Tata Power Solar

Report on Internship Project at Tata Power Solar
CHAPTER 1
INDUSTRY PROFILE
Manufacturing is derived from the Latin word manufactus, means made by hand. In modern
context it involves making products from raw material by using various processes, by making
use of hand tools, machinery or even computers. It is therefore a study of the processes
required to make parts and to assemble them in machines.
Manufacturing is the backbone of any industrialized nation. Manufacturing and technical staff
in industry must know the various manufacturing processes, materials being processed, tools
and equipment’s for manufacturing different components or products with optimal process
plan using proper precautions and specified safety rules to avoid accidents. Beside above, all
kinds of the future engineers must know the basic requirements of workshop activities in term
of man, machine, material, methods, money and other infrastructure facilities needed to be
positioned properly for optimal shop layouts or plant layout and other support services
effectively adjusted or located in the industry or plant within a well-planned manufacturing
organization.
Manufacturing and workshop practices have become important in the industrial environment
to produce products for the service of mankind. The knowledge of manufacturing practices is
highly essential for all engineers and technocrats for familiarizing themselves with modern
concepts of manufacturing technologies. Companies in this industry manufacture a wide
variety of goods; major product groups include food and beverages, chemicals, machinery,
transportation equipment, and computers and electronics.
Major companies include Boeing, Caterpillar, DowDuPont, Ford, GE, GM, HP, IBM, Pfizer,
Procter & Gamble, and Tyson Foods (all based in the US); Nestlé (Switzerland), Sanofi
(France), Siemens (Germany), and Toyota Motor (Japan).
1.1 About the industry
Manufacturing Industry is where a manufacturing process is carried through which the raw
materials are transformed into a finished product.
In a manufacturing industry there are various processes carried for producing merchandise
for use or sale with the help of man power and machines, tools, chemical and biological
processing or formulation.
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GIBS Business School
Manufacturing Industry the saw the renaissance during the industrial revolution And saw
drastic rise in the production of goods and eased the process and the generated greater output
which led to the beginning of Industrial era.
The global manufacturing sector generates about $12 trillion in annual revenue, according to
the UN. Top manufacturing countries include China, the US, Japan, Germany, South Korea,
India, Italy, France, and the UK. Leading exporting countries include China, the US,
Germany, the UK, Japan, France, the Netherlands, and South Korea. Growth drivers include
rapid industrialization in the developing world, along with the use of technology to improve
products and supply chains.
The US manufacturing sector consists of about 256,000 companies with combined annual
sales of about $5.4 trillion.
Figure 1: PV installation by market segment
Figure (1) depicts the installation of solar grids in MW quarterly from year 2010 till year 2013
for the segments Residential, Non-residential and utility sector.
In India total open access solar capacity in India is currently estimated at 2,894 MW, just 12%
of total solar capacity in the country.
Open access solar is fundamentally a very attractive market opportunity. C&I customers
account for 51% of total power consumed in the country. Share of long-term open access is
just 4% and share of open access solar is only 0.5%. Drivers for growth include rising cost
advantage over grid power and policy thrust on mitigation in carbon emissions.
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India added a record 10.4 GW solar capacity in 2017-18. This report provides a snapshot of
capacity addition trends across the country, leading players and their market shares and our
market estimates for the next year.
In the graph represents the total annual capacity installed and the rise in the total annual
installation from FY 2012 - 13 to FY 2017 - 18 and the increase in percentage of installation is
shown by the line graph which rises from FY 2012 - 13 to FY 2017 – 18.
Structure of the industry
Every industry follows its own structure for its operations and functionalities to happen and
based on the functionality each process is undertaken by the respective department like
production, quality, Accounts, sales, marketing, human resource, shipping and packing
departments.
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The Organizational structure for an Manufacturing industry usually consists of various

departs i.e. a manufacturing department, the marketing, sales and channelling department, the
financial department and human resource department who organize and work under same roof
under the preferences of their executives.
I the figure 1 picture rises there the departments that are very essential for the functioning of
the manufacturing industry,
• Buyer
• Merchandiser
• Production department
• Sampling department
• Quality department
• Purchase, Fabric and Accounting department
• Stores
• EDP
• Human Resource
• Shipping and Packing department.
The basic manufacturing organizational structure follows the traditional hierarchical

organizational structure, consisting of a Board of Directors, Chief Executive Officer (CEO),
Chief Operations Officer (COO), department heads and then employees.
The functioning of the departments in a hierarchical structure i.e. the command moves from
top management to the middle level management and is further conveyed to the low level
management.
The Organization is headed by the owners in a proprietorship Companies and Board of
Directors in public Limited Companies and under them are the Head Executive Officers who
govern the departments and vital decisions and under them are the managers, subordinates,
laborers and staffs.
The each department has to follow the stages of hierarchy in the industry structure for the
departments to work hand in hand and the processes are carried as the industry expects and
the production is optimized to generate highest revenue. A manufacturing industry is highly
influenced by the factors constituting the industry i.e. the environment, man power, markets,
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production and services, segments and purpose, all this factors affect the functionality of the
industry and this directly effects the competitors and the performance of new entrant.
Process Planning
For and organization to perform effectively and efficiently it is necessary to follow a
structured planning process which helps the organization to achieve its objectives.
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Major Players in the industry with the market share information

Major players in a Solar Manufacturing Industry are divided into three types
a) Inverter Suppliers
b) Project Developers
c) EPC Contractors
Market Share Information

The market information consists of the price index and the market share of the solar modules
and all this changing factors are interdependent on the capacity installed by the business
models.
About the Competitors

As the need for clean energy increasing and the potential of the market increasing, and the
major source and readily available source for clean energy is sun and India receiving 300 days
with high frequency solar energy, the necessity is increasing day by day and the availability
of fossil fuel is depreciating and the production and maintenance is heavy for other sources.
There a huge increase in the utility of renewable energy all over the world and European
countries like Switzerland, Netherland and Scotland are leading in the production and
utilization, and other players are United States of America, Germany, Japan and China who
are also leading in the production and utilization of renewable energy.
In India there is a huge demand and scalability for renewable energy and various organizations
have come forward in taking the industry with developing solar cells and modules that are the
core product of a solar industry. The industry usually work on the production of two products
 Solar Cells:-
Solar cells are devices that convert light energy directly into electrical energy. In these cells,
there are semiconductors (silicon alloys and other materials). You may have seen small solar
cells on calculators or some mobile phones. Larger arrays of solar cells are used to power
road signs, and even larger arrays are used to power satellites in orbit around Earth. Solar
cells are also called photovoltaic cells or PV devices.
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 Solar Panels:-
Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for
generating electricity or heating. A photovoltaic (in short PV) module is a packaged,
connected assembly of typically 6×10 solar cells. Solar Photovoltaic panels constitute the
solar array of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial
and residential applications.
DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 365 watts.
The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output – an
8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt module.
There are a few solar panels available that are exceeding 19% efficiency. A single solar module
can produce only a limited amount of power; most installations contain multiple modules. A
photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an array of solar modules, a solar inverter,
and sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring.
With about 300 clear, sunny days in a year, India's theoretically calculated solar energy
incidence on its land area alone, is about 5,000 trillion kilowatt-hours (kWh) per year (or 5
EWh/yr).The solar energy available in a year exceeds the possible energy output of all fossil
fuel energy reserves in India. The daily average solar power plant generation capacity over
India is 0.25 kWh per m2 of used land area, which is equivalent to about 1,500–2,000 peak
(rated) capacity operating hours in a year with the available commercially-proven technologies.
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission was launched on the 11th January, 2010 by our
former Prime Minister, Dr.Manmohan Singh. The Mission has set the ambitious target of
deploying 20,000 MW of grid connected solar power by 2022 and aims at reducing the cost of
solar power generation in the country through (i) long term policy; (ii) large scale deployment
goals; (iii) aggressive R&D; and (iv) domestic production of critical raw materials, components
and products. It has been envisaged to achieve grid tariff parity by 2022.
Solar Energy in the globe:-
Worldwide growth of photovoltaic is extremely dynamic and varies strongly by country. By

