,ay; - 5

kly;fs; rpj;jphpf;Fk; gz;ghl;L

milahsq;fs;
 5. kly;fs; rpj;jphpf;Fk; gz;ghl;L milahsq;fs;

5.0. Kd;Diu

jkpopy; ‘gz;ghL’, ‘fyhr;rhuk;’ vd;w ,U nrhw;fs; ‘Culture’ vd;w Mq;fpyr;

nrhy;Yf;F epfuhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fyhr;rhuk; vd;gJ tlnkhopr; nrhy;.

fiyfspd; rhuk; vdg; gphpf;Fk; NghJ mr;nrhy;ypd; nghUz;ik fiyj;jsj;jpy;

,aq;Ftijf; fhzKbAk;. gz;ghL vd;w thHj;ijia b.Nf. rpjk;guehj

KjypahH jhd; Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;JfpwhH. gz;gLj;Jjy; vd;gij

tpidr;nrhy;yhfTk;> gz;ghL vd;gijg; ngaHr;nrhy;yhfTk; ehk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

,tw;wpd; NtHr;nrhy;yhf tpsq;FtJ gz;G vd;Dk; xU nrhy;jhd;.

‘gz;G vdg;gLtJ ghL mwpe;J xOFjy;’ vd;W fypj;njhif gz;gpw;F

tpsf;fk; jUfpd;wJ; mjhtJ ehk; thOk; r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW tpjkhd Nghf;Ffs;>

nry;newpfs;> gof;ftof;fq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw mwpe;J xOFjNy ‘gz;ghL’ vd;W

fypj;njhiff;F tpsf;fk; nfhs;syhk;. ,e;j ,ay;ig> jpUf;Fws; ‘cyfj;NjhL

xl;l xOFjy;’ vd;W Kiwg;gLj;JfpwJ. Mdhy; ew;wpiz> jpUf;Fws; Nghd;w

,yf;fpaq;fs; ‘ehfhpfk;’ vd;w nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ehfhpfk; vd;gJ gpwH

kdk; Gz;glhjgb elg;gjhFk;. xUtd; ehk; mwpAk;gbahf eQ;irf; nfhLj;jhYk;

mtd; kdk; Nehfhjgb cl;nfhs;tij ehfhpfk; vd;fpd;wd mt;tpyf;fpaq;fs;.

‘ngaf;fz;Lk; eQ;Rz;L miktH eaj;jf;f

ehfhpfk; Ntz;L gtH’ (jpUf;Fws;; : 580)

vd;w Fws;; mbfs; Nkw;$wpa $w;iw nka;g;gpf;fpd;wd; Mdhy; mz;ikf;

fhyj;jpy; ehfhpfk; vd;w nrhy; NtnwhU mHj;jj; jsj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

‘mtd; mehfhpfkhf ele;Jnfhz;lhd;’, ‘ehfhpfkhf cil cLj;jtpy;iy’ vd;Dk;

nghJg;Gj;jpapdhpd; nrhw;fs; ehfhpfk; vd;gJ NtnwhU nghUisj; jUtij

mwpaKbfpwJ. jkpo;r;nry;td; ehfhpfj;jpw;Fk; gz;ghl;bw;Fk; ,ilapyhd

NtWghl;ilf;; $WfpwhH. “mwptpaNyhLk;> mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;GfNshLk;

njhlHGilaJ ehfhpfk;. ehfhpfk; vd;gJ gy;NtW gz;ghLfisj; jd;dfj;Nj

nfhz;bUf;Fk;. cyf tiuglj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;lf; $bajhf ehfhpfq;fs;

,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; gz;ghl;il mg;gb gUz;ikahfg; glk; Nghl;Lf; fhl;l KbahJ;

Vnddpy; gz;ghL vd;gJ kdk; rhHe;jJ@ kdijg; gz;gLj;JtJ gw;wpaJ”1.

ehfhpfj;jpw;Fk; gz;ghl;bw;Fk; cs;s NtWghl;il Qh. NjtNeag; ghthzH

“ehfhpfk; vd;gJ jpUe;jpa tho;f;if. mJ vy;yhg; nghUl;fisAk; jkf;Nf

gad;gLj;JtJ. gz;ghL vd;gJ jpUe;jpa xOf;fk;> mJ vy;yhg; nghUl;fisAk;

jkf;Fk; gpwUf;Fk; gad;gLj;JtJ”2 vd tpsf;FfpwhH.

