Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Seminar Report
On
“PAPER BATTERY”
Submitted
in partial fulfillment
2018-2019
==================================================================================================
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr.VIPUL MEENA of final B.Tech.VIII semester, Electronics &
Communication Engineering has presented a Seminar on “PAPER BATTERY” and
submitted for the fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of technology of
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota.
Date-
Deptt. Of EE Deptt. Of EE
I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
VIPUL MEENA
(B.Tech. Final Year EE)
II
CONTENTS
TOPIC PAGE NO.
CERTIFICATE I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS II
CONTENTS III
LIST OF FIGURE IV
LIST OF TABLE VI
ABSTRACT 1
1 INTRODUCTION TO PAPER BATTERY 2
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ORDINARY BATTERY 2
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO PAPER BATTERY 4
2 MANUFACTURING OF PAPER BATTERY 8
2.1 MANUFACTURING OF CARBON NANO TUBES 8
2.2 DEVELOPMENT 9
3 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 13
3.1 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 13
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 15
4.1 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 15
5 APPLICATION AND USE OF PAPER BATTERY 22
5.1 IN COSMETICS 22
5.2 USE OF PAPER BATTERY 24
5.3 DURABILITY 25
CONCLUSION 26
BIBLIOGRAPHY 27
APPENDIX-A:- IEEE RESEARCH PAPER 29
III
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.
1.1.1 FIGURE 1 ORDINARY BATTERY 2
1.1.2 FIGURE 2 CONVENTIONAL BATTERY 3
1.2.1 FIGURE 3 CARBON NANO TUBES 4
1.2.2 FIGURE 4 PAPER BATTERY 5
1.2.3 FIGURE 5 ANOTHER PAPER BATTERY 6
2.1 FIGURE 6 PAPER BATTERY 8
2.2 FIGURE 7 DEVELOPMENT OF PAPER 11
BATTERY
3.1 FIGURE 8 DEPENDENCE OF TEMPERATURE 13
ON DISCHARGE CAPACITY
3.2 FIGURE 9 TYPICAL SERIES CONNECTION 14
METHOD
4.1 FIGURE 10 PHOTOGRAPH OF THE PAPER 16
BATTERY WITH A SKETCH OF
THE CROSS SECTION
4.2 FIGURE 11 SEM IMAGE OF THE PAPER 17
SURFACE
4.3 FIGURE 12 SEM IMAGE OF THE ANODE(AI) 18
SURFACE
4.4 FIGURE 13 CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF 19
THE SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT
DENSITY OF THE PAPER BATTERY
AS IT IS UNDER GRADUAL
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
IV
5.1.1 FIGURE 14 ANTI-AGING AND WRINKLES 22
5.1.2 FIGURE 15 LG PATCH (FOR WHITENING) 23
5.1.3 FIGURE 16 IONTOPHORESIS MECHANISM 23
5.1.4 FIGURE 17 ESTEE LAUDER (FOR WRINKLES) 24
V
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE NO. TABLE NAME PAGE NO.
4.1 TABLE 1 INFLUENCE OF THE ELECTRODES 20
THICKNESS IN THE ELECTRICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVICES
VI
ABSTRACT
1
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION TO PAPER BATTERY
Ordinary paper could one day be used as a lightweight battery to power the
devices that are now enabling the printed word to be eclipsed by e-mail, e-
books an online news. Scientists at Stanford University in California reported
on Monday they have successfully turned paper coated with ink made of
silver and carbon nano materials into a "paper battery" that holds promise for
new types of lightweight, high-performance energy storage.
The same feature that helps ink adhere to paper allows it to hold onto the
single-walled carbon nanotubes and silver nano wire films. Earlier research
found that silicon nano wires could be used to make batteries 10 times as
powerful as lithium-ion batteries now used to power devices such as laptop
computers.
2
"Taking advantage of the mature paper technology, low cost, light and high-
performance energy-storage are realized by using conductive paper as current
collectors and electrodes," the scientists said in research published in the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Cui said in an e-mail that in addition to being useful for portable electronics
and wearable electronics, "Our paper supercapacitors can be used for all
kinds of applications that require instant high power.”
3
"Since our paper batteries and super capacitors can be very low cost, they are
also good for grid-connected energy storage," he said.
Peidong Yang, professor of chemistry at the University of California
Berkeley, said the technology could be commercialized within a short time.
4
Paper batteries may be folded, cut or otherwise shaped for different
applications without any loss of integrity or efficiency . Cutting one in half
halves its energy production. Stacking them multiplies power output. Early
prototypes of the device are able to produce 2.5 volt s of electricity from a
sample the size of a postage stamp.
5
silicon substrate and then impregnating the gaps in the matrix with cellulose.
Once the matrix has dried, the material can be peeled off of the substrate,
exposing one end of the carbon nanotubes to act as an electrode .
