Chapter 1

The Problem

Introduction

The formation of organized farming became the very reason for the settlement of

people in places conducive for plant cultivation. Subsequently, human population

increased geometrically while crop production increased arithmetically. Thus, there is a

challenge to support the population since crops are continually been affected by pests

and diseases. Even today with advances in agricultural sciences, losses due to pests

and diseases range from 10-90%, with an average of 35 to 40%, for all potential food and

fiber crops1. The need for measures to control and manage the problem has been highly

required for survival. Owing solely from curiosity and innate resourcefulness, humans

since time immemorial were ingenious enough to devise ways and produce products that

became helpful in their daily lives. One of such products made particularly for pest control

has been in use by humans about 4500 years ago by Sumerians who used Sulphur

compounds to control insects and mites. Writings from ancient Greece and Rome show

that religion, folk magic and the use of what may be termed chemical methods were tried

for the control of plant diseases, weeds, insects and animal pests. As there was no

chemical industry, any products used had to be either of plant or animal derivation or, if

of mineral nature, easily obtainable or available. Pyrethrum, which is derived from the

dried flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium “Pyrethrum daisies”, has been used as

an insecticide for over 2000 years. Persians used the powder to protect stored grain and

later, Crusaders brought information back to Europe that dried round daisies controlled

head lice7. Many inorganic chemicals have been used since ancient times as pesticides,

1
Bordeaux Mixture, based on copper sulphate and lime, is still used against various fungal

diseases2.

The growth in synthetic pesticides accelerated in the 1940s with the discovery of

the effects of DDT, BHC, Aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, chlordane, parathion, captan and 2,4-D.

These products were effective and inexpensive with DDT being the most popular,

because of its broad-spectrum activity. However, in 1946 resistance to DDT by house

flies was reported and, because of its widespread use, there were reports of harm to non-

target plants and animals and problems with residues3. Throughout most of the 1950s,

consumers and most policy makers were not overly concerned about the potential health

risks in using pesticides. Food was cheaper because of the new chemical formulations

and with the new pesticides there were no documented cases of people dying or being

seriously hurt by their "normal" use4. There were some cases of harm from misuse of the

chemicals. But the new pesticides seemed rather safe, especially compared to the forms

of arsenic that had killed people in the 1920s and 1930s5. However, problems could arise

through the indiscriminate use and in 1962 these were highlighted by Rachel Carson in

her book Silent Spring6. This brought home the problems that could be associated with

indiscriminate use of pesticides and paved the way for safer and more environmentally

friendly products.

The call for sustainable use of products extracted from natural materials and not

from what has been synthesized in the laboratory became very evident until this decade.

Over the last few decades, there has been increasing focus on plant derived products to

fight and reduce losses caused by agricultural pests and diseases. There is a pressing

need for the popularization of such products that would allow for effective control if not

2
total eradication of pests at the same time can preserve the integrity of the ecosystem

especially the organisms that will be directly exposed to the pesticides to be used.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency defines pesticides as: “Any substance

or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, regulating, or

controlling pests.” In other words, pesticides are the chemicals, synthetically or naturally

obtained, that we use to kill organisms which feed or destroy our valued crops for food

consumption or ornamentals for aesthetic purposes. In a natural ecosystem, there are

actually no organisms referred to as “pests” for the reason that they are not affecting

production that is significant for food or product supply. We actually denote the term pests

to those organisms that affect production particularly on man-made or man-altered

ecosystems like orchards, gardens, and vineyards. The term pesticide covers a wide

range of compounds including insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides,

molluscicides, nematicides, plant growth regulators and others.

Plants are composed of chemical substances of which some are not directly

beneficial to the growth and development of the organism. These secondary compounds

have been regarded as part of the plant’s defense mechanism against plant feeding

insects and other herbivores. These compounds have different properties such as

attractants, ovicides, insecticides, and anti-feedants. Therefore, searching for new

alternative control methods using plants with pesticidal properties can be exploited either

as powder or as crude extract in water or other organic solvents. The challenge is to

develop a formulation and application method that can be implemented on a commercial

scale that is effective, reliable, consistent and economically feasible. Natural pesticides

have many advantages over synthetic ones and may be more cost-effective as a whole,

3
considering the environmental cost of chemical alternatives. Natural pesticides are

biodegradable, barely leave residues in the soil and are less likely to harm humans or

animals. In addition, they are cheaper and more accessible in less developed countries.

The researchers aim to develop environmentally safe plant-based protection products

having no considerable threat to humans i.e. toxicity that would be available for low-

resource farmers.

This study focuses on the garden infestation of small sucking insects commonly

called aphids. Hence, the end product will be an insecticide. Numerous species inhabit

vegetable gardens. Aphids become a problem when a species finds exactly the plant they

desire and/or biological control is not present.

From the readings of the researchers, they have found out two effective plant

extracts that would kill aphids but not stated at what concentration levels the preparation

can be helpful enough not to cause damage to the plant parts infected by the aphids like

the leaves. These plants are the Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) and Chili pepper

(Capsicum frutescens). Capsicum frutescens has been shown to have insecticidal

properties7. Kakawate (G. sepium Leguminosae), is popularly known to farmers for its

nutrient composition and pesticidal property8.

Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of Kakawate leaves

(Gliricidia sepium) and Chili Fruits and seeds (Capsicum frutescens) extracts as pesticide

for common garden aphids. This study will specifically answer the following question:

4
 • a) What is the concentration level (treatment) of Kakawate leaves extracts and

Chili Fruits and seeds extracts that is most effective in killing aphids?

• b) What is the mortality percentage after the formulation has been subjected to

the aphid’s experimental set-up after 60 minutes?

• c) What is the concentration level (treatment) of Kakawate leaves extracts and

Chili Fruits and seeds extracts which can effectively kill aphids but will not wither

the leaves of the plant treated with the pesticide?

