Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Jinu Paul
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Total 19
1
9/4/2012
2
9/4/2012
Lecture 1
23rd Aug 2012, Thursday, 8.30-9.30 am
Introduction to welding
Mechanical
Brazing
Assembly
Welding Soldering
(e.g., Threaded
Adhesive bonding
fastners, rivets)
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Joining processes-overview
Riveted Joint
Threaded fastner
Welded Joint
Brazed Joint 7
Ship building
Aircraft industry
Automotive industry 8
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Welding process-Features
• Permanent joining of two materials through
l
localized
li d coalescence
l resulting
lti ffrom a
suitable combination of Temperature &
Pressure
• Formation of Common metallic crystals at
the joints/interface
• With or Without filler material
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Welding process-Features
• Continuity: absence of any physical
disruption
p on an atomic scale
• Not necessarily homogeneous but same in
atomic structure, thereby allowing the
formation of chemical bonds
Material Metals Ceramic Polymer
(similar/dissimilar)
Type of bond Metallic Ionic/coval Hydrogen, van der
ent Waals, or other
dipolar bonds
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Butt joint
Corner joint Lap joint
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Types of welds
1) Fillet weld
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Types of welds
2) Groove weld
(c) single
(a) square groove weld
weld, ( ) single
(b) g bevel
V groove weld
V-groove
groove weld
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Types of welds
3) Plug & slot weld
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Types of welds
4) Spot weld
5) Seam weld
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Types of welds
6) Flange weld & Surfacing weld
Lecture 2
24th Aug 2012, Friday, 11.30 am-12.30 pm
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a) Fusion Welding
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• No Fusion zone
• Little or no HAZ
• Mechanically upset region
• Plastic deformation at the interface
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Obtaining continuity
1) Solid-phase plastic deformation
• Atoms are brought together by
plastic deformation
• Sufficiently close to ensure that
bonds are established at their
equilibrium spacing
• Significant lattice deformation
• Lattices
L tti are left
l ft in
i the
th strained
t i d
state (distorted) in cold (a) Cold deformation and
deformation lattice strain
Obtaining continuity
1) Solid-phase plastic deformation (with heat)
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Obtaining continuity
2) Diffusion
• Transport of mass through atom
movement
• Can occur entirely in solid
phase or with liquid phase
• For dissimilar materials thin
layer of alloy at the interface
• Rate diff i Difference
R t off diffusion Diff in
i a)) S
Solid-phase
lid h diff
diffusion
i
composition (Fick’s law) across the original interface
(dotted line)
Obtaining continuity
3) Melting and solidification
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Lecture 3
30th Aug 2012, Thursday, 8.30 am-9.30 am
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1. Energy source
Classification of Fusion welding based on energy source
Energy Types of welding
source
Oxy fuel gas welding, Exothermic welding/ Thermite
Chemical
welding, Reaction brazing/Liquid phase bonding
Radiant Laser beam welding, Electron beam, Infrared welding/
energy brazing, Imaging arc welding, Microwave welding,
Electric-Perm. Gas tungsten arc welding, plasma arc welding, Carbon
electrode arc arc welding, atomic hydrogen welding, Stud arc welding
Electric-
El ti Gas metal
G t l arc welding,
ldi Shi
Shielded
ld d metal
t l arc welding,
ldi
Consumable Submerged arc welding, Electrogas welding, Electroslag
electrode welding, Flux cored arc welding
Electric- Resistance spot, resistance seam, projection welding,
Resistance flash/ upset welding, Percussion, Induction welding
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1. Energy source
Classification of solid state welding based on energy source
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2. Removal of Surface
contaminants
• Surface contaminants may be organic films,
absorbed
b b d gases or chemical
h i l compounds d off the
th
base metals (usually oxides)
• Heat when used as source of energy removes
organic films and absorbed gases
• Fluxes are used to clean oxide films and other
contaminants
i to fform slag
l
• Slag floats and solidifies above weld bead
protecting the weld from further oxidation
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Power density
• Defined as the power transferred to work per
unit surface area ((W/mm2)
• Time to melt the metal is inversely proportional
to power density
Welding Process Approx. Power density
(W/mm2)
Oxy-fuel welding 10
Arc welding 50
Resistance welding 1000
Laser beam welding 9000
Electron beam welding 10,000
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Heat transf. factor f1= Heat transf. to work / Heat gen. by source
Example 1
The power source in a particular welding setup generates
3500 W that can be transferred to the work surface with
a heat transfer factor f1 = 0.7.