When two sheets are combined, with the cellulose sides facing inwards, a
super capacitor is formed that can be activated by the addition of the ionic
liquid. This liquid acts as an electrolyte and may include salt-laden solutions
like human blood, sweat or urine. The high cellulose content (over 90%) and
lack of toxic chemicals in paper batteries makes the device both
biocompatible and environmentally friendly, especially when compared to
the traditional lithium ion battery used in many present-day electronic
devices and laptops.
6
paper batteries. In addition to the developments announced in 2007 at RPI
and MIT, researchers in Singapore announced that they had developed a
paper battery powered by ionic solutions in 2005. NEC has also invested in R
& D into paper batteries for potential applications in its electronic devices.
Specialized paper batteries could act as power sources for any number of
devices implanted in humans and animals, including RFID tags, cosmetics,
drug-delivery systems and pacemakers.
7
CHAPTER – 2
When two sheets are combined, with the cellulose sides facing inwards, a
super capacitor is formed that can be activated by the addition of the ionic
liquid. This liquid acts as an electrolyte and may include salt-laden solutions
like human blood, sweat or urine. The high cellulose content (over 90%) and
lack of toxic chemicals in paper batteries makes the device both
biocompatible and environmentally friendly, especially when compared to
8
the traditional lithium ion battery used in many present-day electronic
devices and laptops.
Specialized paper batteries could act as power sources for any number of
devices implanted in humans and animals, including RFID tags, cosmetics,
drug-delivery systems and pacemakers. A capacitor introduced into an
organism could be implanted fully dry and then be gradually exposed to
bodily fluids over time to generate voltage. Paper batteries are also
biodegradable, a need only partially addressed by current e-cycling and other
electronics disposal methods increasingly advocated for by the green
computing movement.
2.2 DEVELOPMENT
The creation of this unique nano composite paper drew from a diverse pool
of disciplines, requiring expertise in materials science, energy storage, and
chemistry. The researchers used ionic liquid, essentially a liquid salt, as the
battery’s electrolyte. The use of ionic liquid, which contains no water, means
there’s nothing in the batteries to freeze or evaporate. “This lack of water
allows the paper energy storage devices to withstand extreme temperatures,”
Kumar said. It gives the battery the ability to function in temperatures up to
300 degrees Fahrenheit and down to 100 below zero. The use of ionic liquid
also makes the battery extremely biocompatible; the team printed paper
batteries without adding any electrolytes, and demonstrated that naturally
occurring electrolytes in human sweat, blood, and urine can be used to
activate the battery device.
9
Cellulose-based paper is a natural abundant material, biodegradable, light,
and recyclable with a well-known consolidated manufacturing process. These
attributes turn paper a quite interesting material to produce very cheap
disposable electronic devices with the great advantage of being
environmental friendly. The recent (r) evolution of thin-film electronic
devices such as paper transistors , transparent thin-film transistors based on
semiconductor oxides , and paper memory, open the possibility to produce
low cost disposable electronics in large scale. Common to all these advances
is the use of cellulose fiber-based paper as an active material in opposition to
other ink-jet printed active-matrix display and thin-film transistors reports
where paper acts only as a passive element (substrate). Batteries in which a
paper matrix is incorporated with carbon nanotubes, or biofluid - and water-
activated batteries with a filter paper have been reported, but it is not known
a work where the paper itself is the core of the device performance.
10
Figure 2.2 Development of Paper Battery
11
electrochemical potential is also deposited. The simplest structure produced
is Cu/paper/Al but other structures such as Al paper WO TCO were also
tested, leading to batteries with open circuit voltages varying between 0.50
and 1.10 V.
On the other hand, the short current density is highly dependent on the
relative humidity (RH), whose presence is important to recharge the battery.
The set of batteries characterized show stable performance after being tested
by more than 115 hours, under standard atmospheric conditions [room
temperature, RT (22 C) and 60% air humidity, RH]. In this work we also
present as a proof of concept a paper transistor in which the gate ON/OFF
state is controlled by a non-encapsulated 3 V integrated paper battery.
12
CHAPTER – 3
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
The paper batteries produced have the Al/paper/Cu structure, where the metal
layers were produced by thermal evaporation at RT. The thicknesses of the
metal elect rodes varied between 100 and 500 nm. The electrical
characteristics of the batteries were obtained through I–V curves and also by
sweep voltammetry using scanning speed of 25 mV/s and the electrodes area
of 1 cm . A Keithley 617 Programmable Electrometer with a National
Instruments GPIB acquisition board were used to determine the I–V
characteristics.
13
The cyclic voltammetry was performed with a potenciostat Gamry
Instruments—Ref. 600 in a two-electrode configuration. The electrical
performances of the batteries were determined by monitoring the current of
the battery under variable RH conditions. The surface analysis of the paper
and paper batteries was performed by S-4100 Hitachi scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), with a 40 tilt angle. The electrical properties of the paper
transistor controlled by the paper battery were monitored with an Agilent
4155C semiconductor parameter analyzer and a Cascade M150 microprobe
station.
