OPTIMUM CABLE-FoRCE ADJUSTMENTS IN

CONCRETE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES

By A. Kasuga, I Member, ASCE, H. Arai, 2 J. E. Breen, 3

Fellow, ASCE, and K. Furukawa4

ABSTRACT: Two kinds of errors are frequently encountered during the construction of
cable-stayed bridges: one is force-application error in the jacking cable forces, and the
other is geometry error in controlling elevations of the girders. These errors are normally
kept within the prescribed tolerances by adjusting cable forces. However, the influence
of creep in prestressed concrete cable-stayed bridges cannot be ignored. If this influence
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by New York University on 05/14/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

is not considered, it is possible to exceed the allowable stay-force range at the time when
creep ends. This paper presents an optimization application in which the influence of
creep can be taken into account. Some optimizing criteria are proposed, and the optimum
adjusting cable forces are obtained by minimizing the amount of work due to these forces.
Residual stresses due to force-application errors can also be minimized. The procedures
are illustrated by several examples.

INTRODUCTION
Since cable-stayed bridges, the structure of which relies primarily on the balancing of loads
by stay-cable forces, are quite flexible structures, geometry- and load-control errors during
construction can substantially affect the completed structures. Moreover, stress changes due to
creep, which can significantly change the stay-cable forces, should be taken into account in
concrete cable-stayed bridges.
In steel cable-stayed bridges, the determination of cable-force adjustments based on the
method employed for hanger cables of arch bridges has been reported (Fujisawa and Torno
1985). Since the objective function in this method is formulated as a simple objective function,
utilizing errors in cable forces and errors in camber, problems have been encountered in the
application of the method to actual bridges, as the two types of error are expressed in different
physical terms (Nonaka and Kawahito 1985).
On the other hand, methods have also been proposed for concrete cable-stayed bridges that
base the optimization technique on cable-force control (Yoshimura et al. 1987). However, in
these proposals, although the geometry error in controlling elevation of the girders was modified
during construction, the deflection after the completion of long-term creep has usually not been
considered in the optimization procedures for the determination of the cable-force adjustments.
This should be done in concrete cable-stayed bridges, which are greatly affected by creep.
In steel cable-stayed bridges, the force application errors in the jacking of cables, the geometry
errors in controlling elevations of the girders and the towers, the amount of adjustment, and
the number of cables to be adjusted are controlled during erection (Furukawa et al. 1986).
However, most concrete cable-stayed bridges are planned and detailed for an adjustment of
cable forces during or after erection, and decreasing or limiting the number of cables to be
adjusted should not be an absolute condition. The deflection of the girders, the towers, and the
cable forces can generally be controlled in concrete cable-stayed bridges.
A major difference between steel and concrete cable-stayed bridges is the influence of creep.
Generally, the cable forces decrease and the displacements restrained by the cable forces increase
while creep is in progress. Residual errors in cable forces will give rise to additional displacements
and cable-force changes due to creep. By making use of the creep characteristics of concrete
cable-sayed bridges, it is possible to achieve cable-force adjustments that cause less residual
long-term error. In spite of the fact that consideration of these characteristics is a prerequisite
for accurate control, no studies are known that consider creep in the control process.
The question of what should be the objective function for optimization when an accurate
control system is planned thus arises. In many steel cable-stayed bridges, the sum of the squares
of the amount of shim adjustment is taken as the main objective function, while the geometry
errors and the cable force errors are treated as constraints. Such a method gives good conver-

'Bridge Engr., Sumitomo Constr. Co., Ltd., 13-4 Araki-cho Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
2Bridge Engr., Sumitomo Conslr. Co., Ltd., 13-4 Araki-cho Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
'The Nasser I. AI-Rashid Chair in Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712.
·Prof. of Civ. Engrg., Yamaguchi Univ., Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755, Japan.
Note. Associate Editor: H. Everett Drugge. Discussion open until September 1, 1995. To extend the closing
date one month, a written request must be filed with the ASCE Manager of Journals. The manuscript for this
paper was submitted for review and possible publication on November 13, 1991. This paper is part of the Journal
of Structural Engineering, Vol. 121, No.4, April, 1995. ©ASCE, ISSN 0733-9445/95/0004-0685-0694/$2.00 +
$.25 per page. Paper No. 2960.

JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING 685

J. Struct. Eng. 1995.121:685-694.

 gence, but minimization of residual error, which is the real objective of accurate control, is only
secondarily achieved by employing constraints. However, if such a method is applied to concrete
cable-stayed bridges, it is doubtful whether the optimum solution can be obtained, because the
objective function does not contain the essential characteristics needed to minimize the residual
stresses. This approach also involves the drawback that it is difficult to take into consideration
the influence of creep on concrete cable-stayed bridges.
In this paper therefore, the work of the cable forces on the girder and tower is chosen as the
objective function. Minimizing the work tends to suppress the residual stresses due to adjusting
cable forces. This should be quite effective on concrete cable-stayed bridges, which have stiffer
girders and which are substantially influenced by creep. Since the adjusting cable force becomes
a linear function of the residual error of displacement, the work (i.e. the product of the adjusting
cable force multiplied by the displacement change) can be shown to be a quadratic function of
the residual error of displacement. Nonlinear programming methods for dealing with quadratic
functions are therefore required. Moreover, definition of the influence matrix of the work, by
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by New York University on 05/14/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

summing up the work of each cable, the girders can be prevented from experiencing excessive
stresses during adjustment.
This paper will demonstrate the effectiveness of this method including the influence of creep,
also drawing comparisons with other objective functions previously employed.

Cable Force and Deflection Change Due to Creep

The following equation for strain due to creep is used to formulate the influence of creep on
the adjusting cable force (Inomata 1976):
U o Au <\>
AE = E <\> + -E . - e ~'
(1 )

Although there are other formulas for strain due to creep (Quast 1980; Rusch and Jungwirth
1976), (1) is equal to Trost's formula

(2)

substituting
1
p=--- (3)
1- e 4> <\>
The relaxation coefficient p and the second term of (2) includes strain due to both elastic
deflection and creep. Since this study aims to determine the adjusting cable force in order to
keep the error within tolerance at the time when creep ends, it is more important to understand
the quantitative performance after creep effectively ends, rather than the performance during
creep. Other desirable objectives are the taking into account of the influence of creep on
geometry and force control of concrete cable-stayed bridges, and confirmation of the effective-
ness of the minimum work criterion. For these reasons, (1), which gives a good approximation
of the final state, and is also easy to formulate, can be used in this study. Although some
researchers have noted that creep recovery should be considered in concrete cable-stayed bridges
(Hoshino and Saeki 1980), this influence can be taken into account by substituting
E
E=--' <\>'=~ (4a,b)
1 + <\>,' 1 + <\>,
in (1) (Inomata 1976). This means that creep recovery and elastic recovery occur at the same
time, as Rusch and Jungwirth (1976) have assumed.
Assuming that the creep coefficient of the cable is zero, and the creep coefficient of the girder
and tower is constant and identical, (1) can be transformed as follows to reflect the compatibility
conditions of the displacement at the attachment points of the cables:

P~ = (I + 1 -<\>e 4> G-IS) -, (PI. - P(,)(1 - e-~') (5)

where
P L = -G IDo (6)
The cable forces before creep occurs are the sum of Po and ~p,r. Thus (5) becomes
P~ = B(PL - Po - ~p,n(1 - e -4» = B(P L - Po)(l - e -4» - BaP,j(1 - e <l» (7a,b)

where

(8)

686 JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

J. Struct. Eng. 1995.121:685-694.

 Since the first term of (8) is the cable force change due to creep that is defined in design. the
second term indicates the change due to creep that corresponds to the adjusting cable force
(9)
Moreover, from (1). the relative displacement of the girder and the tower in the cable direction
due to creep is given by

(10)

Substituting (5) in (10)

D~ = (Do + GP~)<!> + GB(P L - P(,)<!> (11)
From the relation p;) = Po + .:1P~
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by New York University on 05/14/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

