Daya Dukung Aksial

Rekayasa Pondasi
DTS-2018
References
• Bowles, J.E., 1996, Foundation analysis and design, fifth edition, Mc Graw
Hill Book Company-Singapore.
• Coduto, D.P., 1996, Foundation Design, Prentice Hall, Inc.
• Poulos, 1980, Pile foundation analysis and design, by John Wiley & Sons
Inc.
• Murthy, V.N.S., 2002, Geotechnical Engineering: Principles and Practices of
Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, CRC Press.
• Prakash, S. & Sharma, H.D., 1990, Pile foundation in Engineering practice,
John Wiley & Sons
• Tomlinson, M. & Woodward J., 2015, Pile Design and Construction Practice,
6th Ed., CRC Press
Basic Theory
• Failure Theory
• Failure mainly occurs at interface between pile surface and ground
• Ordinary bearing capacity theories may be applicable
• Elastic Theory
• Soil and rock are not ideal elastic materials
• Strains in soil increase as stresses increase
• Changes in Soil Types
• The failure theory and deformation theory should capable of coping changes in soil
properties
• The Role of Idealization
• Engineering theory can only give the behavior in ideal situation
• Approximation and judgement should be mad
Basic Concept of Pile Foundation
SNI 8460:2017
SNI 8460:2017
Axial Capacity of Single Pile
The axial capacity of single pile can be derived from the tip resistance
and friction resistance. In general, it can be written as:
Qu = Qp + Qs (– W)
Where Qu is the ultimate bearing capacity, Qp is the tip resistance, Qs is
the friction, and W is the weight of the pile
Axial Capacity of Single Pile (2)


Q p  Ap cN c  0.5BN   D f N q 
Ap is pile end (section) area, c is cohesion,  is unit weight. Nc, N, Nq are
bearing capacity parameters related to angle of friction .
L
Qs  p  f s L
0
p is the pile perimeter, fs is the unit friction over a length L.
For Cohesive Soil (=0)
Q p  Ap cu N c cu is the cohesion of soil at the
pile base, ca is the adhesion
Le between soil and pile, and Le
Qs  p  ca L is the effective pile length.
0 Le may vary according the pile
Le condition, but mostly in the
Qu  Ap cu N c  p  ca L range of 1-1.5 m (Prakash &
0
Sharma 1990)
 Correlation for Soil Parameters

Prakash & Sharma (1990)

Prakash & Sharma (1990)
Prakash & Sharma (1990)
Poulos & Davis (1980)
 Nc value for clay
(Skempton 1951)

Poulos & Davis (1980)

Example 1
A drilled pile was installed through clay layer to bear on clay shale. The
pile had a 500 mm diameter and 9.5 m long. Undrained shear strength
for the clay layer is 45.5 kN/m2 and the clay shale is 315 kN/m2.
Estimate the allowable bearing capacity of this pile.
For Cohesionless Soil (c=0)
Q p  ApD f N q  Ap 'v N q Ks is the lateral pressure
coefficient,  is the friction
Le angle between soil and pile
Qs  pK s tan    'v L (  2/3)
0
L
Qu  Ap 'v N q  pK s tan    'v L
0
 Stress Below Ground Surface of Sand
The effective vertical stress
below sand layers is assumed
to be constant beyond
certain depth. This critical
depth can be taken as 20
times pile width or diameter
(e.g., Meyerhof 1976; Coyle
& Castello 1981).

Poulos & Davis (1990)

 Correlations for Soil Parameters

Prakash & Sharma (1990)

Example 2
A closed-ended 300 mm diameter steel pipe was driven into a 9 m
depth sand layer. The ground water is at ground surface and the sand
has  = 36° and unit weight  = 19.8 kN/m3. Estimate the allowable
bearing capacity of this pile.
Alternative Method for Skin Friction
L
Qs  p  f s L
0
• Total stress analysis:  Method
• Effective stress analysis: b Method
  Method for Clay
For the skin friction using total stress analysis:  Method
L
Qs  p  f s L
0
f s   .cu

Bowles (1996)
  value

Coduto (1994)
 b Method for Sand
For the skin friction using effective stress analysis: b Method
L
Qs  p  f s L
0
f s  b 'v
where z is the depth to
b  1.5  0.245 z midpoint of soil layer

Coduto (1994)
 b Method for Silt and Clay
Typical b values for silt
range from 0.27 to 0.50,
and typical b values for clay
range from 0.25 to 0.35
(Fellenius 1999).
For OC clay (over-
consolidated) b value is
higher

Coduto (1994)
 Notes on Layered Soils
• Fine grained soils (cohesive) relatively have high skin friction and low
end bearing. Coarse grain soils (cohesionless) have in reverse: low
friction and high end bearing.
• Better to put the end of piles at
coarse grain layer

Tomlinson & Woodward (2015)

Bearing Capacity Based on Field Test
CPT
Qu  qc Ap  2 f s As
qc is the tip resistance,
fs is the shaft friction
(Vesic 1967)
Bearing Capacity Based on Field Test

N As Np is the N-SPT value at the base of the

Qu  4 N p Ap 
50 pile, N is the average N-SPT along the
shaft (Meyerhof 1956)
For displacement pile on sand

N As
Qu  4 N p Ap 
100
For small displacement pile
 Negative Skin Friction
• Negative skin friction is the shear stress acting downwards along the
pile shaft due to the downward soil movement relative to the pile.

Murthy(2002)
Correlations
Tugas Latihan
Hitung kapasitas aksial tiang tunggal pada kondisi berikut:
1. Tiang pancang dengan diameter 45 cm dipancang pada lapisan
tanah lempung :
• 8 m, cu = 20 kN/m2
• 10 m, cu = 35 kN/m2
• 2 m, cu = 150 kN/m2
2. Tiang pancang dengan diameter 50 cm dipancang pada lapisan pasir
(MAT 6 m di bawah permukaan):
• 6 m,  = 20° ,  = 16 kN/m3
• 10 m,  = 25°, sat = 18 kN/m3
• 2 m,  = 40°, sat = 19 kN/m3