveform) but can also use CW. For the
design of a CW monostatic radar a device called a circulator is used to
separate the waves emitted and received. This type of radar dominates
the types of radars that exist today.
- Bistatic / Multistatic Radar
Bistatic radar is a type of radar system whose components consist
of a signal transmitter (transmitter) and one or more signal receivers
(receivers), where the two components are separate. Both components
are separated by a distance that can be compared with the distance of
the target / object. The object can be detected based on the signal
reflected by the object to the center of the antenna. Based on the
transmitter the Bi / Multistatic radar can be further divided into two
types, namely :
1. Bi-Static Cooperative Radar: Namely the Bi-static radar whose
transmitter has been integrated with its radars, Examples of these
radars are quite numerous, including the OTH (Over The Horizon)
radar such as Jindalee and Russian Struna-1MU radar.
2. Bi-Static Non-Cooperative Radar: Namely the Bi-static radar
whose transmitter is not integrated with its radar unit, for example,
is Silent Sentry made by Lockheed Martin which utilizes
transmitters such as Television or Radio Stations.
There are three main components arranged in the radar system,
namely the antenna, transmitter (signal transmitter) and receiver
(signal receiver).
1. Antenna
The antenna located on the radar is a reflector antenna in
the form of a parabolic plate that propagates electromagnetic
energy from its focal point and is reflected through a parabolic
shaped surface. The radar antenna has two poles (dual poles). The
input of the incoming signal is described in the form of a phased-
array (multilevel or gradual). This is the distribution of the
elements of the object caught by the antenna and then forwarded to
the center of the RADAR system.
2. Signal transmitter (transmitter)
In a radar system, a signal transmitter (transmitter)
functions to emit electromagnetic waves through an antenna. This
is done so that the object signals in the radar catchment area can be
identified. In general, the transmitter has bandwidth with a large
capacity. Transmitter also has a power that is strong enough,
efficient, trustworthy, its size is not too large and not too heavy,
 and easy in terms of maintenance.
3. Signal receiver (receiver)
In a radar system, the signal receiver (receiver) functions as
the recipient of the reflection of the electromagnetic waves from
the signal of the object caught by the radar through the antenna
reflector. In general, the receiver has the ability to filter the signals
it receives to match the desired detection, can amplify weak object
signals and forward the object's signal to the data processor and
signal (signal and data processor), and then display the image on
the monitor screen (display) In addition to the three components
above, the radar system also consists of several other supporting
components, namely :
 Waveguide, functions as a liaison between antenna and
transmitter.
 Duplexer, serves as a place of exchange or transition between
the antenna and receiver or signal transmitter when the antenna
is used in both situations.
 Software, is an electronic part that functions to control the
work of all devices and antennas when performing their
respective tasks.

APPLICATION OF RADAR
1. Weather Forecast
 Weather Radar, is a type of weather radar that has the ability to detect
the intensity of rainfall and bad weather, such as storms.
 Wind Profiler, is a type of weather radar that is useful for detecting
wind speed and direction by using sound waves (SODAR).
2. Military
 Airborne Early Warning (AEW), is a radar system that functions to
detect the position and whereabouts of other aircraft. This radar system
is usually used for defense and air attack in the military world.
 A guided missile radar, commonly used by a number of fighter aircraft
 to achieve shooting targets. One of the aircraft that uses this type of
radar is the United States F-14 fighter. By installing this radar on an air
guided missile (Phoenix AIM-54), the missile fired into the air (air-to-
air missile) is expected to reach its target correctly.
3. Police
Radar is used by the police to detect the speed of motorized
vehicles when driving on the road. The radar used for this problem is a
radar gun that is shaped like a gun and a radar microdigicam.
4. Cruise
In the field of shipping, radar is used to regulate the ship's route so
that each ship can walk and pass on its own path and not collide with each
other, even in unfavorable weather, such as foggy weather.
5. Flights
In the field of aviation, the use of radar is clearly seen in the use of
Air Traffic Control (ATC). Air Traffic Control is a control in air traffic
regulation. The task is to regulate the traffic and smoothness of air traffic
for every aircraft that will take off, fly in the air, or to land (landing). ATC
also serves to provide information assistance services for pilots about the
weather, the situation and conditions of the destination airport. radar has
advantages in communication. a very powerful radar can help pilots to see
the weather, like airplanes and others.

