D E S IGN O F D OM E S

! . s . TE RRINGTO N
B Sc
. .

m
CON CRETE
up o FRO M

a mm o

P! BLIS HE D BY

C ONC RETE P! BLIC ATIONS LIMITED

14 DAR TM O ! TH S TREE T , L OND O N
, S . W
. I
 I H E R S NOTI CE
P! B L S
’
.

MANY aspects of reinforced concrete design cannot be adequately

dealt with in text books due t o the lengthy treatment they require
-

if they are t o be really comprehensi ve and useful It is belie ved

.

that C O N CRE TE AND C O N STR! C TI O N AL E N GI N E E RI N G is the only

periodical in the E nglish language whi ch publishes complete treatises
on such subj ects but the articles necessarily appear in serial for
,

and for that reason they are cumbersome t o use Where their i
.
m
m ,

portance warrants re publication such articles will in future be issued

-
,

as reprints in this form and published at a low price A list of other

.

C oncrete S eries books is given on page 3 2 .

 D E S IG N OF D OM E S

THE dome or domed shell commends itse lf from the architect ura l and as t h et ic
points of view and w ould be a comparatively inexpensive form of construction
but for the practic a l difficulties due t o the accurate erection of the curv ed shut
tering (on both faces W here the inclination to the horizont a l is greater than about
3 0 deg ) and the difiicu
. lt y of placing the concrete In any structure a saving of .

materials in the finished work due t o an otherwise excellent design may be aecom
pa nied by prohibitive erection costs ; in domes these cannot be ignored since
the cur v ed shuttering is expensive t o make and erect and the costs of placing
the concrete and steel often at great heights are particularly heavy
, ,
.

From other points of view concrete suitably reinforced is advantageous

, , ,

since once the erection diffi culties have been solved the wet concrete readily
, ,

takes up the c urvat ures required in the two directions thus avoiding the pro ,

duction of a se i es of flat sur faces which in most other materials only approximate
r

to the curv atures of the she ll Moreover the compression stresses in domes
.
,

ar e small so that particularly with the high strength concretes now obtainable
,
-
,

the shell may be cast very thin resulting in a light weight construction Its
,
-
.

adaptability fo receiving fixings to hold an outer covering or plaster falsework

r

and the fact that the construction is fir eproof are other advantages of concrete .

In practice domes are usually sphe ical and are essentially sur faces of
, r

revolution about a vertical axis A vertica l section through thi s axis in any
.

direction is as a rule an ar of a circle Another possible form is the coni cal

, , c .

surface of a right cone with a v ertical axis gi ving a triangular section through
its axis of revolution Other shapes such as the spheroid gi ving an elliptical
.
,

section through its axis of revolution have not been adopted in this country , .

B y employing surfaces of revolution with vertical axes and ensuring that all
loading is symmetrical about these axes in every direction only direct compres ,

sion forces in the shell ar e required to maintain stability pro vided the shell is
supported in a plane at right angles to its axis of revolution the s u
,

pports be ing ,

level all round the edge These a the conditions in the des ign of domes of
. re

normal proportions .

Ge ne r a C
l ond it ion s for S tab ility .

The first point to be noted regarding the stab ility of the dome is that th e
forces maintaining equilibrium act in t wo directions In geographical te rms .

these directions are those of latitude and longitude The second point to observ e .

is that in the case of reinforced concrete arches their trans verse stiffness or
,
,

strengt h in bending afforded by the reinforcement con t ributes t o their strength

and stability In regard t o domes ho wever their s t ifiness is ignored and stabili ty
.
, ,

is att a
ined by direct tension or compression in the planes pre viously mentioned .

Addition a l strength may be obtained by reinforcing the shell on both faces thus ,

enabling any section to resist bending as well as direct stresses but this is unnec s , e

sa y as the an a
r lyses which follow later will show Hence one layer only of .

forcement is pro vided .

B efore any analysis of the forces is attempted it is a s we ll to make a brief

j . s . TE RRI N GT ON .

survey of the nature of these forces which contribute to stability s o that the ,

obj ect of the mathematical investigation is clear An analogy with the voussoirs .

in a stone arch may be drawn If for example a hemispherical domed shell is

.
, ,

divided into a number of sectors (Fig I ) by j oints formed along lines of longitude
.
,

all crossing at the crown (that i the point corresponding t o the north pole of the
s

t e es tia
rr l sphere ) it is found that the shell remains in equilibrium by virtue of
,

the t op part of the wedge — shape sides of each sector pressing ag a

inst one another .

The top of each sector tends t o fall inwards and is supported by the equal and
O pposite lateral reaction of the opposite sector In addition in order to maintain .
,

equilibrium the sectors must be tied by a circumferenti a l band near the bottom .

fi ns /or! 5 0 nd
or 778 F ig . 1 .

Thus the lateral reactions near the crown exert ho i zontal circumferential com r

pressions and towards the support the lateral reactions which ha v e in effect
, ,

become circumferential tensions are supplied by the band or circular tie near
,

the bottom In other words the lateral reactions near the crown called the
.
, ,

circumferential or hoop compression which lower down the sides gradually change
,

t o circumferential o hoop tension are all in the horizontal plane such that the
r ,

lines of force are horizontal circles of latitude a r ound the surface of the shell .

The whole structure must be symmetrical about the vertical axis of revolution ,

otherwise these forces will n ot be equal and neutraliz e one another in the main

t ena nce of equilibrium In addition to these horizontal circular forces there are
.

direct compressions acting down the lines of longitude (Fig At any particular .

le vel these longitudinal or meridional forces are proportional to the weight of

the segment of shell and any other load supported abo v e this level The .
 DE S I GN OF D OME S .

meri di onal stress is accordingly zero at the crown and a maximum at the sup
port Hence it follo w s th at in a dome unlike an arch there is no thr ust at the
. , ,

crown and a circular portion may b e removed from the shell at the top to form
the lantern without j eopardising the stabili ty of the structure In the manner .

described the forces in the two directions of curv ature keep the shell together
,

provided the material of whi ch it is made will withstand the compress ions induced
(incidenta lly the stresses are qui te small ) and that the material is able as in t h e ,

case of concrete reinforced with steel bars to resist the tension stresses de veloped
m m
.
,

Ca of C o pr e s s ion s and Te n s ion s d ue to t h e ! nifo r L o ad

lc ul ati o n .

