Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
T. Poinsot
poinsot@imft.fr
Ch. 1
2
STOECHIOMETRY AND Ch. 1
EQUIVALENCE RATIO:
Stoechiometric ratio
Equivalence ratio
4
FUEL / AIR COMBUSTION COMPOSITION
AT EQUIVALENCE RATIO φ
In a combustion code:
In a non reacting compressible flow (aerodynamics), we
have 5 variables:
3 velocities
pressure or temperature or enthalpy or entropy
density
In combustion, we have 5 + (N-1) unknown 3D fields to
determine:
3 velocities
pressure or temperature or enthalpy or entropy
N species -> actually N-1 since their sum is unity
density
for k = 1 to N
So that we need:
=0
Vk = −Dk ∇Y
Yk
k Vk = −Dk ∇X
Xk
k
8
What are the Dk’s?
∇Xk
Vk = −Dk
Xk
Summing the species equations with Fick’s law:
� N
�
∂ρ ∂ρui ∂ � Wk ∂Xk
+ = ρ Dk
∂t ∂xi ∂xi W ∂xi
k=1
which is not zero if all Lewis numbers are not equal.
11
Replace:
By:
12
� N
�
∂ρ ∂ρui ∂ � Wk ∂Xk
+ = ρ Dk − ρVic
∂t ∂xi ∂xi W ∂xi
k=1
Vc can be chosen to ensure mass conservation:
14
Last but not least: energy Ch. 1, Sec. 1.1.5
15
Full summary in PV2011 Chapter 1
Energy: 4 forms.
Ch. 1, Sec. 1.1.5
Enthalpy: 4 forms + one (T)
6
H2O
CO
5
4
Ideal diatomic gas
H2
3.5 N2
Perfect
500 1000 1500 2000 2500
gas limit Temperature (K)
18
Pick up the right one...
20
Many authors also like to work with the
temperature equation.
If pressure is constant:
21
�N
ω̇T = − ω̇k ∆Hf0k
k=1
N
� N
� N
�
ω̇T� = − hk ω̇k = − hsk ω̇k − ∆Hf0k ω̇k
22
k=1 k=1 k=1
N
� N
� N
� N
�
ω̇T� =− hk ω̇k = − hsk ω̇k − ∆Hf0k ω̇k =− hsk ω̇k + ω̇T
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1
� �
hsk = Cpk dT = Cp dT = hk
so that ΣN
k=1 h sk ω̇ k = h k Σ N
k=1 ω̇k = 0
ω̇T = ω̇T�
23
becomes:
24
SUMMARY:
We have the basic equations
We can solve them numerically for real flames
Before we do that, we anticipate that we are going to
have difficulties with:
Kinetics
Turbulence
Very large domains
We are going to need models. Better: we are going to
need understanding...otherwise the work is impossible
To do this we need to study a few academic (canonical)
cases even if it means simplifying things a little bit.
25
26
PREMIXED LAMINAR FLAME Ch. 2
27
28
But doing so does not tell us much. Let us keep simplifying
29
Then: θ+Y =1
We are left with only one variable to solve for: the
reduced temperature (also called the progress variable)
31
ω̇T
ω̇T
33
ω̇T Preheating
Reaction
34
has a thickness given by
1
λ1 Dth Heat diffusivity in the fresh gas
δ= =
ρ1 C p s L sL
or
δsL
1 =1
Dth
The Reynolds number of the flame is unity:
δs0L
Reflame = =1
35
ν
You can find the results in TNC 2011 and the derivations in
asymptotic papers but let us focus on an important result:
36
In all premixed flame speed expressions:
37
Flame propagation :
T(to)
T(t1)
DIFFUSION
T(t1)
COMBUSTION
38
A useful feature of premixed flames:
1
1
Dth FDth
δ= δ=
sL sL
39
40
In a numerical world where we fight with
resolution... this can help !
2000
Non thickened
Thickened 20 times
1500
Temperature
Temperature!
1000
500
-3
0 10 20 30 40 50x10
Abscissa
800
Non thickened
Thickened 20 times
Reaction rate
600
0
-3
0 10 20 30 40 50x10
Abscissa
42
DIFFUSION FLAME
Ch. 3
STRUCTURE
The other case where theory can be developed and is heavily used.
Most approaches rely on passive scalars and on the mixture fraction z.
43
∂ρZ ∂ρui Z ∂ ∂Z
+ = (ρD )
∂t ∂xi ∂xi ∂xi
44
A USEFUL PROPERTY OF PASSIVE
SCALARS:
IF TWO PASSIVE SCALARS Z1 and Z2 HAVE THE SAME
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
IF THEY ARE EQUAL AT t=0, THEY WILL ALWAYS REMAIN EQUAL
IF THEY DIFFER AT t=0, THEY WILL CONVERGE TO THE SAME
VALUE AFTER A FEW CHARACTERISTIC TIMES
45
INTUITIVE DEMO:
∂ρZ ∂ρui Z ∂ ∂Z
+ = (ρD )
∂t ∂xi ∂xi ∂xi
can also be written:
DZ ∂ ∂z
ρ = (ρD )
Dt ∂xi ∂xi
where D/Dt is the total derivative (the variations along the
trajectories)
46
Consider two passive scalars Z1 and Z2.
