ECTE324/8324 Power Engineering 1

Week 1
Dr Ashish Agalgaonkar
Phone: 4221 3400 Room: 35-G28

Introduction to ECTE324/8324 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
ECTE324/8324 Subject Info . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
ECTE324/8324 Subject Info . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
ECTE324/8324 Subject Info . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
ECTE324/8324 Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Course Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Energy Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Electric Power Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Electric Power Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Size of the Power System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
ECTE324/8324 Topic 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Electric Energy Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Electric Energy Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Electric Energy Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Electric Energy Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Electric Energy Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Electric Energy Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Electric Energy Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Electric Energy Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Electric Energy Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
The Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
The Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
The Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
The Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

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 Introduction to ECTE324/8324
• Fundamentals of the generation, transmission, distribution and utilisation of electrical power.
Through these topics it is expected you will come to understand how equipment and the power
system interact and the possibilities of damage or malfunction.

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ECTE324/8324 Subject Info

• Lecturers:
◦ Ashish Agalgaonkar (ashish@uow.edu.au) - Coordinator Ph.: 4221 3400
◦ Sarath Perera (sarath@uow.edu.au) Ph.: 4221 3405
• Textbook:
◦ M. A. El-Sharkawi, ‘Electric Energy: An Introduction’, 3rd Edition, CRC Press.
• References:
◦ T. Wildi, ‘Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems’ 5th or 6th Edition, Prentice Hall.
◦ J. L. Kirtley, ‘Electric Power Principles: Sources, Conversion, Distribution and Use’ Wiley.
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 ECTE324/8324 Subject Info
• Tutorial:- Duration: 1 hour; Commences in Week 1; Laboratory:- Duration: 3 hours; Commences
in Week 4 (every fortnight)
• Lab Supervisors:
◦ Higher degree research students working in the area of power and energy
• Assessment:
◦ Final exam 60%.
◦ Mid-session exams 20%, held in Weeks 7 and 13 during lecture hours.
◦ Practicals - Logbook 10%.
◦ Practicals - Performance 5%.
◦ Practical Quizzes 5%.
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ECTE324/8324 Subject Info

• SOLS emails will be used to distribute course related messages.
• Lecture notes:
◦ Course notes will be provided using the Moodle site
◦ In the lecture slides, you will find empty boxes designed for sample questions that we will
complete during the lecture
• Tutorial questions will be distributed via Moodle. Please try to answer the questions before the
tutorial class.
• If you are not enrolled in a laboratory or tutorial class, please do so as soon as possible.
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 ECTE324/8324 Laboratory
• All labs will be held in Room No. 223, Building 6 (SMART Facility).
• All students are required to bring an own logbook for the lab classes.
• Please note only a soft copy of the Lab Workbook will be provided on the Moodle site for reference.
• All the logbooks will be retained by the demonstrators at the end of the last lab class.
• All students must carefully prepare for each experiment.

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Course Summary
• Electric Energy Systems Overview
• AC Power Calculations
• Power System Components and Calculations
• Distribution System Operation and Control
• Customer Installations
• Generalised Overview of Machines
• Introduction to Power Electronics
• Renewable Energy Sources
• Power Quality and Reliability

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 Energy
Energy measured in Joules (J)
• For example; drop 1 kg on foot from 1 m is about 10 J.
• Energy stored in a 3000 µF capacitor at 12 V is 1/5 J.
• Energy stored in 40 A-hr car battery is:
12×40×3600 = 2 MJ.
• Petrol has about 20 MJ/litre.
Our (western) society consumes roughly (for each human being) 70 MJ every hour.

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Power
Power is the rate of flow of energy in J/s or Watts.
• 70 MJ every hour = 70×106 /3600 = 20 kW continuously (about 2 kW of this is electrical in the
home)
• A large electric locomotive puts out 3.5 MW or 350,000, 1 kg weights dropped per second.

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 Energy Efficiency

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Electric Power Engineering

1. How to get energy from a source into electrical form.
2. Transmit it to the place where we want to use it.
3. Convert it into its final desired form.
4. Control it to achieve an efficient, accurate and fast-responding process.

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 Electric Power Flow

4
control

1
2
3
transmission conversion
energy conversion
to place of to desired process
source to electrical
use form

power station electricity supplier customer load

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Size of the Power System

• Interconnected: many power stations and customer loads all interconnected by a complex
transmission system – e.g. Australian East Coast or Western Australian
• Small: one power station connected to many nearby loads e.g. remote township with diesel engine
power stations
• Individual: one load supplied by its own energy source e.g. diesel-electric locomotives, electric
ships, remote homesteads, car electrical system

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 ECTE324/8324 Topic 1
Electric Energy Systems Overview
• The topics to be discussed will cover the following areas:
◦ Energy
◦ Electric energy transmission
◦ Electricity generation
◦ Electricity supply industry

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Energy
Energy Usage:
• Residential (heating, cooking, entertainment)
• Commercial (lighting, air-conditioning, communication)
• Industrial (railway, crane, mining, production line)
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 Energy
Load Classification
• Mechanical: compressor (air conditioning), pump, fan, hoisting, traction, manufacturing (conveying,
machine tools, assembling, finishing, testing, packaging), appliances (washing machine, kitchen
blender, razor)
• Heating: welding, cooking, space heating, hot water, process heating
• Lighting: incandescent, fluorescent, CFL, LED
• Electrochemical: electrolysis, electroplating, smelting
• Electronic power supplies; Computers, TV, monitors

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Energy
Energy Sources
• Fossil fuel (coal, oil, natural gas)
• Nuclear
• Renewables (river flow, solar, wind, ...)

