Contents xv

Low-Voltage Operation 315

Using a System to Troubleshoot (Electrical) 316
Motor testing 316
Capacitor testing 317
Motor-protector relay testing 317
Using Meters to Check for Problems 318
Using a Volt-Ammeter for Troubleshooting Electric Motors 320
Clamp-on volt-ammeters 320
Looking for grounds 321
Looking for opens 322
Looking for shorts 322
Motors with Squirrel-Cage Rotors 323
Testing the Centrifugal Switch in a Single-Phase Motor 323
Testing for a Short Circuit Between Run and Start Windings 324
Capacitor testing 324
Measuring the capacity of a capacitor 325
Troubleshooting Procedure 326
Review Questions 327

Chapter 19. Controlling Electrical Power for

Air-Conditioning Units 329
Performance Objectives 329
Choosing Wire Size 329
Limiting voltage loss 330
Minimum wire size 330
Wire selection 330
Wire Size and Low Voltage 330
Voltage drop calculations 332
The Effects of Voltage Variations on AC Motors 333
Selecting Proper Wire Size 335
Unacceptable Motor Voltages 336
Calculating Starting Current Values and Inrush Voltage Drops 336
Single-phase current 336
Three-phase circuits 338
Inrush voltage drop 339
Code Limitations on Amperes Per Conductor 339
Heat Generated Within Conductors 339
Circuit Protection 340
Standard rule 341
Fuses 341
One-time single-element fuses 341
Time-delay two-element fuses 342
Types of fuses 343
Thermostats 343
Thermostat as a control switch 344
Service 345
Starter Kits 346
Single-Phase Line Monitors 347
Time Delays 350
Pressure Controls 350
Head pressure controls 350
Line voltage head pressure controls 352