Scope and Delimitation

This study will be focusing on the determination of the concentration of the

Kakawate leaves extract and the Chili Fruits and seeds extract effective in expecting a

mortality rate of at least 50% of the aphids’ experimental set-up. The present study will

not test the effectivity of the formulation to other pests in the garden. The pesticides will

be tested on plants to determine if the formulation can be tolerated by plants especially

the leaves which will be in contact with the pesticide.

Significance of the Study

The pressing concern over the degradation of natural ecosystems because of the

use of synthetic pesticides greatly influence the conduct of this study. The researchers

would like to develop a means to control pests in terms of chemical formulation derived

from plants which can be beneficial to the environment because it will not be a threat to

5
the plants which are affected by aphids. The soil nature and characteristics will not be

altered since the non-utilization of synthetic pesticides will not make the soil acidic or

basic.

The plant formulation of the pesticide will be beneficial to gardeners and farming

enthusiasts who find it very difficult to determine the right substance to solve the aphids’

infestation in their gardens. They will also know the correct concentration and the mode

of preparation which will be more effective or potent to kill aphids. The study will also be

beneficial to school gardens since the cost of the pesticide will be minimal compared to

the commercially available synthetic pesticides.

This study will be beneficial to the researchers since they are involved in the care

and maintenance of the BUCE Science ECO-Botanical Garden which plants can be

affected by aphids. The valuable information to be derived from this study can greatly

improve the way members control pests and maintain the over-all of the garden. The

conduct of this study at the same time, the development of an environmentally safe plant-

based protection product can be of great help in their advocacy campaign as first -hand

experience in doing ecological practices.

This study can serve as a reference for future researchers interested also in

developing environmentally safe plant-based protection products having no human

toxicity that would be available for not only low-resource farmers but practically all people

who want to do ecological gardening. The methodology employed in this study can be the

best way that future researchers can directly benefit from this study.

6
 NOTES

1. Peshin, R. (2002) Economic Benefits of Pest Management; Encyclopedia of

Pest Management, pages 224-227, Pub. Marcel Dekker.

2. Smith, A.E. and Secoy, D.M. (1976) A Compendium of Inorganic Substances

Used in European Pest Control before 1850; Ag. Food Chem. 24 (6) 1180

3. Delaplane K.S., (2000), Pesticide Usage in the United States: History, Benefits,

Risks, and Trends; Bulletin 1121, Cooperative Extension Service, The

University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences

4. Wessels Living History Farm, York, Nebraska; Farming in the 1950s & 60s

Retrieved: July 16, 2016

http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/pests_08.html

5. Wessels Living History Farm, York, Nebraska; Farming in the 1930s

Retrieved: July 16, 2016

http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/pests_04.html

6. Rachel Carson (1962) Silent Spring, 40th Anniversary Edition, Houghton Mifflin

Harcourt, 2002 ISBN 0618249060, 9780618249060

7. Oni, M.O. (2009). Insecticidal activity of extracts from Fruitss of three local

cultivars of pepper (Capsicum species) on cowpea seed

beetle,(Callosobruchus maculatus[ Fabricius_] ) and maize weevil ( Sitophilus

zeamais (Motschulsky) ). P.hD Thesis, The Federal University of Technology,

Akure.105pp

7
8. Villegas-Pangga, G. (2010). Kakawate (Gliricidia Sepium, Leguminosae) As A

Soil Amendment and Biological Control Of Soil-Borne Pathogens: The

Philippines Experience. Acta Hortic. 883, 309-315 DOI:

10.17660/ActaHortic.2010.883.38

9. Ssekyewa C, Mwine TJ, Kalanzi F, Kudamba C (2008). Efficacy of Indigenous

botanicals in the management of cabbage pests in an organic farming systems.

Proc. Sci. Conf. ISOFAR, Modena pp. 234-236

8
 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents related literature and studies of the experimental research

Related Literature

Gliricidia sepium is a medium-sized leguminous tree which occurs in abundance

throughout its native range in Mesoamerica. Domestication of gliricidia has been in

progress for several millennia and the multitude of indigenous common names from

Mayan and Quiche peoples reveals the importance of this species to early occupants of

the region.1 Spanish colonists adapted the local vernacular in naming the species 'madre

de cacao' (mother of cocoa) to describe its use as a cocoa shade tree. The toxic

properties of the seeds and bark of G. sepium give rise to the generic epithet of this

species (Gliricidia = mouse killer) as well as a number of common names. Present day

uses of this species throughout the native range (e.g. firewood, living fences, shade,

construction and as an ornamental) are likely extensions of early utilization and

popularity.2

Gliricidia sepium has also been used extensively outside its native range in places

which include the Caribbean, the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka and West Africa. These

landrace populations are largely remnants of colonial introductions used to shade

plantation crops although more recently they have been integrated into indigenous

farming practices being used for fuelwood, living fences, animal forage, green manure

and soil stabilization. After Leucaena leucocephala, G. sepium is believed to be the most

9
widely cultivated multipurpose tree. In many cases, gliricidia will yield as much as or more

biomass than L. leucocephala.3

Gliricidia sepium is a small to medium-sized, thornless tree which usually attains a

height of 10-12 m. Branching is frequently from the base with basal diameters reaching

50-70 cm. The bark is smooth but can vary in color from whitish grey to deep red-brown.

The stem and branches are commonly flecked with small white lenticels. Trees display

spreading crowns. Leaves are odd pinnate, usually alternate, sub-opposite or opposite,

to approximately 30 cm long; leaflets 5-20, ovate or elliptic, 2-7 cm long, 1-3 cm wide.

Leaflet midrib and rachis are occasionally striped red. Inflorescences appear as clustered

racemes on distal parts on new and old wood, 5-15 cm long, flowers borne singly with 20-

40 per raceme. Flowers bright pink to lilac, tinged with white, usually with a diffuse pale

yellow spot at the base of the standard petal, calyx glabrous, green, often tinged red.

Standard petal round and nearly erect, approximately 20 mm long; keel petals 1520 mm

long, 4-7 mm wide. Fruits green sometimes tinged reddish-purple when unripe, light

yellow-brown when mature, narrow, 10-18 cm long, 2 cm wide, valves twisting in

dehiscence; seeds 4-10, yellow-brown to brown, nearly round.