D~ = (Do + GPo)<!> + GB(P, - Po)<!> + G.:1P,;<!> - GB.:1P;~<!> (12)

Since the first and second terms of (12) are the deflection change due to creep defined in design.
the change due to creep that corresponds to the adjusting cable force becomes
.:1D", = G(I - B).:1P,t<!> ( 13)
Then the adjusting cable force .:1p7, is given by
(14)

INFLUENCE MATRIX OF WORK

The displacement at the end of the point of the ith cable can be divided into two parts. One
is the displacement due to the adjusting cable force of the ith cable itself. The other is the
displacement due to all of the other adjusting cable forces. The sum of the products of each
adjusting cable force multiplied by the displacement due to the cable force is defined as the
work.
The work at the point of the ith cable is given by

Then the diagonal matrix is defined as the influence matrix of the work
En 0 0 0
0 EE' 0 0
EJ: ( 16)
0 0 EEi 0

0 0 0 EJ:H
where
( 17)
Also. another diagonal matrix is defined as the influence matrix of the work due to external
forces

AE11T'1 0 0 0
0 Al:~2 T22 0 0
EEn ( 18)
0 0 AUiT;; 0

0 0 0 Af~'IIIIITflll

The same idea can be used in the case of the work due to creep.
Substituting a unit cable force for .:1P7, in (9) and (13), the influence matrix of cable force
and displacement due to creep is shown in (20). Thus, the diagonal matrix is defined as the
influence matrix of the work due to creep

E"" 0 0 0
0 E"" 0 0
E", = ( 19)
0 0 E(l>; 0

0 0 0 £.1)1/

JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING 687

J. Struct. Eng. 1995.121:685-694.

 where
B' = -(1 - e<l»B; A<I> = <!>G(I - B) (20a,b)

(21)

FORMULATION OF OBJECTIVE FUNCTION

The adjusting tensioning force of the cable is given by
aPo = Ai,.'(&o + E) (22)
The geometry error refers to the discrepancy with the design elevation, added to the design
camber. The design camber is calculated by taking into account the displacement due to dead
load, creep, and drying shrinkage.
In this study, the fol1owing optimization criteria are introduced:
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by New York University on 05/14/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

• Criterion I: Minimizing the sum of the square of the adjusting tensioning forces of the
cable
• Criterion II: Minimizing the work due to the adjusting cable force
• Criterion III: Minimizing the work due to the adjusting cable force and creep
• Criterion IV: Minimizing the work due to the adjusting tensioning force of the cable

Criterion I is equal to the sum of the squares of the amount of shims; the others are the
optimization criteria proposed in this study. Criterion II minimizes the work before the start of
creep; criterion III minimizes the work including the influence due to creep; and criterion IV
minimizes the work due to external forces.

Criterion I
The sum of the squares of the adjusting tensioning forces of the cable is given by
(23)
Substituting (22) in (23)

Criterion II
The work due to the adjusting cable force is given by
(25a,b)

Substituting (22) in (25)

V/f = (&0 + EVAi./E~Aiv'(&o + E) (26a)

V/f = ETAi/EfAiv'E + 2&JA i./ E f A i,.'E + &JAi./EfAiv'&o (26b)

Criterion III
The work due to the adjusting cable force and creep is given by
VIII = (EEaPo)Tapo - {E<I>(TaPo + aPco)}T(TaPo + aP£1') (27a)

VIII = ap,i(EI - TTE;T)apo - 2ap[oE;TaPo - ap[oE;ap(lI ~ min (27b)

The minus of the term for creep change means that the sign of the work due to the adjusting
cable force is different from the work due to creep. Defining E as
(28)
and substituting (22) in (27)
VIII = ETAi,.TETAf::,.'E + (2&,iAi,.TETAi,.' - 2ap[oE;TA E,.')E
+ &,iAi,TETAi,.'&o - 2ap[oE;TAi,.'&o - ap[oE;ap co (29)

Criterion IV
The work due to the adjusting tensioning force of the cable is given by
V/V = (EE<"aPo)TaPo = ap,iEI<"aPo ~ min (30a,b)

Substituting (22) in (30)

688 JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

J. Struct. Eng. 1995.121:685-694.

 (31a)

(31b)

Since E includes only elastic deflection, the residual error of deflection after completion of creep
is given by
Er-;+", = E + A",T~P" = E + A",TAF,.'(8" + E) (32a,b)
It is clear that nonlinear programming methods are required, as these objective functions derive
quadratic equations for E.