The following analysis show s ho w to obt a i n the magni tude of the h oop com
pressions and tensions and the meridion a l compression at any point on the shell .

F ig . 2 .

In practice the loading is often complicated by the addition of a point load

,

at the top due to the weight of a lantern or o nament First however a simple r .
, ,

thin spherica l shell of uniform thickn e s will be dealt with and the e ffect of the
s

point load will be temporarily deferred C ertain other loadings an d stresses have .

t o be taken into account Additional to the weight of the structural concrete

.

there is the weight of the covering (if any) for example tiles sheet metal or , , , ,

asphalt and a suspended ce iling if provided The w eight of the covering is in

, .

proportion t o the surface area of the she ll whereas the weight of the ceiling ,

may vary in proportion to that of the proj ected area The sum of these per unit .

area (whi ch may be about 2 0 lb per squa e foot ) when added t o the se lf weight
. r

of the concrete shell per unit area is the load to be used in the design The
m
.

e ff ects due t o wind temperature and sh i nkag e are rather more complex and
, ,
r

difficult to estimate but by reference t o the ex a ple on ar ches and by compari son
, ,

it will be seen that the stresses involved are small as the dead load stresses are
S eeD “
A R
es ign of auh
r ch ub h d
oofs , C c t ub cati
b y th e md P
t or . P lis e b y on r e e P li ons Li i t e . r ice 35
.
j. s . TE RRI N GTON .

themsel ves small It would therefore appe ar that horizontal pressure due t o
.

wind from one direction would tend t o cant the otherwise ho i zontal circum r

fe ent ia
r l lines of force round the she ll t o a small angle with the horizontal and ,

at the same time slightly increase the meridional thrust on the leeward side .

These wind stresses howe v er can be amply co vered by the superload due to
, ,

snow et c Temperature and shrinkage stresses are accounted for by the addition
,
.

of reinforcement in both directions regardless of whether the shell at any point ,

is in tension or compression to the extent of about 0 2 per cent of the cross

, .

sectional area .

A section through the vertical axis of re v olution of a thin spheric a

l shell is
shown in F ig 3 Now consider the equilib i um of an elemental ring or zone
. . r

bounded by two horizontal planes AB and CD close together of which the positions ,

are defined by the angles 15 and (g! d¢) in the illustration The forces acting on
( ) .

F ig . 3 .

this elemental ring are (I ) a series of thrusts T per unit length of the circle of
latitude AB down the lines of longitude tangential to the surface (2 ) a similar
series of thrusts (T dT) per unit length acting up the lines of longitude also
tangential t o the surface round the circle of latitude CD ; and (3 ) the weight
of the ring acting vertically downward The two thrusts cannot be equal in .

magnitude for they act at a small angle q to one anothe r and between them
,

there is the weight of the ring acting at v arying angles to them according t o the

m
le vel at which the ring is chosen Hence the lower reaction is larger than the .

downward thrust T by some quantity say d T C learly the thrust T is caused , ,

.

by the weight of the do ed shell ANB whose surface area is 27W x E N Hence ,
.
,

if w is its weight per unit area it s total weight is w x 2 W x E N and 7 ,

m
,

as E N r (r cos fi) the weight of the dome above the circle AB is

c ,

10 X 2 (I cos
7t 7
2
As indicated the s u o f the vertical components of all ,

the thrus ts T per unit length acting round the circumference of the circle AB
is equal in magnitude t o the weight of the portion of the dome above Hence .

T x 2 x E B cos (9 0 6 w cos S
m
2
(
°

9) 2
76n r
q) . r

T x 2 n ( s in cos (9 0 w2 (r rcos fi)
°
.
z
c

T x 2 7W x s in 95 2
w 2n7 2
(1 cos S)
q
cos
95
2
s in
 DE S I GN OF D OME S .

The difi e ence of the opposing thr usts T and (T + d T) acting at the angles
r
‘

95 and (96 q ) respectively to the v erti cal causes the ring or hoop force in the
following manner Let H be the hoop force per unit length of su face
. r

meas ured on a great circle arc that is a line of longitude through the
-
, ,

crown of the shell The breadth of the element a

. l ing in F ig 3 measured r .
,

on any such great circle arc is 17143 and by de finition the hoop force on
the ring is H Also the component of T acting horizontally and radially
from the vertical axis is T cos 93 This component in turn as with any radia
. l ,

pressure (for example in cylindrica ,

l water tank s ) causes a hoop tension ,

T cos ¢ x radius which radius at this level is sin Hence the hoop tension 7

due to T alone is T eos ¢ X sin At the same time the th usts (T

f 17) r £

have a similar e ffect (T + d T) cos (95 ’

x s in 146) but in the opposite r (

directi on causing hoop compression and the diff erence of the t wo effects causes
,

the actual hoop compression or tension (whichever is greater) on the element a l

ring It is therefore necessary to express thes e forces algebraically so that t heir
.

difference may be obt a i ned Here the use of the differentia

. l calculus is inval uable
and will be adopted .

The h oop force in the elemental ring is due to the change in the value of T
'

when fiis incre ased by a small amount d¢ and when thi s increase tends t o ze ro
c ,

H d¢ d [ T cos qrS f sin S]

. .

q .

From equation (I ) T

whence

s in
¢ cos 96.

By applying the rules for the differentiation of a product and a quotient ,

that is ,

d (uv
) ad v v . du

u lit — a
( n d v)

we obtain
s r
— s m -
z s m
4)
2

s in
q
— I —2 cos S
q
¢
.

2
j . s . TE RR I N GTON .

In this form the equation is indeterminate when 95 0 and it i best written

s

cos S
q
H = wr
cos <)
1
s r

critical points can now be examined namely the crown where 95

Two , , , 0,
and the level at which the hoop compression changes t o hoop tension that ,
is ,

where H 0 .

Now H 0 when

or when cos d) l
c) 0

45 0 61 8
-

deg 48 min 93 51 . .