Capsicum frutescens is a well-used tropical and subtropical medicinal plant. It is

known as Bird chilli in English and as Siling Labuyo in Filipino. It is cultivated as a

condiment crop. It is more woody and taller with small pod like berries and innumerable

small flat seeds. The crimson or orange red Fruits are elongate conical somewhat

flattened and very pungent. The pungent principles are present in the flesh rind and seeds

as well. Annual or short-lived perennial herbs; stems striate, glabrous or sparsely

10
pubescent with simple hairs on young growth. Leaves simple, alternate, ovate to broadly

lanceolate, 2.5-7 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide, margins entire, apex acute to acuminate, base

subcuneate, oblique, petioles narrowly winged above, 0.8-2 cm long. Flowers solitary in

the leaf axils and stem forks or more commonly 2-4 per axil, pedicels 1-2.5 cm long, stout

in Fruits, erect; calyx cupular, truncate, 3-4 mm long, the lobes minute; corolla greenish

white or greenish yellow, divided ca. 1/2 to base, the lobes triangular, ca. 1.5 cm in

diameter; stamens 5, inserted toward base of corolla tube; filaments ca. 1-2 mm long;

anthers bluish, oblong, opening by slits, 1.5-2 mm long; ovary 2-celled, ovate, 1.5-2 mm

long; style 1, erect, 3-4 mm long; stigma small, terminal. Berries erect, usually bright red,

rarely purple or yellow, pungent, ellipsoid-conical to lanceoloid, 10-20 mm long, 3-7 mm

in diameter. Seeds yellowish, flattened-lenticular, 3-4 mm long.4

Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects with long slender mouthparts that they use to

pierce stems, leaves, and other tender plant parts and suck out fluids. Almost every plant

has one or more aphid species that occasionally feed on it. Many aphid species are

difficult to distinguish from one another; however, management of most aphid species is

similar.

Aphids have soft pear-shaped bodies with long legs and antennae and may be green,

yellow, brown, red, or black depending on the species and the plants they feed on. A few

species appear waxy or woolly due to the secretion of a waxy white or gray substance

over their body surface. Most species have a pair of tube like structures called cornicles

projecting backward out of the hind end of their body. The presence of cornicles

distinguishes aphids from all other insects. Aphids fed by sucking sap from their host

plants. They produce a sugary waste product called honeydew, which is fed on by ants.

11
In turn, the ants provide the aphids with protection from natural enemies. Continued

feeding by aphids causes yellowing, wilting and stunting of plants.5 Severely infested

plants become covered with a mass of small sticky aphids (due to honeydew secretions),

which can eventually lead to leaf death and decay.6

Related Studies

Efficacy of ethanol extracts of Dennettia tripetala and Capsicum frutescens fruits

was investigated on Sitophilus zeamais by Mobolade Dele Akinbuluma, Mary Tejumade

Adepetun, and Emmanuel Oloruntoba Yeye at the Entomology Research Laboratory,

Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

under an ambient temperature of 27 ± 2⁰C and 65 ± 5% relative humidity. The plant

extracts at concentrations 10, 20 and 30 %v/v were applied against 50 g of maize grains.

Experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design in four replicates and

parameters assessed, including adult mortality. Results showed that the two plants had

varying degree of insecticidal activities but were both effective against the weevils. The

results obtained reveal that extracts from the two plants are effective in controlling S.

zeamais and could serve as an alternative to synthetic insecticides. 7

A laboratory experiment was carried out in the College of Agriculture, Animal

Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda by Habimana, Sylvestre &

Hakizayezu, Martin to study the biocide effect of insecticidal compounds namely

alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids; extracts from chilli (Capsicum frutescens) against the

adults of Brevicolyne brassicae, a cabbage aphid infesting cabbage plant (Brassica

oleracea L. var. capitata L.). These compounds were sprayed at rate of 0.5 ml of each

compound against 59.5 ml in ethanol at 1%, on cabbage plant at 6th leaf as growth stage,

12
cultivated in vegetation pots under nets to prevent either the mutual effect which could

occur within the treatments or the unwanted inoculation from other insects. Therefore, the

level of effectiveness of the compounds was evaluated with respect to control Brevicolyne

brassicae, a cabbage aphid infesting cabbage plant already inoculated. The results

showed that, alkaloids controlled 100% of the aphids: saponins and flavonoids had no

significant effect on aphids. Thus, application of alkaloids merits the replacement of

chemical insecticides used currently by farmers.8

A study by Tambalque, et. al in 2015 determined the effectiveness of Kakawate

leaves and Lemongrass extract as pesticide against cocolisap. Specially, the researchers

used the Kakawate leaves and Lemongrass extract as the main subject. In testing its

effectiveness, the researchers conducted an experiment. Five treatments were prepared

for experiment: T1(100% kakawate extract), T2(100% Lemongrass extract), T3(50%

kakawate& 50% Lemongrass extract), T4(Negative Control Water), T5(Positive Control

Baygon) and was observed for 12 to 24 hours. The study showed that among the

experimental groups the most effective treatment is T3(50% Kakawate& 50%

Lemongrass extract), followed by T1(100% Kakawate extract) and the least is T2(100%

Lemongrass). It was found out that the Kakawate leaves and Lemongrass extracts was

comparable to the commercial pesticide and can be used as a good and cheaper

pesticide.9

Based from the related studies presented, there have been researches made to

determine the efficacy of pesticides made individually (or with combination with other

plant based extracts) from Kakawate leaves and Chili fruits and seeds extracts but no

13
single study endeavored on the determination of efficacy of a pesticide against aphids

from the combination of Kakawate leaves and Chili fruits and seeds extracts.

14
 NOTES

1. Pertchik, B. and Pertchik, H. (1951) Flowering Trees of the Caribbean. Rhinehart

& Co., New York, 125 pp.

2. Rico-Gray, V., Chemas, A. and Mandujano, S. (1991) Uses of tropical deciduous

forest species by the Yucatan Maya. Agroforestry Systems 14, 149-161.