the end of 2014, cumulative photovoltaic capacity increased by more than 40 GW and reached
at least 178 GW, sufficient to supply 1 percent of the world's total electricity consumption of
currently 18,400 TW. As in the year before, the top installers of 2014 were China, followed by
Japan and the United States, while the United Kingdom emerged as new European leader ahead
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of Germany and France. Germany remains for one more year the world's largest producer of
solar power with an overall installed capacity of 38.2 GW. The newcomers of the year were
Chile and South Africa, which entered straight into the world's Top 10 ranking of added
capacity. There are now 20 countries around the world with a cumulative PV capacity of more
than one GW. Thailand, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, all crossed the one GW mark in
2014. The available solar PV capacity in Italy, Germany and Greece is now sufficient to supply
between 7% and 8% of their respective domestic electricity consumption.
Industry Analysis using Michaele Porter’s 5 Forces Model and

Interpretation
The Porter’s 5 Force Model basically consists of 5 Components
 Buyer Power - Buyer Power revolves around the number of customers, size of
each order, price sensitivity, Ability to substitute and Cost of changing.
 Supplier Power - Supplier Power is the Number of suppliers, size suppliers,
Uniqueness of service, ability to substitute and Cost of changing.
 Threat of Substitution - It concentrates on the Substitute power and Cost of
Change.
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 Threat of New Entry - It deals with Time and cost of new Entry, Economy of
scale, Cost advantage and Technology protection.
 Competitive Rivalry - Rivalry is nothing but Number of competitors, Quality
difference and Customer loyalty.
On Applying the Porter’s 5 Force Theory on the available statistics and the current potential
of the solar manufacturing Industry, the interpretation results were as follows
1) Buyer Power – As the need for clean energy is increasing and the scalability for the
industry is drastically increasing and the customers need has been providing a very
fluent market for the solar industry, the size of the customers is also high compared to
other industry and the scalability and size of order is large.
2) Supplier Power – The Industry is in shortage of raw materials and the demand is been
exceeding the production because the production of solar cells and modules is restricted
to certain companies and the huge cost on production and importing the raw materials
like uranium for the manufacturing of the panels.
3) Threat of Substitution – As of now there no substitute for the solar industry because it
is the purest and cheapest form of clean energy available in the whole world but the
advance in technology will surely develop a substitute with better efficiency in the
coming year.
4) Threat of New Entry – The threat of new entry is up to an extent as there are various
companies coming forward in taking up the solar industry and with better ideas and
innovation and price variance with the present companies which will cause a disruption
in the industry.
5) Competitive Rivalry – As the industry is booming, there are many entrants coming up
with better, innovative, more efficient and reasonable price components which is a
threat from the competitor end to the existing player.
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CHAPTER 2
Company Profile
The Tata Group established by Jamsetji Tata in the 19th century, the Tata Group is one of the
most recognized and reputed company in the world. The group is committed over providing
world class products and services across a range of business.
Tata Power is country’s largest integrated power utility company and is operating
successfully in more than 100+ countries, exports products and provides service to more
than 150+ countries.
The following drives the company forward
 The Determination to provide and improve quality of life of the communities

they serve globally, their reliable and innovative products have powered many
countries and their efficient transmission, distribution and innovation of
energy ensures the power requirements are easily met.
2 a) Background and Inception of the company
Tata BP Solar a joint venture between BP Solar and Tata Power has been effectively
harnessing solar energy and providing solar applications both for urban and rural markets
across the world with great success. With countries across the globe grappling with dwindling
natural resources and rocketing oil prices, solar energy is fast emerging as the one dependable
source that, if harnessed effectively, can make a difference.
It came into existence from 1989, where the whole moto is to reduce the burden for poor
people who cannot effort for electricity bill and to provide power facility for people who are
far away from power grid areas. To reduce rural pollution in words of Chairman Syamal
Gupta when company was incorporated - “I had seen rural women walk miles in the hot sun
with heavy pieces of wood on their head. That image was imprinted on my mind for a long
time. Rising prices keep electricity and gas out of reach of our rural population. As India
enjoys more than 300 days of sunshine a year, solar energy seemed to be the best bet”.
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In 2012 TATA BP Solar got end to their joint venture and they both got dispersed with their
activities and TATA POWER had taken control over the solar and formed TATA POWER
SOLAR and this company is 100% subsidiary of TATA POWER.
Renewable energy is a fledgling industry. But with high energy prices and increasing
environmental damage, this industry is growing. Internationally, renewable energies are a
$15-20 billion market. The Indian renewable energy market is presently estimated to be
around Rs350-400 crore.
Solar energy, which is growing at 30 per cent worldwide, is most compatible with Indian
conditions. The country receives about 300 clear, sunny days in a year. This equals over 5,000
trillion kilowatts (KW) per year, far more than the total energy consumption of the country
in a year. In places like J&K and Leh, the daylight hours are shorter but the sun’s intensity is
higher and direct. Moreover, solar modules can be easily installed anywhere, have no moving
parts, and are relatively maintenance-free.
Initial plant was about 2 acre & later expanded to 10 acre where the present capacity of the
plant is 400 MW produce modules & 300 MW of cells. Presently company is dealing with
only making and installation of Solar cells and modules as most of the concentration is on
developing rooftop and large scale projects.
2 b) Nature of business Carried out
Founded in 1989, Tata Power Solar Systems was originally formed as a joint venture between the
Tata group and British Petroleum Solar. It is now a 100 percent subsidiary of Tata Power. The
company operates in three distinct segments — manufacturing of solar cells and modules,
engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) services for solar power projects and creating
innovative solar products.
As one of the largest solar manufacturers in India, Tata Power Solar operates a world-class
manufacturing unit in Bangalore, with a production capacity of 300MW of modules and
180MW of cells. The company has shipped more than 840MW world-class modules globally.
Tata Power Solar provides complete EPC solutions for solar power plants of kilowatt to
megawatt scale in the utilities, industrial, commercial and residential sectors. The company
delivers customised solutions for sectors ranging from education and banking to healthcare and
telecommunications, along with specialised solutions for BIPV, hybrid systems, railways,
defense and offshore platforms. Having commissioned more than 250MW of ground-mounted
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utility scale projects and 112MW of rooftop and distributed generation projects across the
country, Tata Power Solar is the leading player in the solar EPC industry.
The company has developed innovative solar solutions for both urban and rural markets these
include the Dynamo range of off-grid and on-grid rooftop solutions and Saawan solar water
pumps.
2. c) Vision, Mission, and quality policy

