VOLCANOES IN INDONESIA

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The geography of Indonesia is dominated by volcanoes that are formed due to subduction
zones between the Eurasian plate and the Indo-Australian plate. Some of the volcanoes are
notable for their eruptions, for instance, Krakatau for its global effects in 1883,[1] Lake Toba
for its supervolcanic eruption estimated to have occurred 74,000 years before present which
was responsible for six years of volcanic winter,[2] and Mount Tambora for the most violent
eruption in recorded history in 1815.[3]

Volcanoes in Indonesia are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. The 150 entries in the list below
are grouped into six geographical regions, four of which belong to the volcanoes of the Sunda
Arc trench system. The remaining two groups are volcanoes of Halmahera, including its
surrounding volcanic islands, and volcanoes of Sulawesi and the Sangihe Islands. The latter
group is in one volcanic arc together with the Philippine volcanoes.

The most active volcanoes are Kelut and Merapi on Java island which have been responsible
for thousands of deaths in the region. Since AD 1000, Kelut has erupted more than 30 times,
of which the largest eruption was at scale 5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI),[4] while
Merapi has erupted more than 80 times.[5] The International Association of Volcanology and
Chemistry of the Earth's Interior has named Merapi as a Decade Volcano since 1995 because
of its high volcanic activity.

The word for Mount in Indonesian and many regional languages of the country (such as
Javanese) is Gunung. Thus, Mount Merapi for example, is sometimes referred as Gunung
Merapi.


Scope

Major volcanoes in Indonesia

There is no single standard definition for a volcano. It can be defined from individual vents,
volcanic edificies or volcanic fields. Interior of ancient volcanoes may have been eroded,
creating a new subsurface magma chamber as a separate volcano. Many contemporary active
volcanoes rise as young parasitic cones from flank vents or at a central crater. Some volcanic
cones are grouped into one volcano name, for instance, the Tengger caldera complex,
although individual vents are named by local people. The status of a volcano, either active or
dormant, cannot be defined precisely. An indication of a volcano is determined by either its
historical records, radiocarbon dating, or geothermal activities.

The primary source of the list below is taken from the "Volcanoes of the World" book,
compiled by two volcanologists Tom Simkin and Lee Siebert,[a] in which active volcanoes in
the past 10,000 years (Holocene) are listed.[6] Particularly for Indonesia, Simkin and Siebert
used a catalogue of active volcanoes from the International Association of Volcanology and
Chemistry of the Earth's Interior publication series.[b] The Simkin and Siebert list is the most
complete list of volcanoes in Indonesia, but the accuracy of the record varies from one region
to another in terms of contemporary activities and fatalities in recent eruptions.
Complementary sources for the latest volcanic data are taken from the Volcanological Survey
of Indonesia, a governmental institution which is responsible for volcanic activities and
geological hazard mitigation in Indonesia,[7] and some academic resources.

Geographical groups
Sumatra

Map showing the location of volcanoes and geological fault lines of Sumatra

The geography of Sumatra is dominated by a mountain range called Bukit Barisan (lit: "a row
of hills"). The mountain range spans nearly 1,700 km (1,100 mi) from the north to the south
of the island, and it was formed by movement of the Australian tectonic plate.[8] The plate
moves with a convergence rate of 5.5 cm/year which has created major earthquakes on the
western side of Sumatra including the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake.[9][10] The tectonic
movement has been responsible not only for earthquakes, but also for the formulation of
magma chambers beneath the island.[8]

Only one of the 35 active volcanos, Weh, is separated from the Sumatran mainland. The
separation was caused by a large eruption that filled the lowland between Weh and the rest of
the mainland with sea water in the Pleistocene epoch. The largest volcano of Sumatra is the
supervolcano Toba within the 100 km (62 mi) × 30 km (19 mi) Lake Toba, which was
created after a caldera collapse (est. in 74,000 Before Present).[2] The eruption is estimated to
have been at level eight on the VEI scale, the largest possible for a volcanic eruption. The
highest peak of the mountain range is Mount Kerinci with an elevation of 3,800 m
(12,467 ft).