In other words round the circle of latitude at which the angle made with the
,

axis of revolution is 5 1 deg 48 min there is no hoop compression and no hoop

. .

tension and the plane through this circle is called the plane of rupture Also
, .
,

w r
as 5 decreases the hoop compress i on H i ncreases unt il i t I S a max i mum
9 , , ,

at the crown S imilarly as 96 increases t o angles greater than 51 d eg 48min

.
, . .

the hoop effect increases but is of opposite sign namely tension On the other , , .

hand the meridional thrust T as may be seen from equation (I ) is g at , ,

the crown and increases t o a maximum at the support .

S t r es s es Due to a C once nt r at e d L oad at th e C r own .

Having regard t o it s common occurrence the stresses produced by a point ,

load at the crown must now be considered The calculation is independent of .

the stresses due t o the weight of the shell which are computed as before and ,

added to the point load stresses t o get the resultant stresses

-
.

The thin spheric a l shell of radius r with a point load W at the crown is shown
in section through its axis of revolution in F ig 4 As before consider an ele . .
,

mental annular zone AB CD Thrusts T per unit length tangential t o the shell
.

act round the circle of latitude AB and thrusts (T d T) per unit length tan
g ent ia
l t o the shell act up lines of longitude round the circle CD The positions .

of the circles AB and CD with reference t o the load W are defined by the angles
(5
1 and (qS d i)
min thec figure as before ,

The s u of the vertical components of the thrusts T is equal in magnitude

to the weight abo v e AB the load W in this case Hence
.

.
,

T X 2 7W x s in
gb . cos (9 0
°
5
9) W
T 2 7zr . .
2
s in q S W

m
W
T (compression ) (6 )
95
2
s

described before the thrusts T and (T dT) are unequal not in this
As , ,

case because of the weight of the elemental ring which is here assumed t o be zero ,

8
 DES I GN OF D OME S .

but because they act at different radii from the axis of revolution and each acts
at a different angle t o the direction of W .

From equation (2 )
H r d¢
. d [ T cos
. .r sin 4
5]

T ! E
s m TS
q

w hence

[I cot 2
6
9]

cosec Q6 (tension )
2

F ig . 4 .

At a
ny circle of latitude therefore thi s hoop compression or tension must
, ,

be added to that due to the weight of the shell to obtain the tot a
l cir cumferential
force acting At the crown where 96 is zero this additional hoop tension becomes
.
, ,

infini te s o that the lantern load must be spread over an appreciable area and
if necessary the dome must be thickened reinforced strongly or both
, ,
.

It is inst ructive to observe how the coe fficients of the hoop and meridional
stresse s due to the thin spherical shell of uniform t hi ckness and the constant
load W at the crown vary as the value of qS va i es Tab l I shows these coe fficients
r . e .

9
j . s . TE RRI N GT ON .

TAB LE I .

T HIN S P H R I C AL
E SH ELL OF ! NIFO RM T HI C ! N ESS W ITH LO AD W A T CR OW N SUPP O R T D
E ON
CI R C LE OF L A TIT UDE .

Sh ell of u
nifor m
th c i knes s

l thru l thru
Meridiona s ts T Hoop for c H
Meri diona s ts T
c c
. es .

Coe flicients of wr Coeffi ients of w Coe ffi ients of !

In Tab l I and F ig 5 the coefficients for the uniform load and a point load
e .
,

at the crown are gi ven separately but for any example the e ffect of both loadings ,

must be considered simultaneously at any le vel Thus the level of zero hoop force .

or the j oint of rupture will no longer occur at the angle of 5 1 deg 48min but . .
,

will depend also on the relativ e magnitude of the unit weight w of the shell and
the point load W and on the radius 7 In other words to find the v a
,
lue of fi .
,
c

at the j oint of rupture for the combined loading the whole expression for H ,

E cosec ¢ must be equated to zero

]
namely 2
.

From this it will be seen that the greater W is in proportion t o w depending ,

he shell the smaller qS becomes for H 0 and , ,

the level of the j oint of rupture rises with the result that the load at the crown ,

may readily cause the whole of the shell to be in ring tension .

For example consider a dome of radius r 2 5 ft and of uniform weight

,
.

10 6 0 lb per square foot

. C onsider a j oint at which 95 40 deg Then with
.
.

ou t any load a t the crown ,

H 60 x 25 3 00 lb .
(compression ) per foot

IO
 DES I GN OF D OME S .

3 5 62 5 5 5 0 /0 529 60 ma m
m u oz
Fig . 5 .
o zzo w w ww a
vo / o

height measured on any great circle ar c through the crown Now if a load of
-
.

lb due to a lantern or ornament is placed at the top the hoop tension

.
,

2 5 000 2 5 000
Induced at th s le v el Is
383 lb (tension )
z 0
i £ 0 $€ C 4 0 x 2 41
a
. .

z z . .
5
A net tension of 83 lb per foot is therefore exerted Thus an area which would
.
.

otherwise b e in hoop compression is by reason of the concentrated load subj ected

to h oop tension .

x a pl e E m .

An example of a hemispherica l domed shell of uniform thic kness of 5 in .

with a radi us of 3 7 ft 6 in will be used t o illustrate the method of calculating

. .

the stresses and reinforcement required at any point The weights of the shell .

covering a
,

, n d wind and snow load may be tak en as 60 20 20 1 00 lb

square foot
.

per .

The meridional thr ust at any point is T wr

II
j . s . TE RRI N GT ON .

The hoop compression or tension at any point is

O) (1 cos

S elect any three levels such that O 2 0 deg 70 deg and 9 0 deg (F ig .
, .
, . .

and use Tab le I to find the coefficients in the expressions for T and H .

Fig . 6 .

At the le v el O 20 deg the height above the springing is

.

(
s ee lso
a p . 23 )
3 75 C OS 20
°

3 75 X 0 -
94 3 5 2 5 it .

I C OS 2 0
T wr 1 00 x X 05 1 6 lb per foot (compression )
.
.

°
1 cos 2 0 C
H wr 1 00 x 3 75 x 0 42 4
I C OS 20
0

lb per foot (compression ) .

.

As the shell is 5 in thick the meridional stress is

.

lb per square inch (compression) 32

5 x 12
.

and the circumferential stress is

27 lb per square inch (compression )
. .

