Reinforced Concrete Deck Example to Eurocodes

Reinforced Concrete Deck Design to EN 1992-2 & UK National Annex

Problem:
Design a simply supported reinforced concrete deck slab using a unit strip method. The
deck carries a 100mm depth of surfacing, together with a traffic load (LM1) udl of 5.5
kN/m2 and tandem axle load of 100kN (300kN/3m lane width). The deck should also be
designed to carry the SV80 model vehicle. The span of the deck is 12.0m centre to
centre of bearings.

γconc. = 25kN/m3
SV80 model vehicle also to be considered.
Use C32/40 concrete to BS 8500.
Use Grade B500B reinforcement to BS 4449.
A Solution:

EN 1992-1-1 Table 4.1 gives the Exposure Class XD1 as suitable for deck soffits.
NA to BS EN 1992-1-1 clause 4.4.1.2(5) says values of cmin,dur shall be taken from BS
8500-1

BS 8500-1 Table A.5

Nominal cover for C32/40 concrete = c nom = cmin,dur + Δcdev = 45 + Δcdev with
maximum water-cement ratio = 0.55 and minimum cement content of 320 kg/m 3
Fixing tolerence for reinforcement Δcdev = 15mm for insitu concrete
∴ Nominal cover cnom = 45 + 15 = 60mm

Loading

Design for a 1 metre width of deck (unit strip)

Note: The loading has been simplified to demonstrate the method of designing the slab
(See BS EN 1991-1-1 to 1991-1-7, 1991-2 and National Annex for full design loading.)

EN 1991-1-1 Annex A
Permanent Actions (Gk):
deck slab = 25 × 0.65 × 1.0 = 16.3 kN/m
NA Table NA.1 cl. 5.2.3(3)
It will be assumed that the depth of surfacing could vary considerably as a result of
future resurfacing. Clause 5.2.3(3) makes an allowance of up to 55% additional weight.
 surfacing = 1.55 × 24 × 0.1 × 1.0 = 3.7 kN/m

EN 1991-2
Table 4.2
Variable Actions (Qk):
Traffic Load Model 1 (Q1k = 1 & q1k = 0.61)
= 5.5 kN/m(udl) + 2 × (300kN/3m) axles @ 1.2m centres.
NA Fig NA.1
Traffic Load Model 3 (SV80)
= 6 × (130kN/3m) axles @ 1.2m c/c
NA Cl. 2.16.3
DAF for 130kN axle = 1.16 ∴ axle load = 1.16×130/3 = 50.3kN

Combination of Actions
a) Ultimate Limit State : EN 1990 clause 6.4.3.2 requires one combination of actions to
be considered for the "STR" limit state:
Eqn 6.10
Ed = E(ΣγGjGkj + γpP + γQ,1Qk,1 + ΣγQ,iΨ0,iQk,i)
Table NA.A.2.4
Group of Loads
γsup
γinf
Ψ0
Dead Load
1.35
0.95
-
Superimposed Dead Load
1.20
0.95
-
Temperature Difference
1.55
0
0†
Traffic Groups
1.35
0
N/A‡
Key:
†
EN 1990 Table A.2.1 Note 3 says the value of Ψ0 of 0.6 may be reduced to 0 when
considering ULS.
‡
Traffic loads are the leading action

b) Serviceability Limit State : EN 1990 clause 6.5.3 requires three combinations of

actions to be considered for the serviceability limit state:
 i. Characteristic combination Ed = E(ΣGkj + P + Qk,1 + ΣΨ0,iQk,i) for limiting
stresses
ii. Frequent combination Ed = E(ΣGkj + P + Ψ1,1Qk,1 + ΣΨ2,iQk,i)
iii. Quasi-permanent combination Ed = E(ΣGkj + P + ΣΨ2,iQk,i) for crack control

Table NA.A.2.1
Action
Ψ0
Ψ1
Ψ2
Traffic load group gr1a
0.75
0.75
0
Traffic load group gr5
0
0
0
Thermal
0.6
0.6
0.5