,t;tpaypy; gz;ghL vd;w nrhy;ypw;fhd tiuaiw> tpsf;fk;> gz;ghl;bd;

tiffs;> klyhspfs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; jkpo;g;gz;ghl;L milahsq;fs; Nghd;wit

tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. klyhspfs; jkpofj;jpw;F te;j fhyr; #oy; gy;NtW tpjkhd

gz;ghl;L ,izTfs; epfo;ej
; fhykhFk;. INuhg;gpa Njrj;jtHfs; ,];yhkpa

kd;dHfs;> kuhl;ba> njYq;F nkhop rhHe;j muRfs; jkpofj;ij Mz;lfhyk;;

vdNt nkhopahYk;> ,dj;jhYk;> kjj;jhYk; gy;NtW gz;ghLfs; jkpo;r;#oypy;

fye;Jtpl;l fhuzj;jhy; ,f;fhyj;jpa gz;ghl;ilg; ‘gd;kpag;gz;ghL’ vdyhk;.

,NaRrigf; FUf;fspd; kly;fspy; fhzyhFk;> gz;ghl;L milahsq;fis

Muha;tjhf ,t;tpay; mikfpwJ.

5.1. gz;ghL tiuaiw

‘gz;ghL’ vd;w fUj;jhf;fj;ij kpfj; Jy;ypakhfTk;> njspthfTk;>

RUf;fkhfTk; tiuaWj;J tpsf;FtJ vspjy;y. gz;ghL gw;wp ty;YeHfs;

gy;NtW tiuaiwfisj; je;Js;sdH. Fwpg;ghf FNuhgUk;> FSf;fhDk; 160

tiuaiwfisj; je;Js;sjhf gf;jtj;;ry ghujp jk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.

mt;tiuaiwfis cz;ikapay; tif kw;Wk; fUj;jpay; tif vd ,U

tiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. cw;W Nehf;Fjy; %yk; fz;lwpe;j cz;ikfis

195
tifnjhifg;gLj;jp gz;ghl;bw;F tiuaiw nra;tij cz;ikapay;tif vd;Wk;>
fUj;jpay; tiuaiwfis A+fmstpNyNa Ghpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk; vd mwpQHfs;

tpsf;FfpwhHfs;”3.

5.1.1. E.B.nla;yH

“gz;ghL vd;gJ mwpT> ek;gpf;if> fiy> xOf;fnewpfs;> rl;lk;> tof;fk;

KjyhditAk; kdpjd; rKjhaj;jpd; XH cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;J fw;Fk; gpw

jpwikfSk; gof;fq;fSk; mlq;fpa KOikj; njhFjpahFk;”4 vd;gJ E.B.

nla;yhpd; tiuaiwahf ,Uf;fpwJ.

5.1.2. ,uhgHl; n`Y}tp

“gz;ghL vd;gJ xU jdpegH jdJ r%fj;jpdhplkpUe;J fw;wwpAk;

ek;gpf;iffs;> tof;fq;fs;> fiynewpfs;> czTg; gof;ftof;fq;fs;> iftpidfs;

Nghd;wtw;wpd; xl;L nkhj;jj; njhFg;ghFk;. ,tw;iw me;jj; jdpkdpjH Ra

gilg;Gj;jpwd; %yk; mwpahky;> fle;jfhy kuGj; njhlHr;rpahf KiwrhH fy;tp

%yNkh my;yJ Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp %yNkh mwpe;Jnfhs;fpwhH” (Lowis Luzbbet ak.