WORK PRINCIPLE
The radar concept is measuring the distance from the sensor to the target.
The measure of distance is obtained by measuring the time needed by
electromagnetic waves during its propagation from the sensor to the target and
back again to the sensor.
2.4 Definition of Maping
Calculations for maps are very basic knowledge in navigating ships.
Calculation of estimating maps is a process to determine the position of the
ship using the last position that has been determined well / definitely. This
starts with referring to the ship's true direction, calculating the distance
traveled (and its relation to motor rotation / main engine) or calculation of the
measurement of the ship's true speed and direction without taking into account
the influence of the current; by projecting the direction and speed of the next
ship from the last position then the position of the next ship can be calculated.
Determination of reaching a map is a common process carried out on a
ship to determine the development of its voyage. Determination of outreach
maps is also carried out in an effort to develop a plan or project a plan for the
next shipping direction.
Important or key elements in calculating a map can be summarized as follows:
1. Only the true direction of the ship is taken into account,
2. The distance (distance) calculated is according to the speed of rotation of
the main engine during the voyage,
3. Determination of reaching the map always starts from the position of the
last ship (exact position or fixed position),
4. The effect of the current is not taken into account.
In the middle of the sea we are not always able to determine the exact
position of the ship, this may be due to weather factors, equipment that
functions less well and so on. In such conditions, a navigator must rely on
calculating the map to show the whereabouts of the ship at that time.
Determination of outreach maps must also be done in extreme conditions such
as in shallow waters or in other dangerous areas. If the ship sails with the bow
and speed in accordance with what has been calculated where the influence of
wind and or current is ignored, then every time the determination of the map
will show an accurate position.
Even though such conditions are very rare, a determination of a map is
only an estimate of the ship's true position, so efforts to maintain a permanent
and accurate calculation of the order of a clear map must still be carried out. A
navigator must know the position of his ship, or estimate his position to show /
determine when he must change course until the discovery of other navigation
aids to identify signs of land.
Determination of outreach maps is usually done on a sea map that is
suitable for the area where the ship is sailing. The results of determining the
map allow the navigator to visualize or visualize the position of his ship
against land or other navigation hazards.
A. Rules for Maps
The important rules in terms of marking a map are as follows:
6. Immediately after painting the direction line or determining the position, it
must be marked.
7. Posts should not cover the lines, signs to indicate the exact position and the
position being undertaken must be written horizontally.
4. Signs that indicate direction and speed along the direction line, must be
written in the direction of the line.
5. The bow line is given the symbol C (Coarse = bow) with 3 digits /
numbers that indicate the degree of the true direction, placed above the
bow line.
6. The sign that states the average velocity along the direction of the
direction is S (Speed = speed) followed by what number the speed is
shown, generally in knots (miles per hour). This sign is written below the
direction line, usually just below the mark.
7. If the map map is painted as a development plan according to the
movement of the ship where the distance is known, the speed of the ship
before leaving is also known, if you want to mark the map according to its
distance, write it with the symbol D (Departure = departure) followed by
distance in miles placed below the bow line.
8. All signs must be written clearly and neatly.
9. The symbol for the fix position (definite) is a point that is in a small circle
(for example writing: ȧ), the time is written horizontally nearby (if the
position is at a meeting of two different lines then the writing point can be
ignored).
10. The symbol for Running fix, abbreviated as R Fix (the position being
navigated) is the same as the Fix symbol (exact position) but the letter R
Fix is followed by writing the time. While the symbol for reaching a map
is a small half circle around a small dot on a segment of a bow line, time is
written close to the corner horizontally. The point of fixing, running fix,
should be small and neat.
The direction line should be written as shown below :
 Examples of marking maps
In addition to symbols and markings, there are 6 basic rules that will guide
a navigator about when determining the map and making a line of
direction is done, namely:
1. Determination of the map must be made clear when the time is carried
out in each hour.
2. Determination of estimating maps must be made every time a change
of direction is made.
3. Determination of the order of maps must be made when changes in the
speed of the ship are made.
4. Determination of reaching a map must be made clear when the time is
set for a fixed position or "running fix".
5. Determination of reaching a map must be made clear when it's time
when only one line is obtained.
6. A new direction line must be made from a definite position or
"running fix" immediately after the exact position on the map is
known.
B. Case Examples (Estimating maps)
The following is an example of a determining note in order to map
the map of a journal deck :
At 10:40 the Tide Rip 3150 was flared, a distance of 6 miles,
leaving for the V-22 operating area with a bow of 0900, a speed of 15 knots.
At 11:20 the speed was changed to 10 knots because there was a hurricane.
At 11:30 the bow was changed to 1450 and the speed was increased to 20
knots. At 11:45 the bow was changed to 0750. At 12:10 a radar contact
 with a TA buoy was obtained with a line of 0100, a distance of 8 miles. At
12:15 the bow was changed to 0900 and the speed was 18 knots to reach
the destination at 12:30.
Let's discuss the case above:

Case example of presumptive determination

At 10:45 a.m., the navigator set a direction of 900, an average speed of
15 knots. At 11:20 only the speed was changed to 10 knots. At 11:30 the
bow and speed were changed. At 11:45 only the bow was changed. Every
change in events must be plotted separately with changes that occur in
time. At 12:10, since the navigator has gotten a real position because of the
position gain from the radar, the navigator must write down the true
position along with the predetermined direction and speed. At 12:15 at the
time when the bow was changed to 900 and the speed was lowered to 18
knots according to the calculation in order to arrive at the schedule in the
V22 operating area at 12:30.
C. Shipping Plan
In reality, a shipping plan is often mapped before shipping is
carried out. Every cruise, every departure from and entering the port must
be planned based on all information that is acceptable for the navigator.
The things or material needed include sea maps according to the area to be
navigated, navigation equipment, planning the use of electronic
equipment, estimating the influence of currents (weather conditions, the
shape of the seabed, and other factors that will be discussed later).
In planning a voyage, estimates must also be made of dangerous lines,
distances and so on.
Look at the picture below:

Example of making a line of cruise tracks on a sea map

In the picture above, it is assumed the ship is in location A, and
receives an order to depart at 08.00 to point B, the distance is 90 miles and
arrives at 1:00 p.m. The Navigator immediately chooses the map with the
largest scale. Direction A to B is determined as 0700 and immediately
recorded as C 0700. Distance A to B is measured then divided equally
over 5 hours and calculated the average speed to be 18 knots, recorded /
marked. Then the cruise starts at 08.00 right from point A, the navigator
starts the voyage and gives a signal to where the position of each hour of
the voyage or the progress of the voyage every hour.
Look at the illustrations like the picture below:

Example of Running Fix

Plans for shipping that are made like that are considered to have
met the standards. The shipping plan for this model is commonly applied
in ships.

Example of making a cruise track on a sea map

The picture above shows that the ship will depart from A to B
which is 90 miles away, the ship will be driven by bow 0700 (written C
070Ý; C = Course = bow) and with ship speed 18 knots (written S 18; S =
Speed = speed ) It is estimated that the ship will arrive at B within 5 hours
later. The signs along the line A to B are for the map of the ship which is
estimated to be every interval of one hour. But in actual circumstances, in
each cruise the ship will always be affected by wind and / or currents. So
after sailing for some time and with the same direction, the ship will not
arrive at the place and time as originally planned.
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

3.1 Conclusions
Radar works by using radio waves that are charged from the surface of the
object. Radars produce electromagnetic energy signals that are focused by
antennas and transmitted to the atmosphere. Objects that are in the flow of this
electromagnetic signal, called objects, spread the electromagnetic energy.
Some of the electromagnetic energy is spread back towards the radar. The
receiving antenna, which is usually also a transmitter antenna, captures the
reverse distribution and enters it into a device called a receiver. While
conventional detectors, radars or stands for Radio Detection and Ranging, use
radio waves for detection. If the wave emitted about an object (in this case an
aircraft) will reverse direction, and the time needed to return through the
receiver can find out information on distance, speed, direction, and altitude.
Determining or calculating a map, in English known as Dead Reckoning,
which is abbreviated as DR, which is a job to determine the position of the
ship in the middle of the sea after obtaining a true position (English: Fix
poisition or Fix) by calculating the true direction and pace / speed according to
the engine speed of the ship), in this work the influence of current and / or
wind on the ship's rate & speed is not calculated / ignored. This work is
common or very common for all ships sailing, both commercial and fishing
vessels. The aim is to always know the existence or position of the ship at any
time as a reference for taking the following steps needed towards the direction
/ target that has been set. Estimating this map is also to give an overview or
visualization of the position of the ship to the land or other navigation hazards.
This DR work is very important to be done especially on shipping in shallow
waters and in other dangerous waters.
DR has been developed since ancient times, when seafarers who were
crossing the ocean were vast, with makeshift boat equipment and limited
knowledge, they tried to always know the whereabouts of their ships at all
 times. Although nowadays science has developed so rapidly, but the work of
the DR still needs to be done.

3.2 Suggestions
That is what we can say about the material that is discussed in this paper,
of course there are many shortcomings and weaknesses due to the limited
knowledge of the lack of references or references that we obtain in connection
with this paper. The author hopes that many dear readers will provide
suggestions for criticism that build on us for the sake of the perfection of this
paper. Hopefully this paper can be useful for the authors of the readers
specifically for the author.
It is hoped that after learning and understanding this paper, students can
find out what RADAR is and its role in life and how to correctly map it.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.academia.edu/35984495/TUGAS_PRAKTIKUM_MATA_KULIAH
_KENAUTIKAAN
https://www.academia.edu/36737444/Makalah_RADAR_Radio_Detection_And_
Ranging
https://www.academia.edu/9368517/Makalah_gelombang_radar
http://dokecentos.blogspot.com/2013/12/perencanaan-pelayaran-dan-
menentukan.html
https://www.academia.edu/5535410/15._Nabighnabiyl