3. Stewart J.L., Dunsdon, A.J., Hellin, J.J. and Hughes, C.E. (1992) Wood Biomass

Estimation of Central American Dry Zone Species. Tropical Forestry Paper 26,

Oxford Forestry Institute, 83 pp.

4. Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering

plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication.

University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two

volumes).

5. Opfer P, Mcgmath D (2013). Oregon vegetables, cabbage aphid and green peach

aphid. Department of Horticulture. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. (2

October 2013)

6. Griffin RP, Williamson J (2012). Cabbage, Broccoli & Other Cole Crop Insect

Pests. HGIC 2203, Home & Garden Information Center. Clemson Cooperative

Extension. Clemson University, Clemson, SC. (2 October 2013)

7. Akinbuluma, Mobolade Dele, Adepetun, Mary Tejumade, & Yeye, Emmanuel

Oloruntoba (2015). Insecticidal Effects of Ethanol Extracts of Capsicum

Frutescens and Dennettia Tripetala against Sitophilus Zea mais Motschulsky on

Stored Maize. International Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry.

Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2015, PP 1-7

15
8. Habimana, Sylvestre & Hakizayezu, Martin (2014). Biocide effect of alkaloids,

saponins and flavonoids extracted from chilli against Brevicoryne brassicae,

cabbage aphids. Sky Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 3(11), pp. 234 - 239

9. Tambalque, Kim Z, Loren, Sydrick James A., Tenala, Shania A. & Lorete, Giela
Mae C. (2015). “Kakawate extract and Lemongrass extract as pesticide against

Cocolisap”

16
 Chapter 3

Research Design and Methodology

This chapter presents the research design, method and materials used in gathering and

analysis of the data in the experiment.

Research Design

In the conduct of this study, the researchers employed the experimental method

of research. The study aims to conduct an efficacy test of the Kakawate leaves and chili

Fruits and seeds extracts at varying concentration levels of the formulation. This study

also seeks to determine the effective concentration level effective to kill aphids at a high

mortality rate. There will be a total of five treatments to be used in the experiment. Three

replicates will be employed for each treatment respectively.

Research Procedure

A. Collection of Mature Aphids from affected plants

The mature aphids have been collected from affected plants in a garden. The aphids’

containers were labeled in terms of the time the aphids have been collected. Afterwards,

mature aphids had been counted and kept in a petri dish with fresh leaves labeled

Replicate 1-3. Each replicate contained 10 aphids totaling 30 aphids for each

treatment/concentration level. All in all, there had been 150 aphids for the research.

B. Gathering of Kakawate Leaves and Chili Fruits and Seeds

Kakawate leaves have been gathered from a healthy tree early in the morning at

Camalig, Albay during the day of the preparation of the extracts that ensured freshness

17
and viability of the Kakawate leaves. The Chili Fruits and seeds have been gathered from

plants, freshly picked from a farm in Camalig, Albay. The Kakawate leaves and Chili Fruits

will be washed with tap water to remove particles like adhering salts and associated

insects, and then air-dried before the extraction process.

C. Preparation of Kakawate Leaves and Chili Fruits and Seeds Extracts and

Treatment Formulation

The dried Kakawate leaves had been cut into small pieces using a pair of scissors.

The minced pieces of Kakawate leaves and the Chili fruits and seeds had been pounded

using mortar and pestle for easy facilitation of the blending process. The materials had

been placed in the blender so that it becomes a fine paste consistency. To ensure that

the cellulose residues are removed, the extracts had been filtered using a sterilized

cheesecloth. The filtered extracts had been placed in a clean spray container to avoid

contamination. In determining the various concentrations of Kakawate leaves and Chili

fruits and seeds extract, a graduated cylinder and beaker had been utilized for the

measurement of every treatment solution. Table 1 shows the different treatment solutions

that will be employed in the experiment.

TREATMENT CONCENTRATION LEVEL

T0 Control 100 ml distilled water

T1 25% 25 ml extracts +
75 ml distilled water
T2 50% 50 ml extracts +
50 ml distilled water
T3 75% 75 ml extracts +
25 ml distilled water
T4 100% 100 ml of pure extracts

Table 1. The Various Concentration Levels of the extracts

18
D. Conduct of the Experiment

The experiment utilized the concentration levels of the pesticide formulation indicated

in Table 1 for the administration of the treatments to the aphids. It had been conducted to

test the efficacy of Kakawate leaves and Chili fruits and seeds. The treatments had three

replicates. The five treatments had been employed including the control and the

experimental set-ups. Each of the replicates had been sprayed two times continuously

every after 15 minutes and had been observed within 1 hour with time interval of 15, 30,

45 and 60 minutes.

E. Data Gathering

After the application of the different concentrations of the Kakawate leaves and Chili

fruits and seeds extracts, including the control, the number of dead aphids will be counted

and the percentage mortality will be calculated. Dead aphids will be those aphids which

cannot induce movement when they will be probed with a needle or induced by some

certain stimuli. The mortality rate of the aphids will be calculated by counting the number

of dead aphids for each treatment divided by the total number of population. For the

purpose of the replicate, average or mean will also be calculated. Table 2 shows the data

presentation template for the control and experimental set-ups of the experiment.

19
 Duration of Replicate 1 Replicate 2 Replicate 3 Average
exposure number of
dead aphids
15 minutes

30 minutes

45 minutes

60 minutes

Total Number of Dead Aphids in Treatment 1:

Average Number of Dead Aphids in Treatment 1:

Table 2 Data presentation template for the

control and experimental set-ups of the experiment

Mortality rate will also be shown using a table. Table 3 shows how the mortality

rate of aphids exposed to varying concentrations of Kakawate leaves and Chili fruits and

seeds extracts will be presented.