5 x 12

At the le v el O 70 deg the height above the springing

.
is (
s ee

3 75 x 0 3 4 1 2 83 ft
°
3 75 C OS 70 .

T wr 1 00 x 37 5
-
x 0 7 47 lb per foot (compression )
. .

1 c
H W 1 00 x 3 75 x 0 -4 02
lb per foot (tension )
.
.

The meridional stress is 47 lb per square inch (compression )

. .

The circumferential stress is 25 lb per square inch (tension )

. .

Actually
of course the concrete is not considered to take tension and
, , ,

therefore at a working stress of lb per square inch the area of steel re .

quired for hoop tension alone is 0 0 8 s q in per foot . . .

 DE S I GN OF D OME S .

At the sp inging level O

r 90 deg .

1 00 x 37 5 X
-
1 -0 lb (compression )
.

which is a
lso the vertical reaction per foot run of circumference on th e suppo rts .

0
1 00 x 3 75 x 1 0 -
lb (tension )
. .

cos go

The meri di onal stress is 6 2 -5 lb per square inch (compression)

. .

The circumferentia
l stress is a
lso 62 5 -
lb per square inch (tens ion )
. .

To resist the latter tensile stress the reinf orcement required is

sq in per foot
. . .

The whole of the surface area requires reinforcement in both directions t o

nd shrinkage stresses in addi t ion t o the steel req u
resist temperat ur e a ired o v er
those areas where hoop tension is developed For this about 0 2 per cent of .
,
-
.

the cross sectional area should be added which in this example amounts to
-
,

0 -2
x 5 x 12 0 -1 2 sq m per foot
. . .

the springing therefore where the greatest h 00 p tension is exerted the

At , , ,

Circumferential steel nece s sary is 0 2 08 0 12 0 3 2 8 s q in per foot and - - -

. .
,

fi-
in ba r
. s at 4 in centres providing-
0 3 3 sq in
. wou l d be suitable At right . . .

angles t o these down the lines of longitude only temperature and shrink age stee l
need be provided that is 0 1 2 sq in pe foot and for this g—in bars at 9 in
, ,
-
. . r , .
-
.

centres are suff cient i .

The ho izontal steel along th e lines of latitude around the dome may be
r

reduced slightly towards the crown as th e calculations show p articularly over ,

the zone of hoop compression but a minimum of é in bars at 9—in centres in ,

-
. .

both directions should be placed at any point to a llo w for wind temperature , ,

and shrinkage variations .

It is as well now to see how the str esses are affected by a load at the crown
Where this load is ca u
.

sed by a lantern a c ircular portion of the dome f om , r

5 ft to 2 0 ft in diameter may be required t o remain O pen but as h a

. . s been ex ,

plained the stability of th e whole structure is not impaired Let t h e weight .

of the lantern less the self weight of the shell o ver an area 1 0 ft in diameter be .

lb At the periphery of the lantern the angle made wi th the v ertical axis
.

% f:
I
15 x 7 deg 38 min Around this periphe y the meridion a
l thrust r
5
. .

mO
W
2 s in
2
23! x 3 75 x s in
2
7 38
° '

This is a
lso the v a
lue of the circumferential tension due to this weight at
this level and each causes a stress 0 f 80 lb per s quar e inch
. .

5 x 12

B oth these stresses are comparatively high for a dome and indicate that at
IS
j . s . TE RRI NGTON .

this point the she ll S hould be thickened and specially reinforced to spread the
load over a larger area .

At the other le vels where O 2 0 deg 70 deg and 9 0 deg the stresses
, .
, .
, ,

due t o this load are as follows :

Where O 2 0 deg .

2 ax 37 5
-
s in
2
20
°
2 x n x 375 -
0 -
3 42
2 47 lb per foot (compression )
.
,

W
2 47 lb per foot (tension )
. .

271 7 s in O
2

Therefore the total meridional thrust due t o self weight superload and , ,

lantern is 2 47 lb per foot gi ving an intensity of compression .

,

of 3 6 lb per square Inch . .

5 X 12
The total hoop thrust is lb per foot gi ving an intensity
2 47 .
,

of compressi on of 22 lb per square I nch

. .

5 x 12

Where O 70 deg
W
z irr s in
z
O 271 x 37 5
-
s in
2
70
°
2715 x 375 x 0 884
96 lb per foot (compression )
.
,

96 lb per foot (t ension )

.
,

95
and s o the total meridional thrust at this level is lb per
96 .

foot gi ving an intensity of compression of

, 49 lb per square inch
. .

5 x 12

The tot al hoop tension is 96 lb per foot which requires

.
,

0 1 2 (for temperature
-
, et c .
) 0 21 sq . in of reinforcement per foot
. .

Where O 90 deg (at the springing)

.

W
231 7 5 s 27x x 3 7 5 s in 9 0
- 2 °
2 71 x -
37 5 x 1

lb per foot (compression ) 85 .

,

m?
—Z
fi
85 lb per foot (tension )
. .

Therefore the tot a l meridional thrust at this le v el is lb 85 .

53
3 3
per foot gi ving an intensity of compression of
,
64 lb per square inch
. .

5 2

The total hoop tension is 85 lb per foot which requires

.
,

0 1 2 (for temperature
-
, et c .
) 0 -33 sq in of steel per foot
. . .

In t his example the le vel of the j oint of rupture is such that O h as the follow
ing v alue
I4
 DE S I GN OF D OME S .

cos O cos
z
O) (1 cos
O) 85 o

1 —2 cos O cos O
3
0 02 2 6
-
0

cos O 65
m
-
0

49 deg 30 in
Thus t he load from the lantern h as raised the le vel of the j oint of rupture
from 3 75 X cos 5 1 48 3 7 5 X 0 6 1 8 2 3 2 ft above the springing as it
° ’ - - -
.
,

would be without this load to a level of 3 7 5 X cos 49 3 0 3 7 5 X 0 6 5 2 4 4

,
-
° '
-

ft abo v e the sp i nging

. r .

The results obtained in this example may therefore be summ ari sed as follows .