14
CHAPTER – 4
The Al/paper/Cu thin batteries studied involved the use of three different
classes of paper: commercial copy white paper (WP: 0.68 g/cm , 0.118 mm
thick); recycled paper (RP: 0.70 g/cm , 0.115 mm thick); tracing paper (TP:
0.58 g/cm , 0.065 mm thick). The TP is made of long pine fibers and
according to FRX (X-ray fluorescence) mainly Al2 O3 (24%), SiO2 (37%),
SO2 (15%), CaO (9%), and Na2 O (4%).
The role of the type of paper and electrodes thickness on the electrical
parameters of the battery, such as the Voc and Jsc are indicated in Table I,
for RH of 50%–60%, using metal electrodes with different thicknesses
(t1=100 nm; tot2=250 nm;t3=500 nm). Jsc for WP is ~ 40%–50% lower than
of TP, and RP is one order of magnitude lower than WP. Consequently, the
Voc is reduced by merely a ~ 0.1 V when moving from WP to RP only for
thickness (t1=100 nm) while it increases for t2 and t3.
15
Figure 4.1 Photograph of the Paper Batteries With a Sketch of the Cross Section
The thickness of the metal layer does not play a remarkable role on electrical
characteristics of the batteries. The results show that it is enough to guarantee
the step coverage of the randomly dispersed fibers by metal or metal–oxide
thin films to allow the carriers to find a continuous pathway without the
inhibition of water vapor absorption by the paper fibers. Considering that the
tracing paper is less dense and thinner than white and recycled paper, the
difference on the current density observed can be related to ions
recombination either due to impurities inside the foam/mesh-like paper
structure or charge annihilation by vacant sites associated to the surface of
the paper fibers, existing in thicker papers.
16
difference in work functions influences the set of chemical reactions that take
place within the paper mesh structure.
The paper SEM image of Fig. 4.2 is the surface morphology of tracing paper
used. There, large (50 m). This mesh-like structure favors OHx absorption on
the surface of the fibers, in line with data depicted in Table 4.1, where the
batteries produced in WP show currents one order of magnitude lower than
the ones produced in TP.
17
Figure 4.3 SEM Image of the Anode (Al) Surface
18
current through the typical reactions of 2H2 O O2+ 4H+ +4e- and/or4 OH-
O2+2 H2 O+4e- and subsequent reactions with the paper fibers
constituents (cellulose and ions). This was confirmed by measuring the
current variation as RH changes.
The graph of Fig. 4.4 shows the short circuit-current density variation as RH
increases for TP. A variation of about three orders of magnitude is observed
when RH changes from 60% to 85%, and it is reversible, meaning that no
battery damage is verified. We conclude that this type of battery is a mixture
of a secondary battery and a fuel cell where the fuel is the water vapor and so
its application requires environment with RH>40 % or proper encapsulation
with controlled humidity via holes through which we can allow the battery to
breathe.
Figure 4.4 Continuous Measurement Of the Short Circuit Current Density of the
Paper Battery as it is Under Gradual Relative Humidity
19
Table 4.1 Influence of the Electrodes Thickness in the Electrical Characteristics of Devices
20
This is the case in applications with typically high RH, as in the food
industry, where these batteries could be used to turn electronic tags auto-
sustained. From the data taken, each battery element is able to supply a
power from 75 nW/cm to 350 W/cm , depending on RH. The desired voltage
and power output can be achieved by integrating in series and in parallel the
battery elements produced.
21
CHAPTER – 5
5.1 IN COSMETICS
22
Figure 5.1.2 LG ion Patch (for Whitening)
23
Figure 5.1.4 Estee Lauder (for Wrinkles)
The paper-like quality of the battery combined with the structure of the
nanotubes embedded within gives them their light weight and low cost,
24
making them attractive for portable electronics, aircraft, automobiles, and
toys (such as model aircraft), while their ability to use electrolytes in blood
make them potentially useful for medical devices such as pacemakers.
The medical uses are particularly attractive because they do not contain any
toxic materials and can be biodegradable; a major drawback of chemical cells
However, Professor Sperling cautions that commercial applications may be a
long way away, because nanotubes are still relatively expensive to fabricate.
Currently they are making devices a few inches in size.
5.3 DURABILITY
The use of carbon nanotubes gives the paper battery extreme flexibility; the
sheets can be rolled, twisted, folded, or cut into numerous shapes with no loss
of integrity or efficiency, or stacked, like printer paper (or a Voltaic pile), to
boost total output. As well, they can be made in a variety of sizes, from
postage stamp to broadsheet. “It’s essentially a regular piece of paper, but
it’s made in a very intelligent way,” said Linhardt, “We’re not putting pieces
together — it’s a single, integrated device,” he said. “The components are
25
CONCLUSION
26
BIBLOGRAPHY
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