TREATMENT Total Total Number Mortality

CONCENTRATION LEVEL Number of of Test rate
Aphids death organisms (TD/N x
(TD) (N) 100%)
T0 (Control) 100 ml distilled

water

T1(25%) 25 ml extracts +
75 ml distilled
water
T2 (50%) 50 ml extracts +
50 ml distilled
water
T3 (75%) 75 ml extracts +
25 ml distilled
water
T4 (100%) 100 ml of pure
extracts
Table 3 Mortality Rate

20
Basing from the individual calculations of the mortality rate of aphids exposed to varying

concentrations of Kakawate leaves and Chili fruits and seeds, a comparison will be made

using a table. Hence, Table 4 shows the comparison of the mortality rate in each

treatment. The results will also be plotted in a graph for data interpretation and analysis.

TREATMENT CONCENTRATION LEVEL Mortality

rate

T0 (Control) 100 ml distilled water

T1(25%) 25 ml extracts +
75 ml distilled water
T2 (50%) 50 ml extracts +
50 ml distilled water
T3 (75%) 75 ml extracts +
25 ml distilled water
T4 (100%) 100 ml of pure extracts
Table 4 Mortality Rate Comparison for the Treatments

F. Statistical Treatment

This study employed frequency count in determining the number of aphids that were

killed per time period or duration of exposure and will be added to the total number of

deaths per treatment. There will be three replicates thus, given the total number of

deaths, percentage mortality will be calculated.

Percentage mortality had been determined by counting the number of dead aphids for
each treatment divided by the total number of population such that;

Mortality rate (%)= Number of test organisms that will die per treatment
X 100
Total number of test organisms per treatment

The obtained mortality rate will be used to compare the efficacy of various

concentration levels of Kakawate leaves and Chili fruits and seeds extracts. There will be

21
three replicates to be used in the experiment. Thus, the average number of death will be

calculated using the formula;

Average = Number of test organisms that will die per treatment

Total number of replicate

22
 Chapter 4

Results and Discussions

This chapter presents the results, analysis and interpretation of the data gathered

from the experiments conducted.

Most Effective Concentration of the Extracts as Pesticide against Aphids

Table 2.1: T0 100 ml Distilled water

Table 2.1 shows the first treatment, T0, having 100 ml Distilled water and no

included extracts of Kakawate leaves and chili fruits and seeds. Expectedly, the treatment

yielded no deaths in the aphids in each of the replicates tested with T 0.

This treatment served as the control set-up of the experiment.

23
 Table 2.2: T1
25 ml extracts + 75 ml distilled water= 100 ml

Table 2.2 shows the first treatment, T 1 having a total of 21 dead aphids out of a total of

30 aphids for this treatment after 1 hour. The average number of dead aphids is 7.

Table 2.3: T2
50 ml extracts + 50 ml distilled water= 100 ml

Table 2.3 shows the treatment, T2 having a total of 21 dead aphids out of a total of 30

aphids for this treatment after 1 hour. The average number of dead aphids is 7.

24
 Table 2.4: T3
75 ml extracts + 25 ml distilled water= 100 ml

Table 2.4 shows the treatment, T 3 having a total of 25 dead aphids out of a total of 30

aphids for this treatment after 1 hour. The average number of dead aphids is 8.

Table 2.5: T4
100 ml extracts = 100 ml

Table 2.5 shows the treatment, T 4 having a total of 30 dead aphids out of a total of 30

aphids for this treatment after 1 hour. The average number of dead aphids is 10.

25
Mortality Rate after the Formulation has been subjected to the Aphid’s
Experimental Set-Up after 60 Minutes of exposure

TREATMENT Total Total Number Mortality

CONCENTRATION LEVEL Number of of Test rate
Aphids death organisms (TD/N x
(TD) (N) 100%)
T0 (Control) 100 ml distilled 0 0 0%

water

T1(25%) 25 ml extracts + 21 30 70%

75 ml distilled
water
T2 (50%) 50 ml extracts + 21 30 70%
50 ml distilled
water
T3 (75%) 75 ml extracts + 25 30 83.33%
25 ml distilled
water
T4 (100%) 100 ml of pure 30 30 100%
extracts
Table 3
Mortality Rate

Table 3 shows the mortality rate for each treatment. The control treatment

recorded 0% mortality rate as expected. Treatment 1 recorded 70% of mortality of aphids

exposed to the pesticide. Treatment 2 recorded also a 70% mortality rate. Treatment 3

recorded an increase of 13.33% higher than the mortality rates of T 1 and T2 having

83.33% and lastly, Treatment 4 which recorded 100% mortality rate. All of the treatments

were exposed to the aphids for a duration of 1 hour with an interval of 15 minutes per 2

sprays.

26
 TREATMENT CONCENTRATION LEVEL Mortality
rate

T0 (Control) 100 ml distilled water 0%

T1(25%) 25 ml extracts + 70%

75 ml distilled water
T2 (50%) 50 ml extracts + 70%
50 ml distilled water
T3 (75%) 75 ml extracts + 83.33%
25 ml distilled water
T4 (100%) 100 ml of pure extracts 100%
Table 4
Mortality Rate Comparison for the Treatments

Table 4 clearly shows that treatment 4 has the highest mortality rate among the

five treatments used in the experiment. Next in rank is treatment 3 with 83.33%. it is also

noticeable from the data that both treatments 1 and 2 have the same mortality rate of

70%.

Possible Withering of Leaves when Exposed with the Treatments

After the procedures were done particularly in the administration of the treatments

to the aphids in the petri dish we tested the pesticide to the plants infected with aphids to

see if the pesticide affects the leaves (if the leaves wither after the spraying). The following

are the observations recorded:

• Treatment 0= no effect on the leaves in terms of withering

• Treatment 1= no effect on the leaves in terms of withering

• Treatment 2= slight withering of the leaves

• Treatment 3= slight withering of the leaves

• Treatment 4= high manifestation of withering of the leaves

27
 Chapter 5

Summary, Findings, Conclusions and Recommendation

Summary
The main purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of Kakawate leaves

(Gliricidia sepium) and Chili Fruits and seeds (Capsicum frutescens) extracts as pesticide

for common garden aphids. This study will specifically answer the following question: a)

What is the concentration level (treatment) of Kakawate leaves extracts and Chili Fruits

and seeds extracts that is most effective in killing aphids? b) What is the mortality

percentage after the formulation has been subjected to the aphid’s experimental set-up

after 60 minutes? c) What is the concentration level (treatment) of Kakawate leaves

extracts and Chili Fruits and seeds extracts which can effectively kill aphids but will not

wither the leaves of the plant treated with the pesticide?