Where there is hoop thr ust t h e point load at th e crown reduces the compressive
stress and where there is hoop tension the tensile stress is increased Fur ther
,
.
,

if the crown load is suff ciently hea vy circumferential tension may exist at all
i ,

le vels When the dome is hemispherical the meridional force a

.
, nd hence the ,

support reactions is ve rtical and no inclined reaction around the edge is required
,

t o maint ain equilib i um

r The circumferential tension where ver it occurs is
.
, ,

absorbe d by th e reinforcement which h as been designed to resist it .

IS
J s TE RRI N GTON
. . .

THI N I C A L D OME S OF ! ARYI N G THI C ! N E S S

S PH E R .

S I N C E the meridional thrust go v erns the thickness of the shell the thickness ,

may be graded from a minimum at the crown to a maximum at the supports

t o secure economy in large domes .

In F ig 7 a section is shown through the centre of a spheric a

. l dome of weight
w per unit area at the crown increasing by w per unit area per unit of the angle ’

O Ignoring for the moment any load at the crown the effect of which may be
.
,

calculated on the lines illustrated in the foregoing example the obj ec t is t o obtain ,

expressions gi ving the v alues of the meridional thrust T and the hoop force H
at any level at which the circumference of the circle of latitude makes an angle O
with the v ertical axis taking into account the fact that the thickness of the
,

shell v aries .

F ig . 7 .

As before the equilibrium of an elemental ring AB C D must be considered

and for this the weight of the dome above the circle AB must first be obtained
If ab cd is an elemental ring of this portion its w eight is (w w 0) 2 s in
and the weight of the portion of the dome above AB is
,
'
m
'
.

(w
’
w 9 ) 2 : rr 2
f
S in 9 d6
.

4>
’
(w s in 6 w 9 s in 6) d9
0

2 7r7
2 — w c0 5 6 + w’ s in 9 — w 0 cos t9 '

271 7 [ w cos O
2
w S in O
cos O ) w (sin O
’
’
m
’
cos
O O w]
2 7rr [w(1
2
O O) ] cos

As described fo the dome of uniform t hi ckness a series of thrusts T per

r ,

unit length acts tangentially to the surface round the circumference AB and ,

in a similar fashion thrusts (T d T) act round the circumference CD but in the

opposite sense Also the sum of the vertic al components of all the thr usts T
.

1 6
! . S . TE RRI N GT ON .

1 — cos — cos 2
O O
O
m
1 + cos
— —
s O cos
2
O O2 sin O cos O Ocos O cos O
2 2

sin O2

— s in 3 — sin
O O cos O+ Ocos O (2 sin O+ cos O)
2 2 z

s in O
2

cos O (9 )
1 s in
O 2

The coe fficients of wr and w may be obtained from the expressions (8) '
r

and (9 ) for all v alues of O and are gi v en in Tab le II From these the meridional .

thrust and the hoop compression o tension may be calculated at any le vel r .

TAB LE II .

S P H R I C AL S H ELL OF T HI C N ESS ARY I N G U NIFO RMLY F R O M CR OW N

E ! ! To S PR I N G IN G SUPP O R T ED
AR O U N D A CI R C LE OF LA TIT UD E

w wt .
per uni t ar eaat c r own . w
I
inc re as e in w per r adi an a
s angl e O i nc r eas es .

l thru
Meridiona s t (T) Hoop for ce (H)

c
Coe ffi ients of wr c
Coe ffi ients of w r '
c
Coe ffi ient s of wr c
Coe ffi ient s of

For a shell of v arying thickness the j oint of r pture will not necessarily be u mm
at a level such that O 51 deg 48min but will depend on the relative ag . .
,

tude of w and w For usual v ariations in thickness the stresses in the shell are
'
.

1 8
 DE S I GN OF D OME S .

not altered very much as may be seen from the example given later Al o the
,
. s

addition a
l meri di onal thrust (T) and hoop tension (H ) due t o a load at the crown
will be the same as for a shell of uniform thickness the only di fference being ,

that the available aea of concrete in section will be changed and hence the
r

compressive stres ses induced .

These results are plotted in F ig 8 enabling values between the a n gles .

,

actually c a
lculated to be inte polated r .

x a ple E m .

C onsider the hemisphe i cal domed shell of radius 3 7 ft 6 in a

s in the prer . .

vions example but of thickness var ying from 3 in at the crown t o 6 in at the
,
. .

supports The weight of shell and superload at the crown is 3 6 4 0 76 lb

. .

per square foot and at the support 72 40 1 1 2 lb pe square f oot Therefore . r .

1 12 76 2 2 9 lb per rad a
121 7 6 lb and w .
'
i n -
. .

ft

the values of O 2 0 deg 70 deg and 90 deg the magnitude of the

F or .
,
.
,
.

meridion al th ust and hoop force may be evaluated from the coefficients gi ven
r

in Tab le II .

T a) b . H (lb )

X 0 -5 1 6

m
X ] 76 X X )
m )
-
20 22 9 0 -1 0 3 75 0 -4 2 5 22 -
9 x -
37 5 x
-
25
37
(c o p r es s i on) 5 (c o p r es i
s on )
3 7 5 I76 x 2 2 9 x 0 59 ]
m 76 x 3 7 5 x )
-
70 0 -74 7 - -
0 4 02 2 2 -9 x 3 7 5 x

(c o p r es s i on) (t e ns i on)
X 1 -0 2 2 9 X 1 01

m 76 X X ) X -
X (+ I o)
- -
9 0
37 3 75 TO 2 2 -9 375
-

(c o p ress i on) (t e ns i on)

deg the thi ckness of the shell is in

'

O 20 .
3 3 X 3 67
-
.

72
1 5 0
The meridi onal compressive stress is 35 4
-
lb .
pe r square inch .

36 12

73
1 4
The hoop compress ive stress is 32 3 lb per square inch
. .

3 6 12

O 70 deg . th e
is thickness of the shell 3 3 X 38 5 34 — -
in .

l compressive stress is _
The meri di on a 4 2
1 -
lb per square inch
. .

5
-
0 2
The hoop tension requires X 5 34 X 12 0 20 sq m of steel
1 00

per foot or say — ,in bars at 6 in centres (0 2 2 sq in per foot )

, , .
-
.
-
. . .

At O 9 0 deg the thickness of the she ll is 6 in

.
.

The meri dional compressive stress is 51 5 lb per square inch

. .