Temperature Difference Effects

Apply temperature differences given in EN 1991-1-5 Figure 6.2c(Type 3a) to a 1m wide
deck section.
EN 1991-1-5 Table C.1 - Coefficient of thermal expansion = 10 × 10-6 per °C.
CIRIA Report C660 ("Early-age thermal crack control in concrete") suggests that a
value of 10 × 10-6per °C is unsuitable for some of the concrete aggregates used in the
UK and suggest a value of 12 × 10-6 per °C should be used if the type of aggregate has
not been specified.
∴ use 12 × 10-6 per °C
From EN 1992-1-1 Table 3.1 :
fck = 32 → fcm = fck +8 = 40 → Ecm = 22[(fcm) / 10]0.3 = 22 × 40.3 = 33.35 kN/mm2
Hence restrained temperature stresses per °C = 33.35 × 10 3 × 12 × 10-6 = 0.4 N/mm2
Interpolating values of ΔT from EN 1991-1-5 Table B.3 for a 0.65m depth of slab with
100mm surfacing we get:
Section Properties
Area = 1000 × 650 = 0.65 × 106 mm2
Second Moment of Area = 1000 × 6503 / 12 = 22.9 × 109 mm4

a) Heating temperature difference

Force F to restrain temperature strain :
0.4 × 103 × [ 150 × ( 3.0 + 5.05 ) + (195 × 1.5) + (195 × 1.05)] × 10-3 = 683 kN
Moment M about centroid of section to restrain curvature due to temperature strain :
0.4 × 103 × [150 × (3.0 × 250 + 5.05 × 275) + 175 × (0.3 × 87.5 + 1.35 × 116.7) - (20 × 0.15
× 6.7) - (195 × 1.05 × 260)] × 10-6 = 119.9kNm

b) Cooling temperature difference

Force F to restrain temperature strain :
- 0.4 × 103 × [ 130 × ( 1.8 + 2.5 + 1.5 + 1.9 ) + 163 × ( 0.9 + 0.75 )] × 10-3 = - 508 kN
Moment M about centroid of section to restrain curvature due to temperature strain :
- 0.4 × 103 × [130 × ( 1.8 × 260 + 2.5 × 282 - 1.5 × 260 - 1.9 × 282 ) +
163 × ( 0.9 × 141 - 0.75 × 141 )] × 10-6 = -14.3kNm

Note:
1) Sign convention is compressive stresses are positive.
2) The deck is simply supported and allowed to expand and contract freely. Therefore
there will be no secondary stresses due to the curvature and axial strain in the deck.

Dead + Superimposed Dead Loading (per metre width of deck)

SLS = Serviceability Limit State
ULS = Ultimate Limit State
Design SLS moment = ∑Gkj = (16.3 + 3.7) × 122 / 8 = 360 kNm
Design ULS moment = ∑(γGjGkj) = [(1.35 × 16.3) + (1.2 × 3.7)] × 122 / 8] = 476 kNm

Variable Actions (per metre width of deck)

Traffic Group gr1a

Footway loading will not affect the unit strip loading.

Moment at leading axle = 5.5 × (6 × 6.3 - 6.32/2) + 100 × 5.7 × (6.3 + 5.1) / 12 = 640 kNm
Design SLS moment characteristic combination = Qk1 = 640 kNm
Design ULS moment = γQ1Qk1 = 1.35 × 640 = 864 kNm

Traffic Group gr5

Model LM1 is positioned 5m clear of LM3 and will be off the deck.
Moment at X = 143.4 × 5.7 - 50.3 × (2.4 + 1.2) = 636kNm
Design SLS moment characteristic combination = Qk1 = 636 < 640 kNm
∴ gr1a governs
Design ULS moment = γQ1Qk1 = 1.35 × 636 = 859 < 864 kNm
∴ gr1a governs

Combinations of Actions
a) Ultimate Limit State
Ed = E(ΣγGjGkj + γpP + γQ,1Qk,1 + ΣγQ,iΨ0,iQk,i)
Design ULS mid span moment = 476 + 0 + 864 + 0 = 1340 kNm

b) Serviceability Limit State

Characteristic Combination
Ed = E(ΣGkj + P + Qk,1 + ΣΨ0,iQk,i)
Design SLS mid span moment:
= 360 + 0 + 640 + 0.6 × (differential temperature effects)
= 1000 kNm + 0.6 × (differential temperature effects)

Quasi-permanent Combination
Ed = E(ΣGkj + P + ΣΨ2,iQk,i)
Design SLS mid span moment = 360 + 0 + 0 = 360 kNm