Varying concentrations of Kakawate leaves and chili fruits and seeds extracts were

employed in the study including one control and four experimental set-ups. Extraction

was done using mortar and pestle, blender and cheesecloth. No agents have been

included in the extraction process to ensure purity. The different concentration used are

as follows: T0-Control: 100 ml distilled water; T1-25%:25 ml extracts + 75 ml distilled

water; T2-50%:50 ml extracts + 50 ml distilled water; T3-75%: 75 ml extracts + 25 ml

distilled water; T4-100%: 100 ml of pure extracts. Three replicates having 10 aphids each

petri dish, 30 aphids per treatment, were subjected to exposure of the different

concentrations with a total of 150 aphids.

28
Findings

Based from the analysis of data gathered, the following are the findings of the

study:

1) What is the concentration level (treatment) of Kakawate leaves extracts and Chili Fruits

and seeds extracts that is most effective in killing aphids? Treatment 4 having 100 ml

pure extracts of Kakawate leaves and Chili fruits and seeds became the most effective in

killing aphids after 1 hour of duration of exposure. Thus, treatment 4 has the highest

insecticidal properties.

2) What is the mortality rate after the formulation has been subjected to the aphid’s

experimental set-up after 60 minutes? After 1 hour of exposure, the mortality rate for each

treatment are the following: Treatment0 recorded a zero net percentage of death;

Treatment1 had a twenty-one dead aphids over thirty live aphids with a percentage of

70%; Treatment2 had also a twenty-one dead aphids over thirty live aphids with a

percentage of 70%; Treatment3 twenty-five dead aphids over thirty live aphids with a

percentage of 83.33%; Treatment4 thirty dead aphids over thirty live aphids with a

percentage of 100%.

3) What is the concentration level (treatment) of Kakawate leaves extracts and Chili Fruits

and seeds extracts which can effectively kill aphids but will not wither the leaves of the

plant treated with the pesticide? Treatment0 had no effect on the leaves in terms of

withering; Treatment1 had also no effect on the leaves in terms of withering; Treatment2

exhibited a slight withering of the leaves; Treatment3 also exhibited a slight withering of

the leaves and Treatment4 exhibited a high manifestation of withering of the leaves.

29
Conclusion

With the findings indicated above, the following conclusions can be set forth:

1. Kakawate leaves and Chili fruits and seeds extracts exhibit remarkable pesticidal

activity against aphids.

2. The more concentrated the Kakawate leaves and Chili fruits and seeds extracts is

the more it is effective than the diluted one, thus the effectiveness rises when the

degree of concentration increases.

3. The pesticide should only be used in 75% concentration if it will be directly sprayed

to plants infected with aphids because the highest concentration, 100% can

contribute to the withering/wilting of leaves.

Recommendations

Through the light of the experimental results of the study conducted, the researchers

would like to recommend the following observations and inputs:

Future researchers should use the combination of the Kakawate leaves and Chili fruits

and seeds extracts in other garden pests since this study corroborates to other studies

that the two plants have chemical components that have high insecticidal properties.

Future researchers should utilize an earlier model we have for this study to use a cage

having inside a plant which is infected with aphids. The present study was conducted in

two settings- the first one applied to aphids inside a petri dish and the other one in the

same plant where the aphids were collected to test the effect of the pesticide to the leaves

of the plant.

30
Farmers should not use pure extracts even though it has the highest pesticidal properties

due to the effects of it to plants in contact. We highly suggest that they can use the 75%

concentration since it is also effective with a mortality rate of 83.33%, if the duration of

exposure will be prolonged then the effects of the pesticide can increase.

31
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Peshin, R. (2002) Economic Benefits of Pest Management; Encyclopedia of Pest

Management, pages 224-227, Pub. Marcel Dekker.

Smith, A.E. and Secoy, D.M. (1976) A Compendium of Inorganic Substances Used

in European Pest Control before 1850; Ag. Food Chem. 24 (6) 1180

Delaplane K.S., (2000), Pesticide Usage in the United States: History, Benefits,

Risks, and Trends; Bulletin 1121, Cooperative Extension Service, The University

of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences

Wessels Living History Farm, York, Nebraska; Farming in the 1950s & 60s

Retrieved: July 16, 2016

http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/pests_08.html

Wessels Living History Farm, York, Nebraska; Farming in the 1930s

Retrieved: July 16, 2016

http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/pests_04.html

Rachel Carson (1962) Silent Spring, 40th Anniversary Edition, Houghton Mifflin

Harcourt, 2002 ISBN 0618249060, 9780618249060

Oni, M.O. (2009). Insecticidal activity of extracts from Fruitss of three local cultivars

of pepper (Capsicum species) on cowpea seed beetle,(Callosobruchus maculatus[

Fabricius_] ) and maize weevil ( Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) ). P.hD Thesis,

The Federal University of Technology, Akure.105pp

32
Villegas-Pangga, G. (2010). Kakawate (Gliricidia Sepium, Leguminosae) As A Soil

Amendment and Biological Control Of Soil-Borne Pathogens: The Philippines

Experience. Acta Hortic. 883, 309-315 DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2010.883.38

Ssekyewa C, Mwine TJ, Kalanzi F, Kudamba C (2008). Efficacy of Indigenous

botanicals in the management of cabbage pests in an organic farming systems. Proc.

Sci. Conf. ISOFAR, Modena pp. 234-236

Pertchik, B. and Pertchik, H. (1951) Flowering Trees of the Caribbean. Rhinehart &

Co., New York, 125 pp.

Rico-Gray, V., Chemas, A. and Mandujano, S. (1991) Uses of tropical deciduous

forest species by the Yucatan Maya. Agroforestry Systems 14, 149-161.