6 X 12

I
9
J . s . TE RRI N GTON .

The hoop tension requires X 6 X 12 0 o

35 sq m o f stee1
0

1 00

per foot or s ay g—
in bars at
, , , . 6 in
-
. centres ( 0 -3 9 3 sq
. in per foot )
.

Gr aph ical M et h od s .

The results of the pre vious analyses may be arrived at by the following
graphical construction .

C onsider a hemispherical dome 5 in thick and let the radius be 3 7 ft 6 in . . .

as before As shown in the first example the weight of the shell abo ve any
.

le vel is proportional t o it s height and therefore the weight of any annular zone
AB C D is also proportional t o it s height D raw the dome t o scale and divide .

the height into a con venient number of equal parts (the lar ger the number the
more accurate the results) and draw horizontal lines through the j oints
,
.
”

The weight of each zone or part of the shell between two adj acent horizontal

F ig . 9 .

lines is equal t o the total weight of the shell superload and finishes di vided by , ,

the number of zones Draw a v ertical line oy representing t o sc a

. le the total
estimated load and divide this line into the same number of equal parts as there
,

are zones to obtain the weight of each zone .

C onsidering the j oint A (F ig draw 0aparallel to the t a

ngent to the shell
.

at A and draw pahorizontally cutting 0ain a Then oap is the triangle of

,
.

forces fo the j oint A op representing the weight of the portion of the dome
r ,

abo v e A outhe magnitude of the total meridional thrust round the j oint A
, ,

and ap the horizontal force causing hoop compression .

For the j oint B draw ob parallel to the tangent t o the shell at B and draw
,

q b horizontally cutting 0 b in b From a draw a b perpendicular

. to b q Then ’
.

oqis the weight of the dome abo v e B 0 b is the magnitude of the total meridional
,

20
 I
D E S GN OF D OME S .

thr us t round the j oint B and (b q— ap) b b is the

,
horizontal force causing h oop ’

compression .

For the j oint C dr aw oc parallel t o the tangent to the shell at C and draw e
, r

horizontally cutting 00 in
,
Draw the perpendicular b c
0 . Then or 15 the we ght '
.
.

of the dome above C 0 is the m a gnitude of the total meridional thrust round
,
0

the j oint C and (

,
b q) c is the ho i zontal force causin g hoop compre sion
cr c
'

s
r .

L ower down at a j oint G by the same construction 0g gives the magn i tude
, ,

of the meridional thrust T 01) is the weight of the dome above G and
, ,

f or c e

(gv kw) is the horizontal force which is now in the opposite direction
g
'

and in consequence indicates hoop tension

, , .

The intercepts up b b c etc gg etc

,
'
S how the variation in
,
c
'
, .
,
'

m agnitude of the hoop forces from compression above the level O 5 1 deg 4 8min
.
, ,

. .

to tension below the plane indicated by t hi s angle ; these are proportional to

the hoop forces so that for any zone GH the mean intercept X is a measure of
, ,

the hoop tension in this zone The exact va lu es of the circumferential stresses
.

are obtained from the v a lues of ap bb c gg etc whi ch are scaled

,
'

, c
’
, .
,

off the stress diagram Any of these intercepts represents the horizontal radial
.

21
J . s . TE RRI N GT ON .

force distributed round the circumference The radial force per unit of circum .

X
ference 5 therefore 1 where a I S the horizontal rad us of the zone cons dered
r
h
i i .

2 7” h
o

m
As In cyh ndri cal tanks t h Is radi al force produces a hoop tens on or compress on
,
i i

X X

m i n the circumferential ring GH If this force is a tension as

.

X r
h .
,

27 2 7x

is actually the case for the zone steel 15 required t o resist it and is pro vided
GH , ,

at a definite spacing centre t o centre and spread uniformly o v er the length 3 ,

the bars following circles of latitude round the shell (F ig Further up the .

shell where this force is a compression the cross section 3 X t must be sufficiently

m
,

large s o that the allowable working compressiv e stress of the material is not
exceeded In the same way the meridional thrust T— also scaled off the diagram
.

— must be di v ided by 2 71 t o obtain the force per unit length of circumference .

,

This force in turn must be di vided by the thickness to obtain th e meridional

compressiv e stress .

22
 DE S I GN OF D OME S .

G RA P HI C AL C HE C ! OF F RS I T E XA M PL E .

a direct comparison with the fir st example this method or rather the

As ,

principles outlined in it may be used to check the results pre viously obtained
,
.

The radius of the hemisphe ical dome is 3 7 ft 6 in and the thickness is 5 in r . . .

The weight of the shell together with its covering and superload is 1 00 lb per .

square foot The total weight of the dome is 1 00 X 2 X 3 7 5

. lb 31
- 2
.

If the shell is di vided into ten zones each weighs lb Draw the dome to ,
.

scale and draw the ho izont a l j oints at O

r 2 0 deg 70 deg and 9 0 deg The 2
, . .

lengths of the radii are 3 7 5 X sin 2 0 12 8 3 ft ; 3 7 5 X sin 70

° °

3 5 2 ft ;
- - - -
. .

and 3 7 5 X sin 9 0
-
3 7 5 ft
°
and the heights above the springing are
-
.
,

3 7 5 X cos 2 0
-
3 5 2 ft
°

3 7 5 X cos 70
-
12 8
.
3 ft and 0 (see p °
-
.
, .

With these loads draw the force diagram as in F ig 1 1 On this force diagram . .

3—5 2
draw horizontal lines at heights proportional t o — and
o

of the total weight .

37 5 3 75
‘

From the origin at the t op dr a w diagonal lines to the points of intersection of

these horizontal lines and the outer locus lines The lengths of these diagonal .

lines give the values of the total meridional t h r ust At O 2 0 deg this scales . .

lb and at 70 deg it scales

.
,
lb The horizontal radii are 1 2 83 ft
. .
-
.

and 3 5 2 ft respectively The meridion a

-
. l thrusts pe r foot are therefore
.

Where applicable this force

271 X 1 2 83 -
23 X 35 2 1
-

diag am may b e used to obt ain the hoop forces

r .

Actu a lly the diagram cannot be read dir ectly for O 2 0 deg but may b e ,

so read for O 70 deg Thus the intercept at the latter angle scales
. lb .

acting on an arc 4 0 ft high gi ving H -

. lb B y drawing the , .