Resources to generate electricity (BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2008)

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 Energy
Energy Conversion and Converters
• Electric motor: electrical → mechanical
• Diesel-electric locomotive: chemical → mechanical → electrical → mechanical
• Coal-fired power station: chemical → heat → mechanical → electrical
Energy source need not be the same type as its ultimate use.

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Electric Energy Transmission

• Function of an energy distribution system.
• Source (generator), transmission, load (where power is consumed).

conversion conversion
energy1 from 1 to 2 energy2 from 2 to 3 energy3
source transmission usage

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 Electric Energy Transmission
• Energy transmission systems:
◦ Gas pipeline
◦ Mechanical shaft
◦ Electrical power line
• Electric energy is most versatile:
◦ Easy to convert from any form to electric
◦ Easy to transmit electricity; small transmission corridor
◦ Easy to convert from electric to any form, e.g. heat, light, mechanical with high efficiency
◦ Clean, small, quiet conversion units

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Electric Energy Transmission

• Hence the most flexible energy transmission system:

energy conversion to electrical conversion from energy

energy
source electricity transmission electricity source
usage

• Components of an electric energy system include:

◦ Power station generators
◦ Transmission and distribution lines
◦ Substations with transformers and circuit breakers
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 Electric Energy Transmission

generation transmission distribution

500 kV

11 kV & 415 V
22 kV

power step-up substation load

station transformer

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Electric Energy Transmission

• Generation
◦ Generators used in power plants will be a synchronous machine.
◦ The magnetic field circuit is on the rotor (spinning part).
◦ The stator (stationary part) has winding wrapped around the core and encases the rotor.
◦ The relative speed between the rotor and the stator induces a voltage in the stator windings
(Faraday’s Law)
• Output voltage of a generator is typically 5–22 kV; not high enough for transmission.
• Transformers are used to increase the voltage for transmission purposes.
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 Electric Energy Transmission
• Voltage Levels
◦ Electric energy systems consist of layers of different power and voltage levels for effective
transmission, distribution and utilisation.

power 500 kV 132 kV 11 kV 400 V

load
station 500 MW, 100 MW, 25 MW, 100 kW,
200 km 50 km 10 km 1 km

substation

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Electric Energy Transmission

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 Electric Energy Transmission
• There is a need for different voltage levels.
√
• It can be shown that: V ≈ k Pl
• If P is in MW and l in km then k is about 1.5
• V is the line-to-line voltage; more as we progress.
• Proof:
◦ Suppose R = k1 l
P
◦ For a given power, P , I = and Ploss = I 2 R
V
P2
◦ That is, Ploss = k1 l
V2
P2 P lk1
◦ If losses are to be kept at a fraction k2 of the transmitted power, 2 k1 l = k2 P and =V2
√ V k2
◦ giving V ∝ P l as required.
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Electric Energy Transmission

It is required to transmit 660 MW (output of a modern generator) over 75 km. Estimate the voltage
which would be used.

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 The Smart Grid
• This term keeps on cropping up in various publications; technical and non-technical.
• “The Smart Grid involves the use of communications and computing technology to transmit and
distribute energy more efficiently.” (Source: Leonardo Energy)
• Important functions that are part of such a system include (but are not limited to):
• Reconfiguration • Restoration
• Power Quality • Fault Analysis
• Such functionality is particularly important with the introduction of distributed generation.

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The Smart Grid

The Traditional Grid
Limited cross-border Large generating stations
interconnections

Centralised control Technically optimised

for regional power adequacy

Technology approaching Differing regulatory and

an age of one century commercial frameworks

Source: European Commission on Smart Grid, EUR22040 report

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 The Smart Grid

User specified quality, Coordinated, local energy

security and reliability management and full
of supply for the digital age integration of DG and RES with
large-scale central power
generation

Flexible, optimal Extensive small,

and strategic grid Grids of Tomorrow distributed generation
expansion, maintenance connected close to end
and operation customers

Harmonised legal
Flexible DSM and frameworks facilitating
customer-driven value cross-border trading of
added services power and grid services

Source: European Commission on Smart Grid, EUR22040 report

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The Smart Grid

Source: European
Commission on Smart Grid, EUR22040 report

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