Last eruption
Name Shape Elevation Geolocation
(VEI)

Weh stratovolcano 617 metres (2,024 ft) Pleistocene 5.82°N 95.28°E

1,810 metres 5.448°N

Seulawah Agam stratovolcano 1839 (2)
(5,940 ft) 95.658°E

complex 2,801 metres 25 December 2000 4.914°N

Peuet Sague
volcano (9,190 ft) (2) 96.329°E

2,885 metres
Geureudong stratovolcano 1937 4.813°N 96.82°E
(9,465 ft)

2,245 metres 3.850°N

Kembar shield volcano Pleistocene
(7,365 ft) 97.664°E
 2,212 metres
Sibayak stratovolcano 1881 3.23°N 98.52°E
(7,257 ft)

2,460 metres
Sinabung stratovolcano 7 September 2010 3.17°N 98.392°E
(8,070 ft)

2,157 metres
Toba supervolcano unknown 2.58°N 98.83°E
(7,077 ft)

Helatoba- 1,100 metres

fumarole field Pleistocene 2.03°N 98.93°E
Tarutung (3,600 ft)

1,505 metres
Imun unknown unknown 2.158°N 98.93°E
(4,938 ft)

1,819 metres 1.556°N

Sibualbuali stratovolcano unknown
(5,968 ft) 99.255°E

1,862 metres 1.478°N

Lubukraya stratovolcano unknown
(6,109 ft) 99.209°E

2,145 metres 0.686°N

Sorikmarapi stratovolcano 1986 (1)
(7,037 ft) 99.539°E

complex 2,919 metres

Talakmau unknown 0.079°N 99.98°E
volcano (9,577 ft)

0.008°N
Sarik-Gajah volcanic cone unknown unknown
100.20°E

complex 2,891 metres 0.381°S

Marapi 5 August 2004 (2)
volcano (9,485 ft) 100.473°E

2,438 metres 0.433°S

Tandikat stratovolcano 1924 (1)
(7,999 ft) 100.317°E

2,597 metres 0.978°S

Talang stratovolcano 12 April 2005 (2)
(8,520 ft) 100.679°E

3,800 metres 1.697°S

Kerinci stratovolcano 22 June 2004 (2)
(12,500 ft) 101.264°E

2,021 metres
Hutapanjang stratovolcano unknown 2.33°S 101.60°E
(6,631 ft)

2,507 metres 2.414°S

Sumbing stratovolcano 23 May 1921 (2)
(8,225 ft) 101.728°E
 2,151 metres
Kunyit stratovolcano unknown 2.592°S 101.63°E
(7,057 ft)

Pendan unknown unknown unknown 2.82°S 102.02°E

1,958 metres
Belirang-Beriti compound unknown 2.82°S 102.18°E
(6,424 ft)

2,467 metres
Bukit Daun stratovolcano unknown 3.38°S 102.37°E
(8,094 ft)

1,952 metres
Kaba stratovolcano 22 August 2000 (1) 3.52°S 102.62°E
(6,404 ft)

3,173 metres
Dempo stratovolcano October 1994 (1) 4.03°S 103.13°E
(10,410 ft)

2,817 metres
Patah unknown unknown 4.27°S 103.30°E
(9,242 ft)

Bukit Lumut 2,055 metres

stratovolcano unknown 4.23°S 103.62°E
Balai (6,742 ft)

1,899 metres
Besar stratovolcano April 1940 (1) 4.43°S 103.67°E
(6,230 ft)

1,881 metres
Ranau caldera unknown 4.83°S 103.92°E
(6,171 ft)

Sekincau 1,719 metres

caldera unknown 5.12°S 104.32°E
Belirang (5,640 ft)

1,000 metres
Suoh caldera 10 July 1933 (4) 5.25°S 104.27°E
(3,300 ft)