1993) vd;fpwhH ,uhgHl; n`Y}tp.

5.1.3. gf;jtj;ry ghujp

gz;ghL vd;gjw;Fg; gyUila tiuaiwfis> jk;E}ypy; njhFj;Jf;

$wpAs;shH. “kf;fs; jiyKiw jiyKiwahf> FOthfr; NrHe;J fw;w

elj;ijKiwfSk; gof;fq;fSk;> kuGfSk; NrHe;j xU njhFjpNa ‘gz;ghL’

MFk;. “gz;ghL vd;gJ kdpjdpd; cly;rhuhj jftikg;G” gz;ghL vd;gJ

kuGtopapy; Ghpe;Jnfhz;Ls;sit gw;wpa XH mikg;G. ,J fw;wypd; %yk;

ngwg;gLtJ. fw;wy; elj;ij Kiwapd; top cUthf;fg;gLtJ5 vd;gd cs;spl;l

gy tiwaiufisj; jUfpwhH.

196
5.1.4. njh. gukrptk; jUk; tiuaiw

“gz;ghL vd;w nrhy; rpe;jidapy; nrk;ik> nraypy; nrk;ik vd;w

,uz;ilAk; NrHj;Nj Fwpf;fpwJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l kf;fs; $l;lk; nrhy; topahfTk;>

nrhy; my;yhj topapYk; jk;ik ntspg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;. ,t;ntspg;ghLfs;

fz;Zf;Fg; Gyg;gLtdthfTk; mikAk;;> Gyg;glhjthWk; mikAk;”6.

“khDltpay; Nehf;fpy; $Wk;NghJ gz;ghL vd;gJ cly; rhuhj xU

jftikg;G vd;W khDltpayhsHfs; $Wfpd;wdH. MdhYk; clk;G gw;wpa

fUj;jpay;fSk;> gz;ghl;Lf; $WfSf;F epiyf; fsdhfpd;wd”7.

5.1.5. jkpo;r;nry;td; jUk; tiuaiw

“ek;ikr;Rw;wpAs;s Rw;Wr; #oYlDk;> Rw;wpAs;s kdpjUlDk; xj;jpire;J

tho ek;ikj; jahH nra;Ak; cj;jpfs; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gq;fspd; njhFjpNa

gz;ghL”8 vdTk;> “gz;ghL vd;gJ kdpjHfspd; gof;ftof;fq;fs; (czT> cil>

,Ug;gpl mikg;Gg; Nghd;w) eil> cil> ghtidfs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> topghl;L

Kiwfs;> rpe;jpf;Fk; Kiw> NgRk; nkhop> nghUs; cw;gj;jp Kiwfs;>

cwTKiwfs;> cwT tpyf;Ffs; Nghd;w vy;yhtw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpa xU

Fwpg;gpl;l kdpjf; FOtpd; thOk; Kiwjhd; mf;FOtpd; gz;ghL”9 vdTk; “gz;ghL

xU kf;fs; FOtpd; thOk;Kiw> jk; tho;T mDgtj;jpd; Clhf kdpjd; fw;Wf;

nfhz;ltw;wpd; njhFg;ghfTk; gz;ghL ,Uf;fpwJ”10 vd tpsf;fk; jUfpwhH.

5.1.6. NjtNeag; ghthzH jUk; tiuaiw

gz;gLtJ gz;ghL. gz;gLjy; rPHgLjy; my;yJ jpUe;Jjy;. jpUe;jpa

epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;jpa my;yJ gz;gLj;jg;gl;l epyk; vd;Wk;> jpUe;jpa jkpiog;

‘gz;gl;l nre;jkpo;’ vd;Wk;> jpUe;jpa cs;sj;ijg; ‘gz;gl;l cs;sk;’ vd;W

nrhy;tJ tof;fk;11 vd NjtNeag; ghtzH Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. ‘kf;fs; jk; tsHr;rpapd;

kdey Mf;fNk gz;ghlhfg; ngaHngWfpwJ’12 vd itj;jpaypq;fk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.

