348 Design ofSteel Structures

Table 5.7 Strength 01 Bolts in Clearance Holes

Bolt grade 4.6 Bolts grade 8.8 Other grades of bolts

N/mm 2 Nlmm' N/mm 2
Shear strength vnsb 185 370 /./( J3 X 1.25)
Bearing strength vnpb 400 800 2.5k,f. 11.25"
Tension strength lnb 272 576 0.9fwll.25 but not grea.
ter than fyb(1.251 1.1)
*assuming kb = 0.5.

Table 5.S Bearing Strength vnppolConnected Parts lor Ordinary Bolts in Clearance
1 Holes in N/mm'
1--------------------------------------------____
Grade 410 Grade 540 Grade 570 Other grades
__
820 540 570 2.5kdj1.25

Table 5.9 Design CapacityolOrdinary Bolts Based on NetTensileArea (Grade 4.6)

Bolt size, Tensile stress Tens.ion capacity, Single shear Minimum thickness of
d(mm) area T,(IiN) tnb ~ 272 capacity, V,b(kN) ply for bolt bearing
(mm') MPa v"", ~ 185 MPa vnpb~ 400 MP.
'bb= te> mm
(12) 84.3 23.9 15.6 3.2
16 157 42.7 29.0 4.5
20 245 66.6 45.3 5.6
(22) 303 82.9 56.0 6.3
24 353 96.0 65.3 6.8
(27) 459 124.8 84.9 7.8
30 561 152.5 103.8 8.6
36 817 222.2 151.1 10.5
V,b ~ A""v"",; Tb ~ Anbt",,; tbl> ~ V..,.!(dv npb ); Sizes in brackets are not preferred

5.4.4 Prying Forces

Moment resisting beam-to-column connections often contain regions in which !he

bolts will be required to transfer load by direct tension, such as the upper boilS in
the end plate connection as shown in Fig. 5.15. In the design of such connections,
we should consider an additional force induced in the bolts as a result of so-called
'prying action' (Douty & McGuire 1965, Agerskov 1979, Holmes & Martin 1983
Subramanian 1984). These additional prying forces induced in the bolts are mainly
due to the flexibility of connected plates (see Fig. 5.16). Thus, in a simple
connection as shown in Fig. 5.16, the prying force will develop only when
ends of the flanges are in contact due to the external load, as shown in
5.16(b) and (c). The plastic hinges do not always form before bolt failure.
development of prying force as the external load is raised from zero to
in a T-stub connection as shown in Fig. 5.17.
Several researchers have studied this problem and proposed equations to
the prying force developed in the bolt (Astanesh 1985; Kulak et al. 1987;