1,040 metres
Hulubelu caldera 1836 5.35°S 104.60°E
(3,410 ft)

1,281 metres
Rajabasa stratovolcano 1798 5.78°S 105.625°E
(4,203 ft)

Sunda Strait and Java

The Sunda Strait separates the islands of Sumatra and Java with the volcanic island Krakatau
lying between them. Krakatau erupted violently in 1883, destroying two-thirds of the island
and leaving a large caldera under the sea. This cataclysmic explosion was heard as far away
as the island of Rodrigues near Mauritius (approx. 4,800 kilometres (3,000 mi) away).[1] A
new parasitic cone, called Anak Krakatau (or the child of Krakatau), rose from the sea at the
center of the caldera in 1930.[12] The other Krakatau islets from the 1883 eruptions are known
as Sertung, Panjang and Rakata.

Java is a relatively small island compared to Sumatra, but it has a higher concentration of
active volcanoes. There are 45 active volcanoes on the island excluding 20 small craters and
cones in the Dieng volcanic complex and the young cones in the Tengger caldera complex.
Some volcanoes are grouped together in the list below because of their close location. Mount
Merapi, Semeru and Kelud are the most active volcanoes in Java. Mount Semeru has been
continuously erupting since 1967.[13] Mount Merapi has been named as one of the Decade
Volcanoes since 1995.[14] Ijen has a unique colorful caldera lake which is an extremely acidic
natural reservoir (pH<0.3).[15] There are sulfur mining activities at Ijen, where miners collect
highly concentrated sulfur rocks by hand.

Name Shape Elevation Last eruption (VEI) Geolocation

6.102°S
Krakatau caldera 813 metres (2,667 ft) 11 January 2011 ( )
105.423°E

1,346 metres 6.342°S

Pulosari stratovolcano unknown
(4,416 ft) 105.975°E

1,778 metres 6.27°S

Karang stratovolcano unknown
(5,833 ft) 106.042°E

Kiaraberes- 1,511 metres

stratovolcano 6 April 1939 (1) 6.73°S 106.65°E
Gagak (4,957 ft)

1,699 metres
Perbakti stratovolcano unknown 6.75°S 106.68°E
(5,574 ft)

2,211 metres
Salak stratovolcano 31 January 1938 (2) 6.72°S 106.73°E
(7,254 ft)

2,958 metres
Gede stratovolcano 13 March 1957 (2) 6.78°S 106.98°E
(9,705 ft)

2,434 metres 7.160°S

Patuha stratovolcano unknown
(7,986 ft) 107.40°E

2,182 metres 7.208°S

Wayang-Windu lava dome unknown
(7,159 ft) 107.63°E

Malabar stratovolcano 2,343 metres unknown 7.13°S 107.65°E

 (7,687 ft)

Tangkuban 2,084 metres

stratovolcano 14 September 1983 (1) 6.77°S 107.60°E
Perahu (6,837 ft)

2,665 metres
Papandayan stratovolcano 11 November 2002 (2) 7.32°S 107.73°E
(8,743 ft)

2,608 metres
Kendang stratovolcano unknown 7.23°S 107.72°E
(8,556 ft)

1,730 metres 7.125°S

Kamojang stratovolcano Pleistocene
(5,680 ft) 107.80°E

complex 2,249 metres 7.143°S

Guntur 16 October 1847 (2)
volcano (7,379 ft) 107.840°E

1,684 metres
Tampomas stratovolcano unknown 6.77°S 107.95°E
(5,525 ft)

2,168 metres 7.25°S

Galunggung stratovolcano 9 January 1984 (1)
(7,113 ft) 108.058°E

2,201 metres 7.208°S

Talagabodas stratovolcano unknown
(7,221 ft) 108.07°E

1,155 metres
Karaha fumarole unknown 7.12°S 108.08°E
(3,789 ft)