Vision Statement
 Vision is to be the most admired and responsible solar power company
enabling solar energy everywhere with delivering sustainable value to all its
stakeholders.
Mission Statement
 Delivering benchmark customer experience and thereby earning customer affection
 Executing projects safely and first time correct with predictable benchmark quality, cost
and time
 Ensuring cost leadership and growing profitability across all segments in the solar space
in focused geographies
 Being lead adopter of technology with spirit of pioneering and calculated risk taking
 Practicing "leadership with care" by pursuing best practices on care for our
environment, community, customers, shareholders, people and creating a culture that
will reinforce our values
 Enabling employees and associates to achieve and unleash their full potential to deliver
outcomes in a sustainable way
Values
Safety
 Safety is a core value over which no business objective can have a higher priority
Agility
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 Speed, responsiveness and being proactive, achieved through collaboration and

empowering employees
Care
 Care for stakeholders, environment, customers and shareholders – both existing
and potential, our community and our people
Respect
 Treat all stakeholders with respect and dignity
Ethics
 Achieve the most admired standards of ethics, through integrity and mutual trust
Diligence
 Do everything (set direction, deploy actions, analyze, review, plan and mitigate
risks) with a thoroughness that delivers quality and excellence – in all areas and
especially in operations, execution and growth.
Quality policy
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2. d) Products Profile
1. Solar Pumps
A solar-powered pump is a pump running on electricity generated by photovoltaic panels or
the radiated thermal energy available from collected sunlight as opposed to grid electricity or
diesel run water pumps. The operation of solar powered pumps is more economical mainly due
to the lower operation and maintenance costs and has less environmental impact than pumps
powered by an internal combustion engine (ICE). Solar pumps are useful where grid electricity
is unavailable and alternative sources (in particular wind) do not provide sufficient energy.
A photovoltaic solar powered pump system has three parts:
 Solar panels.
 the controller
 the pump
The solar panels make up most (up to 80%) of the systems cost. The size of the PV-system is
directly dependent on the size of the pump, the amount of water that is required (m³/d) and the
solar irradiance available.
The purpose of the controller is twofold. Firstly, it matches the output power that the pump
receives with the input power available from the solar panels. Secondly, a controller usually
provides a low voltage protection, whereby the system is switched off, if the voltage is too low
or too high for the operating voltage range of the pump. This increases the lifetime of the pump
thus reducing the need for maintenance. Other ancillary functions include automatically
shutting down the system when water source level is low or when the storage tank is full,
regulating water output pressure, blending power input between the solar panels and an
alternate power source such as the grid or a petrol generator, and remotely monitoring and
managing the system through an online portal offered as a cloud service by the manufacturer.
Voltage of the solar pump motors can be AC (alternating current) or DC (direct current). Direct
current motors are used for small to medium applications up to about 4 kW rating, and are
suitable for applications such as garden fountains, landscaping, drinking water for livestock, or
small irrigation projects. Since DC systems tend to have overall higher efficiency levels than
AC pumps of a similar size, the costs are reduced as smaller solar panels can be used.
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Finally, if an alternating current solar pump is used, an inverter is necessary that changes the
direct current from the solar panels into alternating current for the pump. The supported power
range of inverters extends from 0.15 to 55 kW and can be used for larger irrigation systems.
However, the panel and inverters must be sized accordingly to accommodate the inrush
characteristic of an AC motor. To aid in proper sizing, leading manufacturers provide
proprietary sizing software tested by third party certifying companies. The sizing software may
include the projected monthly water output which varies due to seasonal change in insolation.
2. Solar Cells and Modules
Monocrystalline silicon PV cells are made from silicon wafers that are cut from cylindrical
single-crystal silicon ingots. The rotund cells have to be cut to form nearly quadratic cells that
can be easily integrated in one module. Thus, refined silicon is wasted in the cell production
process. Monocrystalline silicon shows predictable and uniform behaviour, but, due to the
careful and slow manufacturing processes required, it is also the most expensive type of silicon.
Modules consisting of monocrystalline silicon PV cells reach commercial efficiencies between
15 and 18 %. So far, they are the most efficient modules and, with about 85% in 2010, have
the largest market share. However, other alternatives are challenging this technology.
A solar cell made from a monocrystalline silicon wafer
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PolycrystallineSilicon Photovoltaic (PV) Cells

Polycrystalline or multi crystalline silicon PV cells are made from cast square ingots — large
blocks of molten silicon; carefully cooled and solidified. They are less expensive to produce
than monocrystalline silicon PV cells, but are marginally less efficient, with module
conversion efficiencies between 13 and 16. -> PVCDROM.org, an educational website on
photovoltaics, shows the production process of polycrystalline silicon PV cells with pictures
and video sequences.
Thin Film Photovoltaic (PV) Cells The various thin film technologies currently being
developed reduce the amount (or mass) of light absorbing material required in creating a solar
cell. This can lead to reduced processing costs from that of bulk materials (in the case of
silicon thin films) but also tends to reduce energy conversion efficiency (an average 6 to 12 %
module efficiency). Thin film PV cells are constructed by depositing extremely thin layers of
photovoltaic semi-conductor materials onto a backing material such as glass, stainless steel
or plastic. Thin film materials commercially used are amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium
telluride (CdTe), and copper-indium-(gallium)-dieseline (CI (G) S).
Thin film III-V solar cells:
 Neon of the semiconductors from the third and the fifth group from the periodic table.
 Efficiency of 20-25% [2] A variety of possible combination increasing price while
increasing efficiency
 Most common connection: gallium arsenide (GaAs),
 Application: Power supply of satellites
Multi-stack thin film:
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 "Stacking" III-V solar cells or silicon cells

 Efficiency up to approximately 37% - Each cell absorbs a certain wavelength, and then the
stack can absorb more from the solar spectrum
 The top cell material has the highest band gap and covers the highest absorption area.
Underlying cells absorbs the section of the solar spectrum with smaller wavelengths.
 Series connection of the overlying cells
 Other names for mutli-stack solar cells (depending on the number of layers) are: Tandem,
triple, or multiple cascade cells.
Hybrid dye-sensitised solar cells:

Instead of semi-conductor material hybrid dye-sensitised solar cells use an organic dye for light
absorption. Simple silk-screen allows cost-efficient production costs and offers different
scopes for design as implementation in frontages or in advertising purposes. Hybrid dye-
sensitised solar cells are able to use diffuse sun light. Average efficiencies vary from 2 to 4%.
Fully organic solar cells:
Organic solar cells are still at an early stage of development. These cells consist of organic
hydrocarbon compounds as well as a special electron structure and are able to generate
electricity on foils and textiles. At present average cell efficiencies vary between 3 and 5
percent. Minor material consumption and more efficient production technologies lead to a high
potential for cost-efficient production. However, there is still need for research activities as life
spans are very short.
In order to use the connected cells in practical applications they must be:
 Protected from mechanical damage during manufacture, transport and installation and use
(in particular against hail impact, wind, sand and snow loads). This is especially important
for wafer-based silicon cells which are brittle.
 Protected from moisture, which corrodes metal contacts and interconnects, (and for thin-
film cells the transparent conductive oxide layer) thus decreasing performance and lifetime.
Therefore, the interconnected cells and their electrical connections are sandwiched between a
top layer of glass or clear plastic and a lower level of plastic or plastic and metal. An outer
frame is attached to increase mechanical strength, and to provide a way to mount the unit. This
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package is called a "module" or "panel". Typically, a module is the basic building block of
photovoltaic systems.
The peak power output of a solar module depends on the number of cells connected and their
size. Module performance is generally rated under Standard Test Conditions
(STC): irradiance of 1,000 W/m², solar spectrum of AM 1.5 and module temperature at 25°C.
Solar modules are rated in peak watts [Wp] according to their output under STC. Thus, a 50
Wp module can be expected to supply 50 W of power under optimal conditions. The
performance is reduced by high temperatures.
Like solar cells modules can be connected in series and/or in parallel to increase the voltage
and/or the current depending on the system requirements.
2. e) Areas of Operation
Company has pan India location of operations with corporate office as located in Bangalore
78, Hosur Road, Electronics City, Phase I, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560100 from where all the
approvals and other finance activities will takes place and another office in Noida where it
handles all North Indian locations.
The company has dynamic teams where they can work for the wellbeing of the company.
2. f) Ownership pattern
The Board of Directors hold the highest authority over the functionality of a organization,
at Tata Power Solar the top level management and the middle level management is
involved in the overall decision making of the organization and the authorities and their
name are as in the figure 10.
 Mr. Ashish Khanna holds the position of the Chief Executive Ofiicer and Executive
Director
 Mr. Rajesh Daga holds the position of Chief Financial Officer, Company Secretary and
Directors
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BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Name Title Primary Company