CONSTRAINTS OF GEOMETRY RESIDUAL ERROR IN ELEVATION

Constraints are set at the time when creep ends. At that time, the force application errors in
the jacking cable forces are considered to be the required adjusting cable forces, and are taken
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by New York University on 05/14/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

into account in constraints.

Constraints of geometry residual error in elevation become
(33)
Substituting (32) in (33), and taking into account the influence of ~Pco, the constraint can be
shown to be
Emin - A",(TAi,.'8" + ~Pc,,) :S (I + A",TAinE :S Emax - A",(TAiv'8" + ~Pc,,) (34)

CONSTRAINTS OF RESIDUAL ERROR IN CABLE FORCES

Constraints of the residual errors in cable forces are given by
(35)
Taking into account the influence of ~Pco

~P"min :S T ~P" + ~P", + ~Pc" + ~Pc"", :S ~P"max (36)

where ~Pco", change in the force application errors due to creep, given by
~Pc"", = - 8(1 - e - "')~Pc" (37)
Substituting (9) and (22) in (36)
~P"min - {T - BT(1 - e-"')}Ar-;,'8" - {I - 8(1 - e- '1')}~Pc" :S {T - 8T(1 - e q')}Ar-;,.'E

:S ~P"max - {T - 8T(1 - e-"')}Aiv'8" - {I - 8(1 - e"')}~Pc" (38)

EXAMPLES OF TWO·CABLE MODEL

Fig. 1 shows a two-cable model in which vertical cables are used for simplicity. The creep
coefficient <I> is taken as 2.0, and the geometry error in elevation is assumed to be 8 0 = 10.0
mm at section 1, and 15.0 mm at section 2. These different levels of force application error are
studied. The force application errors are AP co = [10.0 ton, 10.0 tonF in case 1, AP co = [-10.0
ton, -10.0 tonF in case 2, and APco = [10.0 ton, -10.0 tonF in case 3. The tolerance of the
geometry residual error in elevation is taken as E = ± 10.0 mm, and the tolerance of the residual
error in cable force is taken as ±8.0 ton. The order of adjusting is first SI, followed by S2.
Properties of the model are given in Appendix I.
Fig. 2 shows the history of displacement, and Table 1 shows the residual error in cable forces
after each adjusting step as well as at the end of creep. Table 2 indicates the residual error in
girder bending moment at the end of adjustments and at the end of creep.
In case 1, since both SI and S2 are overtensioned, an initial adjustment solution tending to
detension is obtained. After this, since the girder deformation tends to further detension due
to creep, this deformation being in an upward direction, the geometry residual errors in elevation
after completion of adjustment are much smaller than the tolerance. However, these errors

[ '"
( f)

1---:",.....--::2~---,.

1200001 20000J 200001

FIG. 1. Two-Cable Model

JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING 689

J. Struct. Eng. 1995.121:685-694.

 (mml (mml SeClion 2
10.0 15.0
-;:::::
II:
0 ~ 14.0
~

""
II: II:
c:
lJJ 9.0 ll]130
-I
<t ;;i 120

"
::J ::J
e 8.0 011.0 Criterion
en
lJJ
Ui
~
--- 1,n,fl' \
II: 10.0
-m I ~
7.0 9.0
SIS2 CO:'Pt~~~n SI S2 Completion
of Creop
ADJUSTMENT p ADJUSTMENT
(a)

lmm) Section I (mm Seclion 2

Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by New York University on 05/14/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