3,078 metres 6.892°S

Cereme stratovolcano 1951
(10,098 ft) 108.40°E

3,432 metres 7.242°S

Slamet stratovolcano 1 May 1999 (1)
(11,260 ft) 109.208°E

complex 2,565 metres

Dieng 31 December 1996 (1) 7.20°S 109.92°E
volcano (8,415 ft)

3,136 metres 7.30°S

Sundoro stratovolcano 29 October 1971 (2)
(10,289 ft) 109.992°E

3,371 metres 7.384°S

Sumbing stratovolcano 1730 (1)
(11,060 ft) 110.070°E

2,050 metres
Ungaran stratovolcano unknown 7.18°S 110.33°E
(6,730 ft)
 1,894 metres
Telomoyo stratovolcano unknown 7.37°S 110.40°E
(6,214 ft)

3,145 metres
Merbabu stratovolcano 1797 (2) 7.45°S 110.43°E
(10,318 ft)

2,968 metres 7.542°S

Merapi stratovolcano 26 October 2010[16]
(9,738 ft) 110.442°E

1,625 metres
Muria stratovolcano 160 BC ± 30 years 6.62°S 110.88°E
(5,331 ft)

3,265 metres 7.625°S

Lawu stratovolcano 28 November 1885 (1)
(10,712 ft) 111.192°E

2,563 metres 7.808°S

Wilis stratovolcano unknown
(8,409 ft) 111.758°E

1,731 metres 7.93°S

Kelud stratovolcano 10 February 1990 (4)
(5,679 ft) 112.308°E

2,651 metres
Kawi-Butak stratovolcano unknown 7.92°S 112.45°E
(8,698 ft)

3,339 metres 7.725°S

Arjuno-Welirang stratovolcano 15 August 1952 (0)
(10,955 ft) 112.58°E

1,653 metres
Penanggungan stratovolcano unknown 7.62°S 112.63°E
(5,423 ft)

Malang Plain maar 680 metres (2,230 ft) unknown 8.02°S 112.68°E

3,676 metres 1967–2006 continuing 8.108°S

Semeru stratovolcano
(12,060 ft) (3) 112.92°E

2,329 metres 7.942°S

Tengger stratovolcano 8 June 2004 (2)
(7,641 ft) 112.95°E

1,651 metres 7.979°S

Lamongan stratovolcano 5 February 1898 (2)
(5,417 ft) 113.342°E

complex
Lurus 539 metres (1,768 ft) unknown 7.73°S 113.58°E
volcano

complex 3,088 metres

Iyang-Argapura unknown 7.97°S 113.57°E
volcano (10,131 ft)
 3,332 metres 8.125°S
Raung stratovolcano 2 June 2002 (2)
(10,932 ft) 114.042°E

2,799 metres 8.058°S

Ijen stratovolcano 28 June 1999 (1)
(9,183 ft) 114.242°E

1,247 metres
Baluran stratovolcano unknown 7.85°S 114.37°E
(4,091 ft)

Lesser Sunda Islands

The Lesser Sunda Islands is a small archipelago which, from west to east, consists of Bali,
Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba and the Timor islands; all are located at the edge of the
Australian continental shelf. Volcanoes in the area are formed because of oceanic crusts and
the movement of the shelf itself.[19] Some volcanoes completely form an island, for instance,
the Sangeang Api island. Mount Tambora, on Sumbawa island, erupted on 5 April 1815, with
a scale 7 on the VEI and is considered the most violent eruption in recorded history.[3]

Last eruption
Name Shape Elevation Geolocation
(VEI)

Merbuk tba 1,386 metres (4,547 ft) unknown -

Bratan caldera 2,276 metres (7,467 ft) unknown 8.28°S 115.13°E

8.242°S
Batur caldera 1,717 metres (5,633 ft) 15 March 1999 (1)
115.375°E

18 February 1963 8.342°S

Agung stratovolcano 3,142 metres (10,308 ft)
(5) 115.508°E

Rinjani stratovolcano 3,726 metres (12,224 ft) 1 October 2004 (2) 8.42°S 116.47°E