Ashish Khanna Chief Executive Officer and Tata Power Solar Systems
Chief Executive Director Limited
Rajesh Daga Chief Financial Officer, Tata Power Solar Systems
Company Secretary and Limited
Director
Sowmyan Ramakrishnan Executive Vice President of Tata Power Solar Systems
Customer Business and Limited
Director
OTHER BOARD MEMBERS ON BOARD MEMBERS

Name Title Primary Company
Subhash Chetal Member of Board of Tata Power Solar Systems
Directors Limited
Anil Surdana Member of Board of Adani Transmissions
Directors Limited
Seethapathy Chander Member of Board of NTPC Limited
Directors
Ramesh Subramanyam Member of Board of The Tata Power Company
Directors Limited
Typically, it is the hierarchical arrangement of authority, communications, rights and duties
of an organization.an organizational structure also covers the tasks, allocation of work,
authorization, and flow of power from each level of management.
In an organization the authorization is categorized in to three level

 Top - level management
 Middle - level management
 Low – level management
And the flow of rules, responsibilities and information also happens in the same hierarchy.
There are three level of management,
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Top - level Management: The top level management in Tata Power Solar Ltd consists of Chief
Executive officer‟s and Managing Director, who hold the top most authority and their functions
is to meet the companies objectives and Business target which will help the company keep its
potent fight in the market and withstand its position in the market.
Middle - level management: The authorization is as per the functional department in the
organization, they are more than 8 operating departments and at each department a head is
authorized who is in the control of the CEO or the MD. Further the middle level management
is categorized into various other departments of authorization and the flow of power is as per
the organizational hierarchy. The power of authority flows as in the figure for the respective
department under the related chief authorities
The various departments in Tata Power Solar as in the organization structure are as follows
2. g) Competitors Information
As the need for clean energy increasing and the potential of the market increasing, and the
major source and readily available source for clean energy is sun and India receiving 300 days
with high frequency solar energy, the necessity is increasing day by day and the availability of
fossil fuel is depreciating and the production and maintenance is heavy for other sources.
There a huge increase in the utility of renewable energy all over the world and European
countries like Switzerland, Netherland and Scotland are leading in the production and
utilization, and other players are United States of America, Germany, Japan and China who
are also leading in the production and utilization of renewable energy.
In India there is a huge demand and scalability for renewable energy and various organizations
have come forward in taking the industry with developing solar cells and modules that are the
core product of a solar industry. The industry usually work on the production of two products
Solar Cells:-
Solar cells are devices that convert light energy directly into electrical energy. In these cells,
there are semiconductors (silicon alloys and other materials). You may have seen small solar
cells on calculators or some mobile phones. Larger arrays of solar cells are used to power
road signs, and even larger arrays are used to power satellites in orbit around Earth. Solar
cells are also called photovoltaic cells or PV devices.
Solar Panels:-
Page 20
Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for
generating electricity or heating. A photovoltaic (in short PV) module is a packaged,
connected assembly of typically 6×10 solar cells. Solar Photovoltaic panels constitute the
solar array of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial
and residential applications. Each module is rated by its
DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 365 watts.
The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output – an
8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt module.
There are a few solar panels available that are exceeding 19% efficiency. A single solar module
can produce only a limited amount of power; most installations contain multiple modules. A
photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an array of solar modules, a solar inverter,
and sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring.
Solar Energy in India:-
With about 300 clear, sunny days in a year, India's theoretically calculated solar energy
incidence on its land area alone, is about 5,000 trillion kilowatthours (kWh) per year (or 5
EWh/yr).The solar energy available in a year exceeds the possible energy output of all fossil
fuel energy reserves in India. The daily average solar power plant generation capacity over
India is 0.25 kWh per m2 of used land area, which is equivalent to about 1,500–2,000 peak
(rated) capacity operating hours in a year with the available commercially-proven technologies.
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission was launched on the 11th January, 2010 by our
former Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh. The Mission has set the ambitious target of
deploying 20,000 MW of grid connected solar power by 2022 and aims at reducing the cost of
solar power generation in the country through (i) long term policy; (ii) large scale deployment
goals; (iii) aggressive R&D; and (iv) domestic production of critical raw materials, components
and products. It has been envisaged to achieve grid tariff parity by 2022.
 Solar Energy in the globe:-
Worldwide growth of photovoltaic is extremely dynamic and varies strongly by country. By

the end of 2014, cumulative photovoltaic capacity increased by more than 40 GW and reached
at least 178 GW, sufficient to supply 1 percent of the world's total electricity consumption of
currently 18,400 TW. As in the year before, the top installers of 2014 were China, followed by
Japan and the United States, while the United Kingdom emerged as new European leader ahead
of Germany and France. Germany remains for one more year the world's largest producer of
Page 21
solar power with an overall installed capacity of 38.2 GW. The newcomers of the year were
Chile and South Africa, which entered straight into the world's Top 10 ranking of added
capacity. There are now 20 countries around the world with a cumulative PV capacity of more
than one GW. Thailand, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, all crossed the one GW mark in
2014. The available solar PV capacity in Italy, Germany and Greece is now sufficient to supply
between 7% and 8% of their respective domestic electricity consumption.
Rank Company Employees Total Revenue