Stewart J.L., Dunsdon, A.J., Hellin, J.J. and Hughes, C.E. (1992) Wood Biomass

Estimation of Central American Dry Zone Species. Tropical Forestry Paper 26, Oxford

Forestry Institute, 83 pp.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering

plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication.

University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Opfer P, Mcgmath D (2013). Oregon vegetables, cabbage aphid and green peach

aphid. Department of Horticulture. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. (2 October

2013)

Griffin RP, Williamson J (2012). Cabbage, Broccoli & Other Cole Crop Insect Pests.

HGIC 2203, Home & Garden Information Center. Clemson Cooperative Extension.

Clemson University, Clemson, SC. (2 October 2013)

33
Akinbuluma, Mobolade Dele, Adepetun, Mary Tejumade, & Yeye, Emmanuel

Oloruntoba (2015). Insecticidal Effects of Ethanol Extracts of Capsicum Frutescens

and Dennettia Tripetala against Sitophilus Zea mais Motschulsky on Stored Maize.

International Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry. Volume 2, Issue 11,

November 2015, PP 1-7

Habimana, Sylvestre & Hakizayezu, Martin (2014). Biocide effect of alkaloids,

saponins and flavonoids extracted from chilli against Brevicoryne brassicae, cabbage

aphids. Sky Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 3(11), pp. 234 - 239

Tambalque, Kim Z, Loren, Sydrick James A., Tenala, Shania A. & Lorete, Giela Mae

C. (2015). “Kakawate extract and Lemongrass extract as pesticide against Cocolisap”

34
 APPENDIX A

DOCUMENTATION OF THE EXPERIMENT

35
 Gathering of chili fruits at a Sili Farm at Camalig, Albay

Gathering of Kakawate leaves on a healthy tree at Camalig, Albay

36
Pounding and grounding of the Chili fruits and seeds

Cutting of Kakawate leaves into tiny pieces

37
Measuring of Kakawate leaves and chili fruits and seeds for its extracts to be extracted

through a blender

Extraction of Kakawate leaves and chili fruits and seeds extracts

through blender process

38
 Filtering of the extracts to remove cellulose residues

Filtering of the extracts to remove cellulose residues

The filtered extracts of Kakawate leaves and Chili fruits and seeds

39
Measuring of the extracts and distilled water for the formulation of the concentration

treatments of the pesticide

The transfer of the formulations of the pesticide to the spray bottles

40
 The different pesticide extract concentrations as experimental set-ups

and the control set-up

The aphids as test organisms pictured here without the leaves of the affected plant.

Every petri dish contains 10 aphids.

41
The experimental set-up: T1 to T4 pesticide concentratons with its corresponding

replicates having three petri dish each containing 10 aphids with leaves

42
The administration of the pesticide to the test organisms sprayed two times every 15 minutes interval

43
Determining and counting the dead aphids after 15 minutes of exposure of the test

organisms with the extracts

44
 APPENDIX B

CURRICULUM VITAE

45
 JASON OROLFO SALVADORA
#013, Zone 1, Santa Cruz Sur, Iriga City, Camarines Sur 4431
09774941104
jasonsalvadora@gmail.com; jason.salvadora@bicol-u.edu.ph

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Birthdate: July 5, 1996

Birth place: Bicol Medical Center, Naga City
Permanent Address: #013, Zone 1, Santa Cruz Sur, Iriga City, Camarines Sur
Weight: 45 kilograms
Height: 165 centimeters
Civil Status: Single
Mother’s Name: Liberty Orolfo Salvadora Occupation: Housekeeper
Father’s Name: Bernardo Morallo Salvadora Occupation: Tricycle Driver

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Level Bicol University College of Education

Daraga, Albay
Bachelor in Secondary Education Fourth Year
Major in Biological Science

Secondary Level University of Northeastern Philippines

High School Department
Iriga City
2009-2013
1st Honorable Mention

Primary Level San Francisco Elementary School

Iriga City
2003-2009
Valedictorian

AFFILIATIONS

THE MENTOR BUCE Official Student Publication

Internal Managing Editor AY 2015-2016 2nd Semester; AY 2016-2017
News Writing Department, Head AY 2015-2016 1ST Semester

BU Science Alliance Club- Accredited UNESCO Club

Member, National Association of UNESCO Clubs in the Philippines, Inc.
President, AY 2015-2016
Junior Consultant, AY 2016-2017

46
Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative (YSEALI)
Member

AWARD RECEIVED

Outstanding UNESCO Club Youth Leader in the Philippines 2016

VOLUNTEER WORK

THE CLIMATE REALITY PROJECT; CLIMATE REALITY LEADERSHIP CORPS

Volunteer Climate Reality Leader

GREENPEACE PHILIPPINES and #IAmHampasLupa Ecological Agricultural Movement Inc.

Food and Ecological Agriculture Campaigner

PHILIPPINE YOUTH CLIMATE MOVEMENT

Youth Climate Action Campaign Representative

SCHOLARSHIPS

DR. PATRIA G. LORENZO SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM

Former President, Bicol University
Second Year, AY 2014-2015 1ST and 2ND Semesters

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Junior Level Science Scholarship
Third Year, AY 2015-2016 1ST Semester to present

SEMINARS AND TRAININGS ATTENDED

Training of Trainers on Enhancing Life Skills in Drug Abuse Prevention

Dangerous Drugs Board
Coastal View Beach Resort, Sto. Domingo, Albay
December 11-12, 2013

iSip V.3.0: Arts and Literary Expression towards Development

Scientia- BU College of Science Official Student Publication
BUCS Function Hall 1, Legazpi City
July 21, 2015

OSSEI National Training Workshop on Campus Journalism

Organization of Student Services, Educators, Inc.
Crown Legacy Hotel, Baguio City
September 17-19, 2015

2015 International Assembly of Youth for UNESCO

National Association of UNESCO Clubs in the Philippines, Inc.
University of Santo Tomas, Manila
September 21-23, 2015