Tambora stratovolcano 2,722 metres (8,930 ft) 1967 ± 20 years (0) 8.25°S 118.00°E

Sangeang complex
1,949 metres (6,394 ft) 30 July 1985 (3) 8.20°S 119.07°E
Api volcano

Wai Sano caldera 903 metres (2,963 ft) unknown 8.72°S 120.02°E

Poco Leok unknown 1,675 metres (5,495 ft) unknown 8.68°S 120.48°E

Ranakah lava dome 2,100 metres (6,900 ft) March 1991 (1) 8.62°S 120.52°E
Inierie stratovolcano 2,245 metres (7,365 ft) 8050 BC 8.875°S 120.95°E

complex
Inielika 1,559 metres (5,115 ft) 11 January 2001 (2) 8.73°S 120.98°E
volcano

27 February 1969
Ebulobo stratovolcano 2,124 metres (6,969 ft) 8.82°S 121.18°E
(2)

8.897°S
Iya stratovolcano 637 metres (2,090 ft) 27 January 1969 (3)
121.645°E

Sukaria caldera 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) unknown 8.792°S 121.77°E

Ndete Napu fumarole 750 metres (2,460 ft) unknown 8.72°S 121.78°E

complex
Kelimutu 1,639 metres (5,377 ft) 3 June 1968 (1) 8.77°S 121.82°E
volcano

Paluweh stratovolcano 875 metres (2,871 ft) 3 February 1985 (1) 8.32°S 121.708°E

Egon stratovolcano 1,703 metres (5,587 ft) 6 February 2005 (1) 8.67°S 122.45°E

8.478°S
Ilimuda stratovolcano 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) unknown
122.671°E

8.542°S
Lewotobi stratovolcano 1,703 metres (5,587 ft) 30 May 2003 (2)
122.775°E

complex 8.358°S
Leroboleng 1,117 metres (3,665 ft) 26 June 2003 (3)
volcano 122.842°E

Riang
fumarole 200 metres (660 ft) unknown 8.30°S 122.892°E
Kotang

8.342°S
Iliboleng stratovolcano 1,659 metres (5,443 ft) June 1993 (1)
123.258°E

15 December 1951 8.272°S

Lewotolo stratovolcano 1,423 metres (4,669 ft)
(2) 123.505°E

Ililabalekan stratovolcano 1,018 metres (3,340 ft) unknown 8.55°S 123.38°E

complex
Iliwerung 1,018 metres (3,340 ft) 22 May 1999 (0) 8.53°S 123.57°E
volcano

Batu Tara stratovolcano 748 metres (2,454 ft) 1847 (2)

7.792°S
 123.579°E

complex
Sirung 862 metres (2,828 ft) 1970 (2) 8.508°S 124.13°E
volcano

−3,800 metres
Yersey submarine unknown 7.53°S 123.95°E
(−12,467.2 ft)

Banda Sea

The Banda Sea in the south of the Molucca archipelago includes a small group of islands.
Three major tectonic plates beneath the sea, Eurasian, Pacific and Indo-Australian plates,
have been converging since the Mesozoic epoch.[21] Volcanoes in the Banda Sea are mainly
islands, but some are submarine volcanoes.

Name Shape Elevation Last eruption (VEI) Geolocation

Emperor of −2,850 metres

submarine unknown 6.62°S 124.22°E
China (−9,350.4 ft)

−2,285 metres
Nieuwerkerk submarine unknown 6.60°S 124.675°E
(−7,496.7 ft)