Funding
1 WARREE 267 $15.5M $25M
2 VIKRAM 277 $15.5M
SOLAR
3 AZURE 539 $271M $211M
POWER
4 RENEW 615 $2.1B $6.5M
POWER
5 HARSHA 180 $30.5M
ABAKUS
SOLAR
6 SOLAR 12243 51.7B $730.3M
CITY
7 CYGNI 3 $6.4M 7.8M
8 ADANI 10400 $22M $2.7B
9 HR SOLAR 91 $11M
10 RENE 4916 $149M $825M
SOLAR
2. h) Infrastructural Facilities
The definition of infrastructure is the basic facilities and installations that help a government
or community run, including roads, schools, phone lines, sewage treatment plants and power
generation.
Page 22
They are the major leader in transporting their modules to their work location. As always there
is challenges in transportation, these are having plan 2 always into smoothen the work. For
employees working in the they will be providing cab facility and for worker at plant and sites
areas were also treated as same.
2. i) Achievements / Awards
 In the year 2017, Tata Power Solar achieved the milestone of shipping 1 GW modules
worldwide
 Ranked #1 in the solar rooftop market for the third consecutive year - by BRIDGE TO
INDIA
 Expanded module manufacturing capacity by 100% to 400 MW
 Expanded cell manufacturing capacity by 65% to 300 MW
 100 MW - NTPC Anantapur - project commissioned using domestically manufactured
cells and modules
 Commissioned a 12 MW rooftop project for RSSB-EES, world‟s largest rooftop
 Ranked #1 third-party EPC player as well as #1 domestic module supplier for 2014 in
India Solar Map 2014
 Touched nearly 30 million lives till April 2014
 Positive environment impact through reduced carbon footprint by 6.2 million tonnes till
April 2014
 Commissions India's largest solar power project of 50 MW with NTPC Completion
 Commissions the largest rooftop solar plant in South India for Murugan Textiles
 Completed 10 MW for Jindal Aluminum Limited, largest to date in the state of
Karnataka
 Received CII‟s Leadership and Excellence Award in Environmental Health and Safety
Award 2012
 Tata Power Solar receives the FICCI Annual Award 2008 -09 for outstanding
achievement in environmental sustainability of business
 Special commendation for Golden Peacock award for Occupational Health & Safety –
2010
 Carbon footprint reduced by 3443546 tons
Page 23
 1 MW grid-connected power plant executed in New Delhi for Tata Power Delhi
Distribution Ltd
 15,000 solar home lighting systems in various villages of J&K through JAKEDA and
700 solar home lighting systems and 10 (40 kWp) for KREDA installed
 Tata Power Solar wins Golden Peacock Innovation Award, 2009
 Awarded Readers’ Choice Award in the solar cell category, by Electronics For You
group that identifies leaders within the Indian electronics industry
 70+ surface and submersible solar water pump systems installed in perpetual drought-
prone Anantpur district
 Rail Vikas Nigam Limited commissions 28 4.41 kWp SPG systems for IPS charging at
the North Western Railway
 Powered computers for use by 75,000 students and senior citizens in Emerald Isle, Sri
Lanka using solar
 Tata Power Solar declared Best Solar Water Heater Manufacturer by MNRE
 Tata Power Solar was presented EEPC‟s Star Performer (large enterprise) award in
recognition of its outstanding contribution to Engineering Exports.
 Tata Power Solar, India’s largest integrated solar company and Tata Power's wholly-
owned subsidiary, has commissioned 820.8kWp at the Cricket Club of India (CCI),
Mumbai. The project was executed by Tata Power Solar to provide a solar rooftop
solution for the stadium, and it was completed in 100 days. Devendra Fadnavis, Chief
Minister of Maharashtra, inaugurated the stadium. Tata Power Solar joined hands with
the CCI to utilise solar energy potential.
2. J) Work flow model

Whether it is manufacturing or any other area, the first thing you should do is to clearly
know the effect or outcome of the analysis. Later, you can add effect to the diagram, once
you agree on the effect. After that, you need to give bones to the fish. The causes are
divided into six main branches in manufacturing, which are collectively referred to as the
6 Ms of manufacturing. Basically, there is no particular order for these Ms. They include
the following.
 Measurement
 Machine
Page 24
 Material Method
 Man power
 Mother nature or Milieu
These 6 Ms are globally recognized standards. These Ms are normally used, but some
industry users include more standards to expand it further in order to add more
management and maintenance. In case, your business belongs to manufacturing industry,
you can expand the diagram adding other Ms to it.
If necessary, you can provide more names in it so that it all makes more sense. After that,
you can then collaborate on the diagram and identify the various reasons that that have
effect on the final result. Using the fishbone diagram, you will be able to see the set of
ideas in terms category instead of random or irrelevant ideas. Using the Fishbone Diagram
in Marketing:
Marketing is also one of the areas that can be hugely benefited from this diagram.
Additionally, it is an aspect that is difficult to gauge. The fishbone diagram is perhaps one
of the best ways to see those ideas visually. Just like manufacturing has six Ms, marketing
also has 7 Ps, which are listed below:
Place
Product
 People
 Price
 Promotion
 Physical evidence
 Processes
These aspects are the bones of the diagram. All these branches or elements may not
necessarily affect the marketing process.
Page 25
Use the Fishbone Diagram in Sales Process

The sales process is another aspect where it is very helpful and effective. Sales is also
categorized in a set. Here are the 5 S‟ listed below.
 Schemes
 Samples
 Skin
 Search
 Synchronous
Application of ISHIKAWA on Tata power Solar
Fishbone on Tata Power Solar
The 6M that are influencing the performance at Tata Power Solar are
 Purpose
 Price & Competition
 Segments
 Markets
 Products & Services
 Promotions
Page 26
Purpose: Purpose is categorized into three entities

 Vision
 Mission
 Values
Price & Competition: The price and competition are related to three products
 Solar Grids
 Solar Pumps
 RO Systems
Segments: The market segments at Tata Power Solar is of three types

 Industry
 Residential
 Government
Markets: Markets are categorized into two types based on

 Policy
 Geography
Products & Services: Products and services are of three type’s i.e.
 Rooftops
 Production
 Ground Mount
Promotions: The Promotions are done through three methods

 BTL: Advertisements, banners and pamphlets
 ATL: Conferences, sponsors and concert
 Social Media: Facebook, Instagram, YouTube and Twitter
As per the fishbone analysis there are six components of the organization that define the
objectives, goals and functionality according to the contribution by the respective
Page 27
component to the progress of the organization, these six criteria are analysed using the
fishbone model to identify the effect/problem in the organization
The first step in using the fishbone diagram as a problem-solving tool is to clearly define
your effect, or outcome that you don’t like. This could be a quality issues, not meeting
metrics or troubleshooting the introduction of a new process or product line.
This becomes the “head” of the diagram. Use butchers’ paper or a whiteboard to sketch
out the fishbone template.
Defining an effect takes a little practice. Make sure it is brief and succinct. use facts and
numbers where possible. Spend a few minutes reflecting on your effect with the team;
does everyone agree that the statement defines the problem as fully as possible?
Brainstorming the “Causes”
With your team, we want to add the bones to this diagram, brainstorming all of the possible
influencing factors. Each idea needs to be put into a category or branch.
In manufacturing, it accepted that there are 6 main branches that need investigation.
These are often describing as the “6M‟s” but feel free to use the terms that best suit your
company.
 People / Manpower: Everyone involved with the process across the value stream,
including support functions
 Processes / Methods: This defines how the process is performed and the all
requirements needed for doing it, including quality procedures, work orders /
travellers / work instructions, drawings
 Machines / Equipment: All machines and equipment, needed to accomplish the
job, including tools
 Materials: Raw materials, purchased parts and sub-assemblies that feed into the
end product
 Measurements: defines how have we determined that the outcome is wrong
 Environment: The conditions that influence the process including time,
temperature, humidity or cleanliness
Page 28
2. K) Future growth and prospectus
It’s been a year of high-voltage fluctuations at Tata Power. The company doubled its
output capacity and is delivering India’s first ultra-mega power plant bang on schedule,
but was rocked by the high cost of imported coal. This sprightly centenarian company is
now rejigging its growth plan by looking at new geographies and businesses. Tata Power
managing director Anil Sardana shares with Gayatri Kamath a glimpse of the company’s
balancing act on the economic high wire.
There have been several pluses and some pauses. On the plus side, our capacity has doubled to
touch 6,900MW this year, making us India’s largest integrated power player. In the next two
years, Tata Power will grow to have about 10,000MW of generating capacity and will be in the
process of setting up another 4,000MW of new projects. Another plus was that Tata Power’s
standalone revenues in 2011-12 rose 22 percent to cross Rs80 billion and profit after tax was
up 24 percent to Rs11.70 billion. On a consolidated basis, though we crossed the important
milestone of Rs250 billion in revenues, we had to provide for impairment of assets for the
Mundra project.
Our vision is to generate 26,000MW of power by 2020 and we have established some strategic
pillars to achieve this. One of the pillars is operational excellence. We started an internal
initiative to get more out of our family silver, that is, our existing assets, some of which are
actually 100 years old and were conceptualised by our Founder, Jamsetji Tata. We drew up a
road map for a revamp to ensure that the assets in all our plants run well, last longer and achieve
benchmark levels. This journey will help support our growth plans.
Another pillar is execution excellence. We need to be predictable in our project execution and
delivery in terms of time, quality and costs; 26,000MW implies the need for huge amounts of
capital and our shareholders need to see that our capabilities in execution excellence are world
class. The third pillar is our growth perspective. Apart from the 26,000MW target, we aim to
secure 50 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) of resources, primarily coal, and develop a direct
customer base for about 4,000MW.
There are negatives, too; we are reeling under the impact of the high cost of imported coal from
Indonesia and the adverse dollar exchange rate. Our Dehrand [in coastal Maharashtra] mega
Page 29
project is on hold. For the Mundra mega power plant in Gujarat, we had to provide for about
Rs18 billion as impairment. That is a huge impact and has resulted in an overall loss of about
Rs9.68 billion in our consolidated accounts. We have now approached Central Electricity
Regulatory Commission (CERC) to address the issue of imported coal prices.
Coal security is a big component of our strategy. In our 26,000MW plan, about 6,000MW will
be from clean and renewable sources of energy and 2,000MW will be gas-based; the balance
18,000MW will be coal-based generation. For this we would need about 50-60 MTPA of coal
and we are looking at whether this should come from long-term offtake contracts or
investments in mines. Till date, we have secured about 20-22 MTPA of coal (in Indonesia and
India) and we are looking at the United States, Colombia and Africa for additional resources.
India has a shortage of coal and needs to import around 250 million tonnes. So, yes, imported
coal will be a necessity.
Page 30
CHAPTER 3
Functional areas
The internal functions of the company are as follows as for the production of solar modules
were very high risk work with funds and the process of making them will take a long process
and the departments in the company are to be worked together in order to make everything
easy where it shows the team work in order to make achieve the common objective where all
the departments and there below:
 Manufacturing
Chief - BD (Large
Projects)
& CTO
Head International Sales

