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    The Communist Manifesto
    The Communist Manifesto
    The Communist Manifesto
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    The Communist Manifesto

    By Karl Marx

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    First published in 1848, “The Communist Manifesto” is a political pamphlet by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, which initiated in one of the greatest movements of political change that the world has ever seen. At the heart of the economic writings of Marx and Engels is the materialist conception of history, or that productive capacity is the primary organizing factor of society. This conception gives rise to the fundamental inequality that exists between the socioeconomic classes. By controlling the means of production, the wealthy, or “bourgeoisie”, gain a power over the working class, or “proletariat”. The writings of Marx and Engels would brilliantly expose the causes of the vast division between socioeconomic classes that had existed throughout history. From its initial publication “The Communist Manifesto” was intended to help unite the working class in a common goal of forming a political party based on the philosophies of communism. To that aim, it was very successful and helped to unleash a wave of sweeping political change across the globe.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherDigireads.com Publishing
    Release dateSep 21, 2020
    ISBN9781420977219
    Author

    Karl Marx

    Karl Marx (1818-1883) was Prussian-born philosopher, economist, political theorist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His collaborated with Friedrich Engels in writing The Communist Manifesto (1848). Expelled from Prussia in the same year, Marx took up residence first in Paris and then in London where, in 1867, he published his magnum opus Capital.

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      Book preview

      The Communist Manifesto - Karl Marx

      cover.jpg

      THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO

      By KARL MARX

      Edited by FRIEDRICH ENGELS

      The Communist Manifesto

      By Karl Marx

      Edited by Friedrich Engels

      Print ISBN 13: 978-1-4209-7554-3

      eBook ISBN 13: 978-1-4209-7721-9

      This edition copyright © 2021. Digireads.com Publishing.

      All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.

      Cover Image: A detail of Bolshevik, 1920 (oil on canvas), by Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev, (1878-1927) / Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow, Russia / Bridgeman Images.

      Please visit www.digireads.com

      CONTENTS

      Preface to the 1872 German Edition

      Preface to the 1882 Russian Edition

      Preface to the 1883 German Edition

      Preface to the 1888 English Edition

      Preface to the 1890 German Edition

      Preface to the 1892 Polish Edition

      Preface to the 1893 Italian Edition

      The Communist Manifesto

      I. Bourgeois and Proletarians

      II. Proletarians and Communists

      III. Socialist and Communist Literature

      IV. Position of the Communists in Relation to the Various Existing Opposition Parties

      Preface to the 1872 German Edition

      The Communist League, an international association of workers, which could of course be only a secret one, under conditions obtaining at the time, commissioned us, the undersigned, at the Congress held in London in November 1847, to write for publication a detailed theoretical and practical program for the Party. Such was the origin of the following Manifesto, the manuscript of which traveled to London to be printed a few weeks before the February [French] Revolution [in 1848]. First published in German, it has been republished in that language in at least twelve different editions in Germany, England, and America. It was published in English for the first time in 1850 in the Red Republican, London, translated by Miss Helen Macfarlane, and in 1871 in at least three different translations in America. The French version first appeared in Paris shortly before the June insurrection of 1848, and recently in Le Socialiste of New York. A new translation is in the course of preparation. A Polish version appeared in London shortly after it was first published in Germany. A Russian translation was published in Geneva in the sixties. Into Danish, too, it was translated shortly after its appearance.

      However much that state of things may have altered during the last twenty-five years, the general principles laid down in the Manifesto are, on the whole, as correct today as ever. Here and there, some detail might be improved. The practical application of the principles will depend, as the Manifesto itself states, everywhere and at all times, on the historical conditions for the time being existing, and, for that reason, no special stress is laid on the revolutionary measures proposed at the end of Section II. That passage would, in many respects, be very differently worded today. In view of the gigantic strides of Modern Industry since 1848, and of the accompanying improved and extended organization of the working class, in view of the practical experience gained, first in the February Revolution, and then, still more, in the Paris Commune, where the proletariat for the first time held political power for two whole months, this program has in some details been antiquated. One thing especially was proved by the Commune, viz., that the working class cannot simply lay hold of ready-made state machinery, and wield it for its own purposes. (See The Civil War in France: Address of the General Council of the International Working Men’s Association, 1871, where this point is further developed.) Further, it is self-evident that the criticism of socialist literature is deficient in relation to the present time, because it comes down only to 1847; also that the remarks on the relation of the Communists to the various opposition parties (Section IV), although, in principle still correct, yet in practice are antiquated, because the political situation has been entirely changed, and the progress of history has swept from off the earth the greater portion of the political parties there enumerated.

      But then, the Manifesto has become a historical document which we have no longer any right to alter. A subsequent edition may perhaps appear with an introduction bridging the gap from 1847 to the present day; but this reprint was too unexpected to leave us time for that.

      KARL MARX & FREDERICK ENGELS

      June 24, 1872, London

      Preface to the 1882 Russian Edition

      The first Russian edition of the Manifesto of the Communist Party, translated by Bakunin, was published early in the ’sixties by the printing office of the Kolokol [reference to the Free Russian Printing House]. Then the West could see in it (the Russian edition of the Manifesto) only a literary curiosity. Such a view would be impossible today.

      What a limited field the proletarian movement occupied at that time (December 1847) is most clearly shown by the last section: the position of the Communists in relation to the various opposition parties in various countries. Precisely Russia and the United

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