10.0 15.0
II:
0 ~140
I\.
II:
e:i 9O
II:
e:i 13.0 "\.
Crllerlon Crilerlon
~
-I
<t
::J
98.0
en
---I
---I
-II
:g-112.0
911.0
en
_.- I
--. n
-m '" ~
lJJ
II:

7.0
--_. W

SI
ADJUSTMENT
S2 Complellon
of Creep
lJJ
II: 10.0

9.0
_··w

SIS2
ADJUSTMENT
'"
Compl.,lon
of Creep

lb)

(mml S CTion I
10.0
,

-" / lmm)
15.0
Section 2

II:
~ 14.0
--.::::: l\.
~,
0
II: II:
II: e:i 13.0
lJJ

-I
8.0
;;i 12.0
~
<t
::J ::J '\~
o 11.0 Criterion
~
lJJ
7.0 en
~ 100
_.- I, Rill ~
II: -m
9.0
6.0 SIS2 Completion
SI S2 Completion
of Creep ADJUSTMENT of Creep
ADJUSTMENT
Ie)

FIG. 2. Behavior of Two Cable Model with Adjustments and Creep: (a) Case 1; (b) Case 2; (c) Case 3

TABLE 1. Residual Error In Cable Forces (t)

Cable S1 Cable 81
Before Adjustment Adjustment End of Before Adjustment Adjustment End of
Cable Criterion adjustment for S1 for S2 creep adjustment for S1 for S2 creep
(1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
I I 10.00 8.18 15.83 4.64 10.00 10.92 1.84 -1.02
I II 10.00 8.18 15.83 4.64 10.00 10.92 1.84 -1.02
I III 10.00 5.04 12.57 3.49 10.00 12.52 3.58 -0.32
I IV 10.00 8.18 15.83 4.64 10.00 10.92 1.84 - 1.02
2 I -10.00 -10.25 -5.70 -0.33 - 10.00 -9.87 -15.27 -3.02
2 II -10.00 -10.47 -5.93 -0.41 -10.00 -9.76 -15.15 -2.98
2 III - 10.00 -10.54 -6.00 -0.44 -10.00 -9.73 -15.11 -2.96
2 IV -10.00 -10.49 -5.96 -0.42 -10.00 -9.75 -15.14 -2.97
3 I 10.00 8.44 13.27 5.40 -10.00 -9.21 -14.95 -4.69
3 II 10.00 8.44 13.27 5.44 -10.00 -9.21 -14.95 -4.69
3 III 10.00 0.80 5.34 2.61 -10.00 -5.33 -10.72 -2.98
3 IV 10.00 8.44 13.27 5.40 - 10.00 -9.21 -14.95 -4.69

increase but within tolerance after completion of creep. Criteria I, II, and IV give identical
optimum solutions, and the errors in elevation of both points are active. With criterion III, only
point 2 is actively adjusted, and the residual errors in elevation and in cable forces are the
smallest among the four criteria.
Case 2 is the opposite of case 1 in terms of force application error direction. Since the direction
of the geometry error in elevation is in the same direction as that of the displacements due to

690 JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

J. Struct. Eng. 1995.121:685-694.

 TABLE 2 Residual Error In Bending Moment (t· m)
Section S1 Section S1
End of End of End of End of
Case Criterion adjustment creep adjustment creep
(1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
1 I -95.2 -26.7 -66.0 -3.1
1 II -95.2 -26.7 -66.0 -3.1
1 III -77.1 -20.4 -74.3 -7.0
1 IV -95.2 -26.7 -66.0 -3.1
2 I 45.1 4.2 175.3 32.3
2 II 46.3 4.6 174.7 32.1
2 III 46.8 4.8 174.5 32.0
2 IV 46.5 4.7 174.6 32.0
3 I -67.6 -28.5 115.7 32.6
3 II -67.6 -28.5 115.7 32.6
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by New York University on 05/14/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

3 III -23.7 -13.2 95.4 23.2

3 IV -67.6 -28.5 115.7 32.6

4_ 14000-56 50lil
51500 77500

FIG. 3. Structural Model of Shln-Ayabe Bridge

(mm) (mm)