Chief - Contracts
Head-Project Head Business Head - HSE &
Head - Manufacturing Chief Information Officer Procurement and
Development Development Sustainability
Logistics
Manufacturing of the solar panels is consists of a lot of efforts as most of the raw material has
to be imported. The most dedicated efforts of the team as they put together in order to search
of new vendors as it will result in reduction of costs to the company.
Engineering and Quality
Chief -
Engineering &
Quality
Head -
Head - Head - Project
Manufacturing
Engineering Quality & QMS
Quality
Page 31
They are always focused on the planning and to make innovative ways to undertake
any kind of projects and they are always ready to take challenges.
Human resource
Chief Human
Resource Officer
Head - Business
Head - Business Head - Business
HR (IR & Head - ES & A
HR HR
Compliances)
They are concerned about working people in the organization. They are very employee
friendly people where to reach them very easy.
Sales
Chief - Business
Development
(Rooftops)
Head - Business Head - Business

Head - Sales
Development Development
Operations
(Rooftops) (Rooftops)
These are the people who take care about actual revenue for the company to sell the
products and bring new projects to the company.
Page 32
Accounts and Finance
Chief Financial
Officer
Head -
Head - Accounts Head - Business
Commercial & Head - Legal
& Taxation Finance
Collections & BE
They maintain the complete financial transaction of the company. They are the
people who allocates the funds in to operation of the company.
Planning and Control
Cheif Planning
& Control
Head Planning
& Control
These are the who does the internal and external functions of the company run
smoothly without and destruction.
Internal Auditing
These are the people who are responsible for the checking the books of accounts and these also
analyse the financial transactions of the company in order to make it clear and to reduce the
costs.
Manufacturing of Solar cells and Modules
Pure silicon is derived from such silicon dioxides as quartzite gravel (the purest silica) or
crushed quartz. The resulting pure silicon is then doped (treated with) with phosphorous
and boron to produce an excess of electrons and a deficiency of electrons respectively to make
a semiconductor capable of conducting electricity. The silicon disks are shiny and require an
anti-reflective coating, usually titanium dioxide.
The solar module consists of the silicon semiconductor surrounded by protective material in a
metal frame. The protective material consists of an encapsulant of transparent silicon rubber or
butyryl plastic (commonly used in automobile windshields) bonded around the cells, which are
GIBS Business School Page 33

then embedded in ethylene vinyl acetate. A polyester film (such as mylar or tedlar) makes up
the backing. A glass cover is found on terrestrial arrays, a lightweight plastic cover on satellite
arrays. The electronic parts are standard and consist mostly of copper. The frame is either steel
or aluminum. Silicon is used as the cement to put it all together.
Purifying the silicon
 1 The silicon dioxide of either quartzite gravel or crushed quartz is placed into an
electric arc furnace. A carbon arc is then applied to release the oxygen. The products
are carbon dioxide and molten silicon. This simple process yields silicon with one
percent impurity, useful in many industries but not the solar cell industry.
 2 The 99 percent pure silicon is purified even further using the floating zone technique.
A rod of impure silicon is passed through a heated zone several times in the same
direction. This procedure "drags" the impurities toward one end with each pass. At a
specific point, the silicon is deemed pure, and the impure end is removed.
Making single crystal silicon
 3 Solar cells are made from silicon boules, polycrystalline structures that have the
atomic structure of a single crystal. The most commonly used process for creating the
boule is called the Czochralski method. In this process, a seed crystal of silicon is
dipped into melted polycrystalline silicon. As the seed crystal is withdrawn and rotated,
a cylindrical ingot or "boule" of silicon is formed. The ingot withdrawn is unusually
pure, because impurities tend to remain in the liquid.
Making silicon wafers
 4 From the boule, silicon wafers are sliced one at a time using a circular saw whose
inner diameter cuts into the rod, or many at once with a multi wire saw. (A diamond
saw produces cuts that are as wide as the wafer—. 5 millimetres thick.) Only about one-
half of the silicon is lost from the boule to the finished circular wafer—more if the
wafer is then cut to be rectangular or hexagonal. Rectangular or hexagonal wafers are
sometimes used in solar cells because they can be fitted together perfectly, thereby
utilizing all available space on the front surface of the solar cell.

After the initial purification, the silicon is further refined in a floating zone process. In this
process, a silicon rod is passed through a heated zone several times, which serves to 'drag"
the impurities toward one end of the rod. The impure end can then be removed.
Next, a silicon seed crystal is put into a Czochralski growth apparatus, where it is dipped into
melted polycrystalline silicon. The seed crystal rotates as it is withdrawn, forming a
cylindrical ingot of very pure silicon. Wafers are then sliced out of the ingot.
 5 The wafers are then polished to remove saw marks. (It has recently been found that
rougher cells absorb light more effectively, therefore some manufacturers have chosen
not to polish the wafer.)
Doping
 6 The traditional way of doping (adding impurities to) silicon wafers with boron and
phosphorous is to introduce a small amount of boron during the Czochralski process in
step #3 above. The wafers are then sealed back to back and placed in a furnace to be
heated to slightly below the melting point of silicon (2,570 degrees Fahrenheit or 1,410
degrees Celsius) in the presence of phosphorous gas. The phosphorous atoms "burrow"

into the silicon, which is more porous because it is close to becoming a liquid. The
temperature and time given to the process is carefully controlled to ensure a uniform
junction of proper depth.
A more recent way of doping silicon with phosphorous is to use a small particle
accelerator to shoot phosphorous ions into the ingot. By controlling the speed of the
ions, it is possible to control their penetrating depth. This new process, however, has
generally not been accepted by commercial manufacturers.
Placing electrical contacts
 7 Electrical contacts connect each solar cell to another and to the receiver of produced
current. The contacts must be very thin (at least in the front) so as not to block sunlight
to the cell. Metals such as palladium/silver, nickel, or copper are vacuum-evaporated
This illustration shows the makeup of a typical solar cell. The cells are encapsulated
in ethylene vinyl acetate and placed in a metal frame that has a mylar backsheet and
glass cover.