0 7 The metal to be welded is
low carbon steel, whose melting temperature is 1760K.
The melting factor in the operation is 0.5. A continuous
fillet weld is to be made with a cross-sectional area of 20
mm2. Determine the travel speed at which the welding
operation can be accomplished?
Heatt capacity
H it off low
l carbon
b steel
t l (Cp)=480
) 480 J/Kg.K
J/K K
Latent heat of melting Lm =247 kJ/Kg
Density = 7860 kg/m3
Initial sample temperature T0 = 300 K
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Example 1-Solution
Rate of heat input to the weld bead = 3500 × f1 × f2
= 3500 × 0.7
0 7 × 0.5
0 5 = 1225 J/s
Heat input = Energy used for heating to Tm + Energy used
for melting
1225 = [Cp(Tm-T0) + Lm ] × A × v
1225 = [480(1760 300) + 247 ×10
[480(1760-300) 103] × 7860 × 20 ×10
10-66 × v
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Lecture 4
31th Aug 2012, Friday, 11.30 am-12.30 pm
Welding Processes
1)) Oxy-Fuel
y gas welding
g g
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Welding Processes-
1) Oxy-Fuel gas welding
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Flames in OAW
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Flames in OAW
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55
OAW set up
• Pressurized cylinders of
O2 and d C2H2
• Gas regulators for
controlling pressure and
flow rate
• A torch for mixing the
gases
• Hoses for delivering the
gases from the cylinders to
the torch
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OAW Torch
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Example 1 - OAW
An oxyacetylene torch supplies 0.3 m3 of acetylene per
hour and an equal volume rate of oxygen for an OAW
operation on 4.5-mm-thick steel.
Heat generated by combustion is transferred to the work
surface with a heat transfer factor f1 = 0.20. If 75% of
the heat from the flame is concentrated in a circular
area on the work surface that is 9.0 mm in diameter,
find
( ) rate
(a) t off heat
h t liberated
lib t d during
d i combustion,
b ti
(b) rate of heat transferred to the work surface, and
(c) average power density in the circular area.
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Example 1 - OAW
(a) The rate of heat generated by the torch is the product
of the volume rate of acetylene times the heat of
(0 3 m3/hr) (55×106)) J/m3 = 16.5×10
combustion: RH = (0.3 16 5×106
J/hr or 4583 J/s
(c) The area of the circle in which 75% of the heat of the
flame is concentrated is A = Pi. (9)2/4 = 63.6 mm2
The power density in the circle is found by dividing the
available heat by the area of the circle:
Power density = 0.75 × 917/63.6 = 10.8 W/mm2 59
OAW-Advantages
• The OAW process is simple and highly
portable
bl
• Inexpensive equipment
• Control over temperature
• Can be used for Pre-heating, cutting &
welding
ldi
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OAW-Disadvantages
• Limited energy welding is slow
• Low protective shielding welding of reactive
metals (e.g., titanium) is generally impossible
• Low power density, Energy wastage, total heat
input per linear length of weld is high
• Unpleasant welding environment
• Weld lines are much rougher in appearance
than other kinds of welds Require more
finishing
• Large heat affected zones
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OAW-Applications
• Preheating/post heat treatment
• Can
C b be usedd ffor cutting,
tti grooving,
i or piercing
i i
(producing holes), as well as for welding
• Oxyfuel gas processes can also be used for
flame straightening or shaping
• Oxidizing flame for welding Brass, bronze, Cu-
Zn and Tin alloys
• Reducing flame for low carbon & alloy steels
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References
• Principles of Welding, Robert W Messler
• Metallurgy
M t ll off W
Welding,
ldi JJ.F.
F LLancaster
t
• Welding Science and Technology, Md.
Ibrahim Khan
• Welding Technology-O.P. Khanna
• Manufacturing Engineering and
Technology, S. Kalpakjian
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