20 - - -. Befor. Adj ... ltm.nt 20 - - - Before .Adjustment

et: Completion 01
et:
- Completion of -
~ 10 Adjustment ~ 10 Adjustment

et: / , --- Complellon cf Creep et: /~ ~,

- - - ComPl••iono' Creep
IIJ
...J
0 , ,'/
"'" ~

'- ---,
IIJ 0
I\~
, ,
, -,
... in• o
§ <1-10 I--"
""" t-L- ,
-10 ')10 /1: 6 ::l ~~\ /11 "-~
o
- -20
\~ WI ./ rTf o
i:j- 20 , ",

l:1 .
5.
1-- -- - - ' \
ilL.,. o
et: -30
l?'4 b- - 1-- L<~ ~-
~ ~J:~'
et: -30

-40
K ..
K K ~ K
(0)
Koi K7 K. K. KI
-40
KI K. K. K4 K.
(0)
K. K7 K. K. KI o

o Bofor. AdJuolmo.. 4 - . - - - - - - -

Before AdJusrmen':t=======
ComPI:i:o~enl
Complotlon of Crwp
_ ___ ~ Complek'iu~me~_±=_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_=
• Complotl... oICroep

Ib) Ibl
FIG. 4. Results Using Optimization Criterion I: (a) Elevation of FIG. 5. Results Using Optimization Criterion II: (a) Elevation
Girders; (b) Cable Forces (.1P~/POl) of Girders; (b) Cable Forces (.1P~/Po/)

adjusting cable forces, which tend to decrease the cable-force errors, the error is greater than
in case 1. In this case, a significant factor to be taken into account is the influences which increase
the cable force due to creep. The girder therefore deforms downward due to creep. Although
the four solutions are almost identical because of the severe conditions, the residual errors of
criterion III are smaller in comparison to the others.
In case 3, since the force application error of 52 is opposite to that of case 1,51 is detensioned
greatly to eliminate the force application error, and also to decrease the work due to creep using
criterion III. The residual errors for criterion III are the smallest, as was also true of the other
cases.
Moreover, in a case opposite to case 3 (APeD = [-10.0 ton, 10.0 ton)1), all criteria give the
same optimum solutions, and the errors in elevation of both points are active. this being the
most severe case.

JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING 691

J. Struct. Eng. 1995.121:685-694.

 lmm (mm)
20 - - - Before Adjustme
"' II:
20 ----- Before Adju.'menl
Completion of
II:
o 10
- Adjustment ~ 10
-- Complellon 01
Adj..l.,.nI
II:
II: ,~&, -- Completion 01 Creep II: , , -- Complefton of cr...,
W 0 ~
W
o 1'\'\'\ , , --
<1 -10 .Ie " , ...J
<{ -10
'\
,... ,
:::>
e -20
~'.
'.'\' Ill' " /
.-
'\ 111
o
:::>
~ -20
I'\~, I,
.,/1
'" \\
", '11-2,o
1Ii

-\ 'ttl..
~
(/)
W - f-- - f?4: - 1-- -- \
W
II: -30 -I"'"", - 4-- -- ~ \

II: -30

-40 -40
K, K2 K. K. K. K. K7 Ke K. K,o K K 2 K• K K K K• K• K 10
(a) (a)

l§
~
('Yo)

10 0 Belore Acljusl..-rt
~ CoOlplet~u:me",
:t========
-1_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_
II:
~
II:
('Yo)

10 o
~ ---------
W

•
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by New York University on 05/14/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

W • CompletIon of ,Creep

~ o~~_~
in
~
u;
0 E_=_=_===_~_~_~.IE=t
II: -10
K, K2 K. K. K. K. K7 Ko K. Koo It! - j 0 ~========+====:::::===
K, K2 K. K. K. Ko K7 Ke Ke K,o
( b) (bl

FIG. 6. Results Using Optimization Criterion III: (a) Elevation FIG. 7. Results Using Optimization Criterion IV: (a) Elevation
of Girders; (b) Cable Forces (.1P~/Pol) of Grlders; (b) Cable Forces (.1P~/Pol)