through a photoresist, silkscreened, or merely deposited on the exposed portion of

cells that have been partially covered with wax. All three methods involve a system
in which the part of the cell on which a contact is not desired is protected, while the
rest of the cell is exposed to the metal.
 8 After the contacts are in place, thin strips ("fingers") are placed between cells. The
most commonly used strips are tin-coated copper.
The anti-reflective coating
 9 Because pure silicon is shiny, it can reflect up to 35 percent of the sunlight. To reduce
the amount of sunlight lost, an anti-reflective coating is put on the silicon wafer. The
most commonly used coatings are titanium dioxide and silicon oxide, though others are
used. The material used for coating is either heated until its molecules boil off and travel
to the silicon and condense, or the material undergoes sputtering. In this process, a high
voltage knocks molecules off the material and deposits them onto the silicon at the
opposite electrode. Yet another method is to allow the silicon itself to react with
oxygen- or nitrogen-containing gases to form silicon dioxide or silicon nitride.
Commercial solar cell manufacturers use silicon nitride.
Encapsulating the cell
 10 The finished solar cells are then encapsulated; that is, sealed into silicon rubber or
ethylene vinyl acetate. The encapsulated solar cells are then placed into an aluminum
frame that has a mylar or tedlar backsheet and a glass or plastic cover.
Construction of Solar Parks and Installation of panels

The process of PV solar plants construction is a complex endeavour involving considerable
amounts of time, money, and expertise. It can be broken down into several stages:
1. Identifying the location
2. Determining the grid connection point
3. Pre-construction documentation & negotiations
4. Infrastructure (roads, fence, security)

5. Purchase of equipment & logistics
6. Mounting of the supporting structures
7. Solar panels and inverters installation & connection
8. Setting up the transformer substation
9. Connection to the grid
10. Monitoring system setup
Each stage brings new economically relevant information, so that the developer can update the
estimates of anticipated performance, output, and costs of the PV solar power plant, as well the
figures for expected financial returns.
1. Identifying the location
Before the construction process commences, one needs to identify the place to build the PV
solar station and determine the point of connection to the grid. Thus, initially, Solar DAO will
plan the project and obtain planning and connection consents from the local authorities.
The planning approval from the local authorities is the first major milestone in the whole
process. PV solar plants require considerable space, because large arrays of solar panels need to
be exposed to the sunlight. In practice, PV solar power plants occupy at least one hectare of area
per 1 MWh of output, which requires an approval from the local administration. The project
plan usually is subject to a complex health, safety and environmental audit as well.
2. Determining the grid connection point
The second major consideration in the planning of a new solar park concerns the availability,
location, and capacity of the grid connection. Usually, the connection point is provided by the
local authorities. However, several important issues need to be negotiated, due to the major
impact of the grid connection point on the project’s costs and future revenue.

First, the grid network must be capable of absorbing the output of the PV solar station at its full
capacity. Second, the project developer needs to be able to meet the cost requirements of
providing power lines to the connection point, as well as additional costs that may be involved
in the upgrading of the grid to make it suitable for absorbing the plant’s energy.
These costs can be eliminated by careful planning and established partnerships with grid
operators in the target regions. That is why Solar DAO is going to build PV solar plants in
proven jurisdictions with transparent rules and good ongoing business relationships (e.g.
in Kazakhstan).
3. Pre-construction documentation & negotiations
This stage involves several equally important milestones, including obtaining the land rights,
project documentation development, and obtaining the construction approval. During this stage
the Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) is also signed, ensuring the long-term demand for the PV
solar plant’s output.
After the legal and contract matters are settled, the infrastructure is getting built, including roads
and factory walls; the project developer also hires security staff. Once the infrastructure is in
place, the next task is to purchase the equipment and provide logistical support for its delivery.
The following list illustrates the sequence of project development stages as outlined
by International Financial Corporation:
1. Site Identification / Concept: identification of potential site(s), funding of the project

development, rough technical concept development;
2. Pre-feasibility study: assessment of differently, approximate cost/benefit analysis,

assessment of different technical options, permitting needs, market assessment;
3. Feasibility study: technical and financial evaluation of the preferred option, assessment of
financing options, initiation of permitting process, development of rough technical concept,
first contact with project development;

4. Financing / Contracts: permitting, contracting strategy, supplier selection and contract

negotiation, financing of project, due diligence, financing concept;
5. Detailed design: preparation of detailed design for all relevant lots, preparation of project
implementation schedule, finalization of permitting process, loan agreement;
6. Construction: construction supervision, independent technical review of construction;
7. Commissioning: performance testing, preparation of as-built-design (if required),

Independent review of commissioning
4. Construction of the plant
The actual construction process is usually outsourced to one or more contractors who do the
engineering, procurement, and construction work (EPC). The process involves all the major and
necessary elements that the PV solar plants consist in.
PV solar plants use ground mounting systems of solar panels. The advantage of the ground
mounting system, as compared to the roof-based solar panels systems, is that no two roofs are
exactly alike, which significantly limits the possibilities of standardization. Conversely, the
ground-mount systems offer much faster installation times, since much of the work can be done
in advance.

Moreover, ground-mount systems have much easier access and do not entail staging and
logistical challenges and costs of the roof-systems. The latter are less expensive in terms of site
costs, but are more labor-intensive and have higher logistical costs. On the contrary, ground-
mount systems require more upfront investment for site preparation, but the actual installation
process is less complicated. Finally, ground-mount systems are more efficient and more
scalable.

Solar panels are mounted on supporting structures made of aluminium profiles and stainless
steel fasteners. Solar DAO usually applies fixed structures with a fixed angle of solar panel
installation, which helps reducing construction and operating expenses.
In general, there are four main types of foundations that are commonly used: driven piles,
helical piles, earth-screws, and ballasted foundations, as represented on the picture below:
Usually driven piles supports are used in large PV solar plants, being too costly for medium-
sized and small ones. Concrete strip foundations can also be used, made of concrete blocks or
constructed on site. The choice ultimately depends upon costs considerations and ground
conditions. Driven piles are the simplest and least expensive foundations. Aluminium supports
are then being fastened to foundations which carry crossbeams to which the PV modules are
fastened. The panels are also equipped with trackers that allow to optimize the utilization of

solar irradiation. Dual-axis tracker allows to generate up to 45% more energy than a fixed
system of a similar size.
5. Post-construction stage
In that stage the PV solar plant gets connected to the grid as agreed with the local authorities
during the pre-construction negotiations. The monitoring systems also enters the play, being
installed and set up for a remote monitoring of the plant’s operation.
The project developer can enter into a contract with a local subcontractor to undertake the
operation and maintenance (O&M) of the station. However, in the case of Solar DAO the
investment fund itself will be in charge of the O&M and remote monitoring. Generally, solar
panels require minimal maintenance, being a reliable solid-state system, as compared to rotating
machinery. Solar DAO’s solar panels made of crystalline silicon have a guaranteed duration of
service of 10 years.
The entire process can be illustrated by the following summary picture by:

CHAPTER 4
SWOT Analysis
Strengths
Our India is blessed with almost 300 sunny days ina year. Solar energy will be accessible as
long as we have the sun and we would not run out of solar energy like other power sources.
 Since you will be meeting some of your energy needs with the electricity your solar system
has generated, your energy bills will drop. How much you save on your bill will be
dependent on the size of the solar system and your electricity or heat usage. Savings can
further grow if you sell excess electricity at high rates during the day and then buy
electricity from the grid during the evening when the rates are lower.
 Solar power is inexhaustible. In energy deficient country like India, where power
generation is costly, solar energy is the best alternate means of power generation. You
don‟t need a power or gas grid to get solar energy. ¾ A solar energy system can be installed
anywhere. Solar panels can be easily placed in houses and commercial roof tops. A
separate land area for installing solar panels is not necessary. Hence, it is quite inexpensive
compared to other sources of energy.
 Solar energy is environment friendly. When in use, it does not release CO2 and other gases
which pollute the air. Hence it is very suitable for India, India being one of the most
polluted countries of the world.
 The geographical locations of the whole India is a most appropriate place for getting solar
energy in abundant and there are also vast areas in rural India can be utilized for installing
solar panels.
Weaknesses
 Solar energy are limited for a geographical point of view - solar panels are not popular
in regions where there's snow like Jammu & Kashmir.
 The cost of installation is expensive for a common man. So only rich people chooses
solar energy.