Gunungapi
stratovolcano 282 metres (925 ft) 1699 (3) 6.642°S 126.65°E
Wetar

7.125°S
Wurlali stratovolcano 868 metres (2,848 ft) 3 June 1892 (2)
128.675°E

Teon stratovolcano 655 metres (2,149 ft) 3 June 1904 (2) 6.92°S 129.125°E

Nila stratovolcano 781 metres (2,562 ft) 7 May 1968 (1) 6.73°S 129.50°E

18 September 1921
Serua stratovolcano 641 metres (2,103 ft) 6.30°S 130.00°E
(2)

Manuk stratovolcano 282 metres (925 ft) unknown 5.53°S 130.292°E

4.525°S
Banda Api caldera 640 metres (2,100 ft) 9 May 1988 (3)
129.871°E
Sulawesi and Sangihe Islands

Four peninsulas dominate the shape of Sulawesi island (formerly known as Celebes). The
central part is high mountaineous area, but mostly non-volcanic. Active volcanoes are found
in the northern peninsula and continuously stretches to the north to Sangihe Islands. The
Sangihe Islands marks the border with Philippines.

Last eruption
Name Shape Elevation Geolocation
(VEI)

0.17°S
Colo stratovolcano 507 metres (1,663 ft) 18 July 1983 (4)
121.608°E

complex
Ambang 1,795 metres (5,889 ft) 1845 ± 5 years 0.75°N 124.42°E
volcano

1.108°N
Soputan stratovolcano 1,784 metres (5,853 ft) 24–30 October 2007
124.73°E

1.13°N
Sempu caldera 1,549 metres (5,082 ft) unknown
124.758°E

Tondano caldera 1,202 metres (3,944 ft) unknown 1.23°N 124.83°E

Lokon- 1.358°N
stratovolcano 1,580 metres (5,180 ft) 15 July 2011
Empung 124.792°E

16 November 1977 1.358°N

Mahawu stratovolcano 1,324 metres (4,344 ft)
(0) 124.858°E

Klabat stratovolcano 1,995 metres (6,545 ft) unknown 1.47°N 125.03°E

Tongkoko stratovolcano 1,149 metres (3,770 ft) 1880 (1) 1.52°N 125.20°E

25 September 2002
Ruang stratovolcano 725 metres (2,379 ft) 2.30°N 125.37°E
(4)

Karangetang stratovolcano 1,784 metres (5,853 ft) August 2007 2.78°N 125.40°E

3.138°N
Banua Wuhu submarine −5 metres (−16.4 ft) 18 July 1919 (3)
125.491°E

Awu stratovolcano 1,320 metres (4,330 ft) 2 June 2004 (2) 3.67°N 125.50°E

Submarine −5,000 metres

submarine unknown 3.97°N 125.17°E
1922 (−16,404.2 ft)
Halmahera

Halmahera island in the north of Molucca archipelago has been formed by the movement of
three tectonic plates resulting in two intersecting mountain ranges, which form four rocky
peninsulas separated by three deep bays. A volcanic arc stretches from north to south in the
west side of Halmahera, some of which are volcanic islands, for instance, Gamalama and
Tidore. Gamalama's island name is Ternate and it has been the center for spice trading since
the Portuguese Empire opened a fort in 1512. Due to its location as the center for spice
trading during the Age of Discovery, historical records of volcanic eruptions in Halmahera
have been available as far back as the early 16th century.

Name Shape Elevation Last eruption (VEI) Geolocation

Tarakan pyroclastic cone 318 metres (1,043 ft) unknown 1.83°N 127.83°E

Dukono complex volcano 1,335 metres (4,380 ft) 13 August 1933 (3) 1.68°N 127.88°E