Crttorlon
(mml
--- I
-20
--- I II:
I---~~--"''''C I-~I.-\-- - • ~ -15
----- IV II:
W
.J -10
000
~ 1i1 ~o g g 8 g 8 ~
I "7 ~ '? 1 -? enW - 5

BENDING MOMENT BENDING MOMENT II:

2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 Comp/ellon
(t'm) (t'm)
Ko K. K7 K> Ka Kz Kg K. Klo of Croop
(0) (b) ADJUSTMENT

FIG. 8. Tower Bending Moments: (a) Comple- FIG. 9. Displacement History of Point 8 while All
tion of Adjustments; (b) End of Creep Steps Are Adjusted and at End of Creep Period

As just shown, the cable force application error usually cannot be eliminated, and therefore
appropriate accurate control cannot be achieved if the influence of creep is not taken into
account.

EXAMPLE OF ACTUAL CABLE-STAVED BRIDGE

Fig. 3 shows the structural analysis model of the Shin-Ayabe Bridge in Kyoto. The creep
coefficient <I> is taken as 1.5, and the tolerance of the geometry residual error is expected to be
±25.0 mm at the time when creep ends. The order of adjustment is Ks , K n, K4 , • • • , K K" ..
and the constraints of the cable force are to be ± 5.0% of the design values. Properties for " the
model are given in Appendix I.
Figs. 4- 7 show the results of stay adjustment using each criterion before starting adjustments,
after completion of adjustments, and after the end of creep. From Figs. 4(a)- 7(a), the right
span can be seen to have a small change due to creep, but the left span deforms downward due
to creep, in order to remain within the tolerance. The residual errors with criterion III are
slightly smaller than with the other criteria. The influence of creep therefore cannot be ignored,
and it is necessary to take it into account in the accurate control of concrete cable-stayed bridges.
From t:.P~)Plli shown in Figs. 4(b)-7(b), criteria II and IV have the same tendency as criterion
I, while the residual errors of criterion III are the smallest. On the other hand, the amount of
adjusting cable force at the active point Ky is the largest for criterion I. This results from
concentration of adjustment, because the objective function is the sum of the squares of the
tensioning force of the stay cable. In criteria II and IV, adjustment is distributed compared to
criterion I. However, residual errors cannot be completely eliminated using these criteria, as
they take into account only elastic influence. Criterion III gives the optimum solution by taking
into account change due to creep. This solution is optimum because the adjustments that elim-
inate the force-application errors are made by the stay cables, which have little influence at the
active point. The optimization procedure that makes best use of the characteristics of concrete
cable-stayed bridges is therefore one that applies criterion III.
Although the bending moment capacity of the tower shown in Fig. 8 is not considered as one

692 JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

J. Struct. Eng. 1995.121:685-694.

 of the constraints, the residual bending moment is minimized by using the minimum work criteria
II and Ill.
Fig. 9 shows the displacement history of point 8 during adjustment of the stay cables. Kx is
adjusted in the sixth adjustment. The adjustment following the minimum work criterion III is
very efficient in comparison to criterion I. This means that application of this criterion is effective
in avoiding occurrence of excessive stress during adjustment.
As noted, criterion III was adopted in the actual adjustment control of the Shin-Ayabe Bridge,
as it gave the most satisfactory results.

CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions can be drawn from this study:
In concrete cable-stayed bridges, the elevation of the girders and the cable forces require
control because of certain assumptions made in the course of design and construction. The
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by New York University on 05/14/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

problem can be formulated as the optimization of a single objective function by treating the
work as an objective function, taking cable forces and elevation to be constraints.
It is possible to formulate the minimum work criteria including creep effects by defining the
influence matrix of the work. The appropriateness of the minimum work criterion was also
demonstrated.
In concrete cable-stayed bridges, the adjustment control method utilized for steel cable-stayed
bridges cannot be applied, because it fails to take account of the influence of creep.
When optimization is done according to the criterion that minimizes the work of both elastic
and creep deformation, an efficient optimum solution tending to eliminate residual errors can
be obtained, because better use is made in this case of the mutual influence of each adjusting
cable force.