47
“Reclaiming Hampaslupa: Young People’s Congress on Ecological Agriculture”
Greenpeace Southeast Asia- Philippines
School of Labor and Industrial Relations Auditorium, UP Diliman, Quezon City
November 24-27, 2015

Global Youth Summit 2016

AEISEC Philippines
Mall of Asia Arena
February 6, 2016

Climate Reality Leadership Corps Training in the Philippines

The Climate Reality Project
Sofitel Manila
March 14-16, 2016

UNESCO UX IDEAS BOOT CAMP 2016

National Association of UNESCO Clubs in the Philippines Inc.
Ninongs Hotel, Legazpi City
July 1-3, 2016

Bakit, Bakit Hindi?: The Filipino Youth Beyond Paris

Manila Youth Mentorship Session and Consultation
The Climate Reality Project Philippines
Sulo Riviera Hotel, Diliman, Quezon City
September 19, 2016

2016 International Assembly of Youth for UNESCO

National Association of UNESCO Clubs in the Philippines, Inc.
Cebu Normal University, Cebu City
September 21-23, 2016

DOST SUMMER PRACTICAL TRAINING PROGRAM

University of Northeastern Philippines High School Department

Grade 7-10 Summer Class Program Biological Science Teacher
Iriga City, Camarines Sur
Summer 2016

48
 JAHZIEL BISNAR CLEMENTE
Resurreccion, San Fernando, Masbate 5416
09152575459
jahziel.clemente@bicol-u.edu.ph

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Birthdate: April 12, 1997

Birth place: San Fernando, Masbate
Permanent Address: Resurreccion, San Fernando, Masbate
Weight: 55 kilograms
Height: 170 centimeters
Civil Status: Single
Mother’s Name: Lorela Bisnar Clemente Occupation: Housekeeper
Father’s Name: Roberto Malunhao Clemente Occupation: Utility Aide

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Level Bicol University College of Education

Daraga, Albay
Bachelor in Secondary Education Third Year
Major in Biological Science

Secondary Level Andres Clemente Jr. National High School

San Fernando, Masbate
2009-2013

Primary Level San Fernando Central Elementary School

San Fernando, Masbate
2003-2009

AFFILIATIONS

BUCE College Student Council

Representative, AY 2015-2016

BU Science Alliance Club

Vice President, AY 2014-2015

BU Science Alliance Club

First Year Representative, AY 2013-2014

SCHOLARSHIPS

CHED-TULONG DUNONG
Second Year, AY 2014-2015 1st and 2nd Semesters
Third Year, AY 2015-2016 1st Semester up to present

49
SEMINARS AND TRAININGS ATTENDED

“Service Training Youth Summit 2013: Defining the Challenge of Student Leadership”
Bicol University College of Education, Daraga, Albay
November 16, 2013

“Isko, Iska and RA 8292: A Forum on the Higher Education Modernization Act of 1997”
BUCE Audio-Visual Room, Daraga, Albay
March 27, 2014

“Human Sexuality, Reproductive Health, Responsible Parenthood and Family Planning”

BUCSSP Arcilla Hall, Daraga, Albay
October 7, 2014

“6th Bicol Congress on Good Citizenship”

Mullner Beach Resort. Bacacay, Albay
February 27-March 1, 2015

“Mayon Volcano Natural Park Youth Leadership Training”

Barangay Lidong, Sto. Domingo, Albay
November 6, 2015

20th Annual National Philippine Association of Campus Student Leaders Convention,

Seminar-Workshop and Training for Student Leaders
Baguio Crown Legacy Hotel, Kisad Road, Baguio City
November 25-28, 2015

50
 JOSETTE BINALLA PEÑARUBIA
Juan Sañez St. Balading, Manito Albay
09478796870
josette.penarubia@yahoo.com ; josette.penarubia17@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Birthdate: February 17, 1997

Birth place: Manito Municipal Hospital
Permanent Address: Juan Sañez St. Balading, Manito Albay
Weight: 67 kilograms
Height: 162 centimeters
Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Joel Dajac Peñarubia Occupation: Housekeeper
Mother’s Name: Sancita Binalla Peñarubia Occupation: Chief Education Supervisor

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Level Bicol University College of Education

Daraga, Albay
Bachelor in Secondary Education Fourth Year
Major in Biological Science
2013-present

Secondary Level Daraga National High School

Daraga, Albay
2009-2013
Academic Distinction

51
Primary Level Manito Central School
Manito, Albay
2003-2009
1st Special Mention

SCHOLARSHIPS

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Junior Level Science Scholarship
Third Year, AY 2015-2016 1ST Semester to present

SEMINARS AND TRAININGS ATTENDED

Global Youth Summit 2016

AEISEC Philippines
Mall of Asia Arena
February 6, 2016

DOST SUMMER PRACTICAL TRAINING PROGRAM

Ligao National High School
Ligao City
Grade 7-10 Summer Class Program Biological Science Teacher
Summer 2016

52
 GILBERT JOHN E. CONSENCINO
Brgy. Baybay-Dagat San Fernando, Masbate
097104440391
johnconsencino@hotmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Birthdate: April 23, 1996

Birth place: San Fernando, Masbate
Permanent Address: Brgy. Baybay-Dagat San Fernando, Masbate
Weight: 52 kilograms
Height: 5’6 ft.
Civil Status: Single
Mother’s Name: Cedy E. Consencino Occupation: Teacher
Father’s Name: Gabriel A. Consencino Occupation: Brgy. Official

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Level Bicol University College of Education

Daraga, Albay
Bachelor in Secondary Education Fourth Year
Major in Biological Science

Secondary Level Andres Clemente Jr. National High School

San Fernando, Masbate
2012-2013

Primary Level San Fernando East Elementary School

San Fernando, Masbate
2008-2009
Athletics Award

AFFILIATIONS

SAN FERNANDO FOOTBALL CLUB

Member

NAZARENE YOUTH INTERNATIONAL MINISTRY (NYI)

NAZARENE MUSIC MINISTRY
Legaspi City Chapter
Member (Drummer)

53