27 X 4 1

force diagrams for the upper and low

m
er levels of a ring 1 2 34 say 3 75 ft high , ,
-
.
,

symmetri ca lly spaced about the ordinate for O 2 0 deg the hoop compress ion .

ay be sc a led off This simply amounts to drawing the force diagram to a

.

larger scale near the top The height of the dome abo v e the ring now Chosen is
.

0 4 2 5 ft and its weight is -

X lb .
.

37 5
“

The angle wh ch the mer d onal thr ust makes with the horizontal at this
i i i

3 7 075
le vel is cos 4
9 deg At the lower side of this ri ng the vertical load is
.

37 5
lb and the angle which the meridional thr ust makes
.
,

with the ho i zontal is cos r 2 7 deg 2 0 min The tot a

“

l horizontal
1
. .

37 5
“

force at the h gher level 13 cot 9 X 63 1 4 lb at th e

m
°
i .

lower level it is cot 2 7 deg 2 0 in X 1 935 lb . .

-
.

23
J . s . TE RRI NGTON .
J . s . TE RRI N GTON .
 I
DE S GN OF D OilIE S /
.

T A B LE I II .

Le v e l of jo in t W e ig
’
ZW EMI
ht of domab e ov e e
’
w (5 in (b
ach joint
45 cos ¢ )l
(4> deg ) cos

m
’
M x 37 5
-
[ 76 x 00 1 5 2 2 -9 x o I
0 -06 00 1 4]

I 0 -1 34 o -c
o 2 34 0 1 03 ]
o 3 57 o z oé ]
-

03 41]
E 0 5

0 -6 5 7 0 52 l
I
-

0 -8 26 -
0
74
1 -0 1 -0

90 deg ,
the scaled va lues of the total meridi onal thrusts (lb ) and the tot a
l ho i . r

z ont a
l forces (lb ) causing hoop stresses are :
.

Total ho i ont al force rz

over 1 0 deg ae -
. r .

The horizontal radii at these levels are

37 5
-
s in 2 0 1 2 83 ft °
375 s in 70 35 5
-
2 ft .and 3 7 5 sin 9 0 3
-
75 ft °
-
.
-
°
.

At all le v els the length of a re over which the hoop force acts is
°
10
3 75 X X 6 5 5 ft 7! .

1 80 °

13 8
2 5 00
At th e level O 20 deg T . lb per foot (compression)
.

27 12

65
23 322 25 lb per foot (compression )
.

8
2252
0
At the le vel O 70 deg T . lb per foot (compression)
.

2 2

5 0

“ 2225 lb .
pe r foot (tension )

At the le vel O 90 deg . T lb per foot (compression )

.

5
-

1:5n
5 0
lb .
pe r foot (te nsion )
2:

From the force diagra in F g 9 it will be seen that th tot a ma

These results are practic lly identical with those obtained analytically
l horizontal z e
.

thr ust causing hoop compression is represented by the large ordinate at the j oint
of rupture a nd is equal t o the sum of the separate intercepts a etc down ’
p bb
'
c c

m
.
, , , ,

to this j oint This ordinate a lso gi v es the total hoop tension for a hemispheri cal
.

shell and in the sa e way the intercepts below the j oint of rupture ae a measure
, r

of the horizont a l force causing the hoop tension at the v arious levels the sum ,

27
J . s . TE RRI N GT ON .

of which amounts t o the aggregate hoop tension force If the height of the dome .

is less than the radius this total hoop tension is not taken up completely at the
v arious le v els below the j oint of rupture with the result that the intercept at ,

the springing le vel is represented by the total ordinate Thus in F ig 9 if the . .

,

dome is only se ven zones high that is h 1 0 then the intercepts for the t wo
, ,
. z
7
7»

lowest j oints F and G are ff and g and the hoop tension which (in a hemi
’
v

spherical dome ) would ha v e been taken up gradually from G to ! h as t o be

absorbed completely at the level G and the hoop force at this le v el is g Hence v .

a strong band of reinforcement determined by the magnitude of the ordinate

,

gv, is necessary at the bottom of this shallow dome in contrast with the hemi
spherical dome in which the hoop tension to be pro vided for varies more gradually
down t o the springing le vel
m
-
.

Flat Do ed Roofs
This problem of flat domes h as frequently t o be considered in the construction
of roofs and fl oors of water towers which are often constructed as flat domes .

Here the height is s o small that there is no hoop tension in the dome and the ,

hoop thrust must be absorbed in ring tension by a band of reinforcement which ,

for a roof can be accommodated in a continuous cornice around the periphery

,

F ig . 14 .

at the top of the tank The calculation of the cross sectional area of this band
.
-

of reinforcement is simple .

L et W the weight of the S hell and the load above it which for a roof is a ,

nominal superload and for a floor is the weight of the water ab ov e F ig 1 4 . .

shows a section through the dome the ring beam supporting the latter being 2 r
,

in diameter At this level the shell makes an angle a with the horizontal
. t .

W W
Then is the total meridional thrust and — cos o is the total radial thrust r
a
. .

$111 o
r Sln t

This total radial thrust h as a magnitude of per unit of circumference

W wt or W C ot on
and induces a circumferential tension X r in the ring beam .

2 W 7

This force has t o be resisted by ring steel working at the usual stress of
or lb per square inch ample laps and hooks being pro vided as the working
.
,

stress is constant at any section of the circumference .

Applicat ion t o Pile d F ound at ions .

Another
application of the theory of the dome which h as the advantage of
economy in reinforcement is in the design of circular piled foundations In a .

circular piled b ase as in a chimney foundation it is imperati v e to place the piles

, ,

2 8
 DE S I GN OF D OME S .

at as large a radius as possible t o take up the additional thrust due t o W ind ,

thereby lessening the maximum pile load a nd increasing th e factor of safety

against overturning of the structure In doing this the reaction from the outer
.

piles will not be transferred directly t o the b i ckwork The outer ring of piles
r .
,

for instance in F ig 1 5 must be resisted in radial ben di ng by inserting a mat of

,
.

re inforcement at the bottom of the concrete raft slab or alternatively by applyi ng

the p inciples of the dome in the following manner
r .