APPENDIX I. PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Two-Cable Model [See Fig. 1]
Girder: moment of inertia I = 0.50 m 4 ; area A = 4.0 m 2 ; and modulus of elasticity E = 3.5
X 106 t/m 2 •
Cable: A = 0.01 m 2 ; and E = 2.0 x 107 t/m 2 .

Shin-Ayabe Bridge [See Fig. 5]

Girder: I = 4.587 m 4 ; A = 5.700 m 2 ; and E = 3.5 x 10" t/m 2 .
Tower: I = 6.106-72.744 m4; A = 11.231-23.648 m 2 ; and E 2.85 x lOn t/m 2 .
Cable: A = 0.0142-0.0205 m 2 ; and E = 2.05 x 107 t/m 2 .

APPENDIX II. REFERENCES

Fujisawa, N., and Torno, H. (1985). "Computer-aided cable adjustment of stayed bridges." IABSE Prac., IABSE,
Vol. P-92/85, 181-190.
Furukawa, K., Inoue, K., Nakayama, H., and Ishido, K. (1986). "Studies on the management system of cable-
stayed bridges under construction using multiobjective programming method." Proc.. JSCE, Tokyo, Japan,
374(6),495-502 (in Japanese).
Hoshino, M., and Saeki, S. (1980). "Redistribution of internal actions due to creep and shrinkage of cable-stayed
concrete bridges." Proc., JSCE, Tokyo, Japan, 295(3), 103-113 (in Japanese).
Inomata, S. (1976). "Effect of creep on prestressed concrete structures." 1. Japan Prestressed Concrete Engrg.
Assac., Tokyo, Japan, 18(2), 2-15 (in Japanese).
Nonaka, K., and Kawahito, T. (1985). "Construction of Meiko-Nishi Bridge." Bridge and Found. Engrg., Tokyo,
Japan, 19(4,5) (in Japanese).
Quast, J. (1980). Zeitabhiingige Spannungsumlargeningen bei Seilabgespannten Massivbriicken. Werner-Verlag
GmbH, Dusseldorf, Germany.
Rusch, H., and Jungwirth, D. (1976). Beriicksichtigung der Einfliif3e von Kreichen und Schwinden aufdas Verhalten
der Tragwerke. Werner-Verlag GmbH, Dusseldorf, Germany.
Yoshimura, M., Ueki, Y., and Imai, Y. (1987). "Design and construction of a prestressed concrete cable-stayed
bridge: the Tsukuhara Ohashi." J. Japan Prestressed Concrete Engrg. Assoc., Tokyo, Japan, 29(1), 46-55 (in
Japanese).

APPENDIX III. NOTATION

The following symbols are used in this paper:

AE influence matrix of relative displacements of girder and tower in cable direction;

A Ey influence matrix of vertical component of girder displacements;
Do relative displacements of girder and tower in cable direction due to dead load;
D~ relative displacement of girder and tower in cable direction due to creep;
E modulus of elasticity;
EE influence matrix of work;

JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING 693

J. Struct. Eng. 1995.121:685-694.

 EEe, influence matrix of work due to external forces;
E<j> influence matrix of work due to creep;
G influence matrix of relative displacement of girder and tower in structure without cables;
I unit matrix;
P(, cable forces before start of creep;
P~ cable forces due to creep;
P" cable forces in design;
S cable elongation due to unit force;
T influence matrix of cable force;
.1D<j> relative displacement due to creep caused by adjusting cable force;
.1P<j> cable forces due to creep caused by adjusting cable force;
aP" tensioning force of adjusted cable;
aP eu force application error in jacking cable forces;
.1P~ adjusting cable forces;
.:ll' strain due to creep;
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by New York University on 05/14/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

.:la stress due to creep;

0" geometry error of girder in controlling elevation;
£ residual error in girder elevation;
initial stress;
creep coefficient;
creep coefficient for elastic recovery; and
creep coefficient for creep recovery.

694 JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

J. Struct. Eng. 1995.121:685-694.