 The cost of production range is Rs 15 to Rs 20 per unit for the solar energy, which is
very high when compared to, Rs 2 to Rs 5 per unit for other conventional sources in
India.
 There is no awareness among people about solar energy and its benefits. It restrains the
turnovers and only literate people choose solar energy.
 We cannot depend solar energy on rainy and cloudy days.
Opportunities
 India is depending on the gulf nations for oil and We are running out of oil at some
times. The cost of oil soars high for most of the months in a year and it will force our
government to depend on solar resource available in our country for generating
electricity. It also may force people to purchase electronic cars or vehicles with solar
panel on roof.
 As more companies are entering into the production of solar panel may lead to reduction
in cost.
 Our Indian government announced investment over US $20 billion for 30 years in solar
energy will give more opportunities to the people in attaining solar energy and would
boost the economy.
Threats
 The quality of solar cells produced from uranium in Indian soil is inferior to the solar
cells produced from Australia, Germany and other countries may force to import
uranium for producing solar cells.
 Only large investors can get higher operating profit from solar energy distribution since
it requires huge investment to install, maintain and distribution.
 The traditional energy production sector is not likely to diminish in the near future and
it bars the people to change.

CHAPTER 5
MCKINESY’S 7S MODEL
Applying 7S Model on Tata Power Solar to determine the effectiveness of the

Organization
 Strategy
 Tata Power solar provides employees with the opportunity to implement new
ideas as leaders are unearthed from challenging situations.
 Human resource policies promote diversity and equality in the workplace, as
well as compliance with all local labour laws, while encouraging the adoption
of international best practices.
 Delivering benchmark customer Service
 Practicing "leadership with care" by pursuing best practices on care for
environment, community, customers, shareholders, people and creating a
culture that will reinforce values
Structure
Tata Power Solar follows a Hierarchical Organization Structure, where the authorization is
categorized into,
 Top - Level Management
 Middle - Level Management
 Low - Level Management
The flow of authority happen in the same hierarchy as the Organization Structure.
 Systems
 Tata Power Solar has a Manufacturing Unit that runs 24*7 hours by producing
the highest possible Solar Panels Annually
 The Human Resource Department which is also indulged in the development of
the working environment of the employees and staffs

 The HSE department which takes care of the safety measures of the organization
for the work to progress smoothly
 The Marketing and Sales, who are always involved in the development of the
market value and generating the best clients for their product
 Quality Department which is up to in providing the best quality service by the
best quality checking practices
 Logistics and Supply Chain Management which takes care of shifting and
transporting the product to the desired destination
Shared Values
There are Eight functioning departments at Tata Power Solar and are all working will a single
motive in the interest of organization by cooperating with each other and building the necessary
blocks to achieve the organizational goals
Style
The Style of Leadership at Tata Power Solar is always oriented towards encouraging the
employees and building the necessary steps to meet the company‟s goals and objectives
Staff
The staff power in each department at Tata Power Solar is highly enthusiastic and driving
towards achieving the Organizational goals and Objectives
Skills
The technology used by Tata Power Solar for manufacturing and various processes are world
class and the employees working are also trained towards inculcating best skills available in
the industry

CHAPTER 6
Findings and Conclusion
Findings:
 The company is mostly into manufacturing of solar panels
 In whole India they have only one plant and one ware house in Bangalore
 The size of employees in the organization is very low when compared to their range of
activities and revenue
 The management of the organization is very friendly and they treat employees as their
own people
 They give first importance to safety of the employee
 Work environment is friendly
 Communication between employees is not good to some extend
 They follow all government rules according to the need and time
 They were mostly into export of solar modules
 They stand in 1st place in India in exporting of solar modules
Conclusion:
Lastly the organization is the place where there will be more exposure for the employee in
order to learn and get develop themselves into order to develop the company.
Employees are were given freedom to take the decisions. The management levels and the
communication between the people who are in the lower level is also is very good.

CHAPTER 7
Recommendations
 Day by day there is huge increase in demand for solar panels so there is necessity to
fully automatize the whole manufacturing
 In order to develop better communication between the employees they have to conduct
one brain storming activity

Bibliography
 Www.tatapowersolar.com
 Www.wikipideia.org
 Www.medium.com
 Www.madehow.com
 Www.thehindubusinessline.com

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Report on Internship Project at Tata Power Solar

Figure 1: PV installation by market segment

The Organizational structure for an Manufacturing industry usually consists of various

• Purchase, Fabric and Accounting department

• Shipping and Packing department.

The basic manufacturing organizational structure follows the traditional hierarchical

Major Players in the industry with the market share information

Market Share Information

About the Competitors

Solar Energy in the globe:-

Worldwide growth of photovoltaic is extremely dynamic and varies strongly by country. By

Industry Analysis using Michaele Porter’s 5 Forces Model and

The Porter’s 5 Force Model basically consists of 5 Components

The following drives the company forward

 The Determination to provide and improve quality of life of the communities

2 a) Background and Inception of the company

2 b) Nature of business Carried out

2. c) Vision, Mission, and quality policy

 Speed, responsiveness and being proactive, achieved through collaboration and

A photovoltaic solar powered pump system has three parts:

2. Solar Cells and Modules

A solar cell made from a monocrystalline silicon wafer

PolycrystallineSilicon Photovoltaic (PV) Cells

Thin film III-V solar cells:

Multi-stack thin film:

 "Stacking" III-V solar cells or silicon cells

Hybrid dye-sensitised solar cells:

Fully organic solar cells:

Name Title Primary Company

OTHER BOARD MEMBERS ON BOARD MEMBERS

In an organization the authorization is categorized in to three level

Worldwide growth of photovoltaic is extremely dynamic and varies strongly by country. By

Rank Company Employees Total Revenue

2. J) Work flow model

Use the Fishbone Diagram in Sales Process

Application of ISHIKAWA on Tata power Solar

Fishbone on Tata Power Solar

Purpose: Purpose is categorized into three entities

Segments: The market segments at Tata Power Solar is of three types

Markets: Markets are categorized into two types based on

Promotions: The Promotions are done through three methods

Brainstorming the “Causes”

2. K) Future growth and prospectus

Head International Sales

Engineering and Quality

Head - Business Head - Business

Accounts and Finance

Planning and Control

GIBS Business School Page 33

Purifying the silicon

Making single crystal silicon

Making silicon wafers

GIBS Business School Page 34

GIBS Business School Page 35

Placing electrical contacts

GIBS Business School Page 36

through a photoresist, silkscreened, or merely deposited on the exposed portion of

The anti-reflective coating

Encapsulating the cell

Construction of Solar Parks and Installation of panels

1. Identifying the location

2. Determining the grid connection point

3. Pre-construction documentation & negotiations