Along trajectories Z=Z2-Z1 changes only
because of diffusion
DZ ∂ ∂z
ρ = (ρD )
Dt ∂xi ∂xi
with boundary condition: Z=0
If the initial condition is Z=0,
all gradients are zero and Z
will remain 0
If the initial condition is not
Z=0, any non zero fluid
element will go to Z=0 rapidly.
47
∂ρz ∂ρui z ∂ ∂z
+ = (ρD )
∂t ∂xi ∂xi ∂xi
z=1 z=0
48
WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO BE ABLE TO
CONSTRUCT A MIXTURE FRACTION ?
H1: Constant pressure and equal Cp’s Ch. 2 Sec 3.2.1
H2: All Lewis numbers equal to unity
H3: Global single step reaction
/YF0
/Y00
/(TF0 − TO0 )
51
FUEL OXI
Z1 = YF /YF0
1 0
Z1
Z2 = 1 − YO /YO0 Z2 1 0
1 0
Z3 = (T − TO0 )/(TF0 − TO0 ) Z3
53
INTERPRETATION OF z: A MASS
WEIGHTED MEASUREMENT OF MIXING
z=1 z=0
z=1 z=0
57
58
How can we use the mixture fraction z ?:
60
The z diagram
with infinitely
fast chemistry
and unity
Lewis numbers
EQUILIBRIUM LINES +
MIXING LINES (NO
COMBUSTION)
61
Strained flamelet
62
Reversible single step Flamelet strained assumption
OK we have T, Yk = f(z). So what ?
63
Instead of solving:
Z diagram structure:
T(z)
Only solve the z equation:
� � YF(z)
∂ρz ∂ ∂ ∂z Yo(z)
+ (ρui z) = ρD
∂t ∂xi ∂xi ∂xi
65
66
Possible states: cant be outside the
triangle limited by equilibrium and
mixing lines
POSSIBLE STATES
67
sYF0 z
φ= 0 ONLY IF LEWIS =1
68
YO (1 − z)
Example: Ch. 2 Sec 3.2.5
φ = sYF /YO
Since z does not change through the flame front, we can
compute the equivalence ratio of the mixture before
combustion (on the mixing line) with:
69
70
Will also work in 3D to know the local equivalence ratio in a code
(useful for diffusion, partially premixed or spray flames):
BEFORE COMBUSTION. EASY. What is the
equivalence ratio of the gases in the fresh gas ?
φ = sYF /YO
AFTER COMBUSTION: cant use the same formula. Compute z then get
the equivalence ratio:
sYF0 z
φ= 0
71
YO (1 − z)
72
Equal Lewis numbers ??
Never happens. Lewis numbers are not equal and not equal to
unity. Lewis numbers measured in a 1D premixed flame
73
zB=
75
76
Alternative definitions for z ?
77
78
Stretch and scalar dissipation
1 dA
κ=
A dt
Intuition tells us that ‘stretching’ a flame must have a limit.
The flame is affected by stretch (see Williams book or Pr
Matalon’s course).
This effect is different for premixed and diffusion flames
79
Displacement Front
speed curvature
Ch. 2.6
S. M. Candel and T. Poinsot. Flame stretch and the balance equation for the
flame surface area. Combust. Sci. Tech., 70:1-15, 1990.
80
Examples of stretched premixed flames
81
Evaluations of stretch:
U1 + U2
κ=
d
This is an average value: stretch is not constant along the
flame normal
Defining flame stretch at the flame location is difficult
82
Flame location in a stagnation point flow:
Flame thickness
83
A = 4πr2
ADIABATIC Lewis=1
86
ADIABATIC Lewis < 1
87
Why ?
- Scalar dissipation does not depend on the flame orientation (as flame
stretch does).
- For simple cases (stretched diffusion flame), stretch and scalar
dissipation are directly linked.
Ch. 3.2.2
88
The diffusion flame with infinitely
fast chemistry:
Scalar dissipation on
the flame front
89 We can work with stretch OR with scalar dissipation
90
Diffusion flames are VERY sensitive
to stretch (or scalar dissipation)
Ch. 3.4.2
If you stretch it too much, you can quench it: we also know that you
should not blow too much on a candle, otherwise you kill it...
91
92
Implications for turbulent flames:
93
In turbulent flames:
94
Are all flames premixed or non-premixed ?
95
COMBUSTION
MIXING
In
any
flame
where
you
inject
pure
fuel
and
pure
oxidizer,
you
can
be
either
on
the
mixing
line
or
on
the
combusFon
line.
How
do
you
go
from
one
to
the
other
?
(in
other
words:
how
do
you
ignite
a
diffusion
flame
96?)
TRIPLE FLAMES: THE STRUCTURE WHICH SEPARATES
IGNITED FROM NON IGNITED DIFFUSION LAYERS
Fuel
T T
Oxidizer
Oxidizer
Lean premixed flame
97
Infinitely
Mixing
lines fast
chemistry
Oxidizer
Lean premixed flame
98
1/ TRIPLE FLAMES PROPAGATE.
2/ THEY PROPAGATE FASTER THAN PREMIXED FLAMES
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2
100 Equivalence ratio
Example: the PRECCINSTA burner (DLR)
101