The thick concrete base or raft slab be ing stiff th e dead weight -

F ig . 15 .

from the chimney uniformly over the piles so that the pile load is the total dead
weight divided by the number of piles .

The total dead load reaction from the outer ring of piles may b e transmitted
t o the brickwork by any inward inclined thrust T at a predetermined angle o r,

pro vided the horizont a

m
l radial component of thi s th ust T is b a
.
l anced by an
r

inward force supplied by circu ferential tension As in a domed sh ell this

ring steel may b e calculated in the following manner If each pile reaction
,

due to the dead load is of magnitude P acting at a diameter 2 then the total 7,

reaction of piles in the outer ring is n P Hence T S in a n p and th e

11 2
, .
i g ,

n
outward radi al thrust is cos a The radial thr ust per unit of circ um
.

ference is cot aand the ring tension is As in the ring beam at the
29
J . 5 . TE RRI N GTON .

bottom of a flat dome pro vision must be made for this total circumferential
,

force at the usual allowable working stress of steel in tension in the form of a
, ,

continuous ring at the edge of the base with suitable secondary reinforcement .

The vertical reactions due to dead load from the outside piles are thereby
transmitted directly into the brickwork without cantile v er steel .

The additional load on the piles due t o wind and particularly those in the ,

outer ring on which this load is greatest must be pro vided for in cantile ver ,

bending in the more orthodox fashion since the pile reactions from this cause
v ary round the ring accord ing t o the d rection in which the wind is blowing and i

the diagonal or inclined thrusts are therefore not constant at any moment round
the circumference Moreo ver the addition a
. l forces are only occasional and
,
’

intermittent The method of obtaining the pile reaction due t o the wind does
.

not come within the scope of these articles An outline of the method ho w e v er .
, ,

is as follows L et n be the number of piles at a radius 7 and ii the number

.
1 1 2

of piles at a radius 7 et c Then I IW

2, moment of inertia of the piles
.
n
about a diameter %(n n I
171 The distance of the farthest
2
zr z
2
.

F ig . 16 .

pile from the centre is r Now if Mm is the tot a

l o v erturning moment due to
z .

wind then the additional load on any pile at a distance x from a diameter is

M
, ,

and on any pile at distance i from a diameter is M and the s z

2
,

maximum extra load is on any outside leeward pile when the wind is blowing in the
Mw X 72
direction of the arrow and is These additional loads on the outside
piles (and the maximum may occur on any of the outside piles) must be taken by
cantile v er steel in the bottom of the raft slab as indicated earlier
m
.

Th e C onical Do e .

Another surface of re v olution which may be used t o support a load at the

crown is the right cone the section through the axis of which is a triangle
,
.

Here again the stability of the S hell is attained b y direct forces acting down
,

the shell through the apex and circumferentially at all levels without transverse ,

or bending stresses The following an alysis shows the principles involved and
.

the method of estimating the stresses The weight per unit of surface is deemed . lb

to include the weight of the shell co v ering and superload Differing from the
, ,
.

spherical dome the angles which the meridional lines make with the axis of
,

re v olution are constant at any level and are half the v ertex angle s ay O in F ig 1 6 , ,
. .

30
 DE S I GN OF D OME S .

C onsider an elemental ri ng at a depth y from the vertex and ha ving a height

dy.
The vertical component of the tot a l meridi onal thrust T at thi s level is
equ a
l in magnitude to the w eight of the cone a b ove E xpressed algebraically .

this is

w y
O 2 cos
2

On the underside of the elemental ing the meridional thrust r

increases to (T d T) and h ence the problem is to find the

,

effect of this small increas e in the th ust which in turn causes r

hoop compression around cir cles of latit ude .

The va lue of the hoop compression H is gi ven by

Ha y ta nO d rr . s
F ig 17

The component of T acting horizontally and radially from the axis of revol a
tion is T sin O This ra di al component causes a hoop tension equal to T si O
.

in O s
m
2

times the radius of the ring of a depth y that i T inOy t an O Ty

mm
m
,
s, s

95
At the sa e ti e the thr usts (T d T) have a similar e ffect

j
inz
(T o dy f
but in the opposite direction a nd o causing ho p compression
; the difference of

m
the two e ffects determines t h e hoop force in the element a
l ring For a cone the
latter is g eater than the for er resulting in hoop compression at all points on
the surface
r

.
,
.

The difference expressed algebraically is

Hy H (y + dy ) d
cos
O cos
O cos
O
”
i
2
y s in

cos O sin O 1 2
(

COS O I ; 3
(

w S ln 2
O2
y
2 cos O 2

10 tan Oy 2
.

or H w ta n O y
z

As shown by the negative sign the co ne is in hoop compression at all levels

, ,

and the supports have t o take an inclin ed t h rust gi ving a horizont a

l reaction
wY sin O
T srn O This force may be taken by a band of reinforcement in
2 cos O
2

ring tension a described for the flat dome Actual v a

s lues for any example may
.

readily be substituted in the expres sions gi ven .

Print ed in G reat Br itain b y But ler 8: Ta

nner Lt d .
, Fro ma e nd Lo nd on
 C O NC RE TE S E RIE S BOO ! S o n C O NC RE TE a nd C E ME NT
Se nd apostcard for d e t ail ed pros pe ct us e s of
these and othe r up t o d a
t e and u sef ul b ooks - -
.

R e infor c e d C onc r e te De s igne r s H and b ook

’
C onc r e te C ottage s B ungal ow s and G ar age s
B y C H AS E RE Y NO LDS E S C B y A L B ER T L A ! EMA N
.
, , .

. . . .
, , ,

Pub li s he d 1 9 3 2 2 9 6 p ag es 4 0 d es ig ni ng t abl es .
, , Re wr i tt en a
-
nd b r ou ght up t o d at e 1 9 3 2 1 2 8 , .

5 1 ill u s tra p ag es 86 illus t rati ons Pr ice 5 5

m
ti ons Pr ice 1 5 5 by p os t 1 5 5 6 d . . .
, . by p os t 55 6 d . . .

i nl and 1 5 s 9 d abroad
El e ta y ud G i Re inf or c e d C onc r e te
. . .

en
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