Tobaru unknown 1,035 metres (3,396 ft) unknown 1.63°N 127.67°E

Ibu stratovolcano 1,325 metres (4,347 ft) May 2005 (0) 1.488°N 127.63°E

Gamkonora stratovolcano 1,635 metres (5,364 ft) 9 July 2007 (?) 1.38°N 127.53°E

Todoko-Ranu caldera 979 metres (3,212 ft) unknown 1.25°N 127.47°E

Jailolo stratovolcano 1,130 metres (3,710 ft) unknown 1.08°N 127.42°E

Hiri stratovolcano 630 metres (2,070 ft) unknown 0.90°N 127.32°E

Gamalama stratovolcano 1,715 metres (5,627 ft) 31 July 2003 (2) 0.80°N 127.33°E

Tidore stratovolcano 1,730 metres (5,680 ft) unknown 0.658°N 127.40°E

Mare stratovolcano 308 metres (1,010 ft) unknown 0.57°N 127.40°E

Moti stratovolcano 950 metres (3,120 ft) unknown 0.45°N 127.40°E

Makian stratovolcano 1,357 metres (4,452 ft) 29 July 1988 (3) 0.32°N 127.40°E

Tigalalu stratovolcano 422 metres (1,385 ft) unknown 0.07°N 127.42°E

Amasing stratovolcano 1,030 metres (3,380 ft) unknown 0.53°S 127.48°E

Bibinoi stratovolcano 900 metres (3,000 ft) unknown 0.77°S 127.72°E

Major eruptions
Below is a list of selected major eruptions of volcanoes in Indonesia, sorted chronologically
by the starting date of the eruption. Only eruptions with scale 3 or above on VEI are given
with known sources and fatalities, except if smaller scale eruptions resulted some fatalities.

Eruption Cessation VE Tsunam Tephra Source

Volcano Characteristics Fatality
date date I i volume s

3 8
[5]
Novembe Merapi November 4 cv,pf,ld,lm no N/A 138
r 2010 2010

10
March cv,cl,pf,ph,ld,l [26]
February Kelut 4 no 0.13 km³ 35
1990 m
1990

18 July December [26]

Colo 4 cv,pf,ph no N/A 0
1983 1983

5 April Galunggun 8 January [27][28]

4 cv,pf,lf,lm no 0.37 km³ + 68
1982 g 1983

6 October March [5]

Merapi 2 cv,pf,lf,ld,lm no 0.021 km³ 29
1972 1985

26 April 27 April [26]

Kelut 4 cv,cl,pf,lm no 0.089 km³ 212
1966 1966

27
17 March [29]
Agung January 5 cv,pf,lf,lm no 1 km³ 1,148
1963
1964

31 August 31 August [26]

Kelut 4 cv,cl,pf,lm no 0.2 km³ 7
1951 1951

25
Septembe [5]
Novembe Merapi 3 cv,rf,pf,lf,ld,lm no 0.0017 km³ 1,369
r 1931
r 1930

19 May 20 May [26]

Kelut 4 cv,cl,pf,lm no 0.19 km³ 5,110
1919 1919

7 June 12 June [30]

Awu 3 cv,pf,lm yes N/A 1,532
1892 1892

26 August February cv,se,pf,fa,lm,c [1][29][31]

Krakatau 6 15–42 m 5–8.5 km³ 36,600
1883 1884 c
Eruption Cessation VE Tsunam Tephra Source
Volcano Characteristics Fatality
date date I i volume s

15 April 21 April [5]

Merapi 4 cv,pf no 0.33 km³ 200
1872 1872

2 March 17 March 0.51±0.50 km [30]

Awu 3 cv,pf,lm yes 2,806
1856 1856 ³

8 October Galunggun December [26]

5 cv,pf,ld,lm no 1 km³ + 4,011
1822 g 1822

10 April Mount 15 July [3][32]

7 cv,pf,cc 1–2 m 160 km³ 71,000+
1815 Tambora 1815

6 August 8 August 0.55±0.50 km [30]

Awu 4 cv,pf,lm no 963
1812 1812 ³

12 August 12 August [33]

Papandayan 3 cv,ph no N/A 2,957
1772 1772

4 August [5]
Merapi unknown 3 cv,pf,lm no N/A 3,000
1672

[26]
1586 Kelut unknown 5 cf,cl,lm no 1 km³ + 10,000

near
extinction
≈ 74,000 of [2]
Toba unknown 8 pf,lf,cc likely 2,800 km³
BP human
populatio
n