197
5.2. gz;ghl;L tiffs;

xU kdpjDf;Fs;NsNa ehl;lhH gz;ghL> nrt;tpay; gz;ghL kw;Wk;

ntF[d gz;ghL vd %d;Wk; fye;J ,Ug;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ. rhd;whf me;j

tPl;by; xU %iyiar; rhzj;jhy; nkOfpj; J}a;ikahf;fp tpsf;if kl;Lk; Vw;wp

NtW ve;j kj milahsq;fs;> rpd;dq;fs; ,y;yhky; topgl;L te;jdH. mJ

gw;wpf; Nfs;tpfis vOg;gpa nghOJ mt;tPl;lhHfs; me;j ,lj;jpy; me;j tPl;bd;

Kd;NdhH FbapUg;gjhfTk;> mtHfis topgLtjw;fhfNt ,e;j Vw;ghLfs; vd;Wk;

$wpdhH. ,jd; topghl;LKiwfis cw;WNehf;Fk;NghJ ehl;lhH topghl;L Kiw

Kw;wpYk; gpd;gw;wpa epiyapNyNa mt;topghL ele;J tUtij Ma;thsH

fz;lwpfpwhH. Mdhy; me;jf; FLk;gk; xU ghuk;ghpakhd fpwpj;jtf; FLk;gk;.

,tHfSf;Ff; fw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gl;l nja;t topghl;LKiw> rkaf; nfhs;iffs;>

jpUr;rigr; rl;lq;fs;> mtHfSila topghl;Lj;jyq;fs; vd;W khw;wj;jpw;Fl;gl

Kbahj nrt;tpay; topghlhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. mNj Ntisapy; jpUtpohf;

fhyq;fis cw;W Nehf;Fk;NghJ nrt;tpay; topghLk;> ehl;lhH topghLk; fye;j

ntF[d topghl;L Kiwia> NjH> ieahz;b Nksk;> Mly; ghly;> nfhz;lhl;lk;

vdg; gpd;gw;Wtijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

“etPd gz;ghl;L milahskhd ‘[Pd;]’; Nghl;Lf;nfhz;L nrt;tpay;

gz;ghl;bd; xU $whd tujl;rizia thq;fpf;nfhz;L ehl;lhH gz;ghl;Lf;

$Wfspy; xd;whd Kd;NdhH topghl;ilAk; tplhky; miyfpw vj;jidNah

,isQHfis ehk; ghHfpNwhk;”13. jkpor;nry;tdpd; $w;wpy; %d;W gz;ghLfSk;

fye;jpUg;gijf;; fz;lwpa KbAk;.

5.3. gd;kpag; gz;ghl;bak;

gpnuQ;R ehl;ilr;rhHe;j ,NaRrigf; FUkhHfs; jkpofj;jpypUe;J kly;fs;

vOjpa fhyk; 1838 Kjy; 1900 tiuahd 62 Mz;Lfs;. ,f;fhyj;jpy;

fj;Njhypf;ff; fpwpj;jtj; JwtpfSk;> Guhl;l];lhz;L gphpitr; rhHe;j JwtpfSk;

,e;E}w;whz;bw;F Kd;Ng jkpofj;jpy; gzpnra;aj; njhlq;fptpl;ldH. tzpfHfshf

te;j fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpahHfs; ,q;fpyhe;J uhzpahhpd; Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijj;
198
jkpofj;jpy; epiyepWj;jp tpl;lhHfs;. ,jw;F ntFfhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng ,];yhkpa
kd;dHfspd; gilnaLg;G> njYq;F> kuhl;ba nkhop NgRk; muRfspd; mjpfhug;

guty;fs;> jkpofj;jpy; fhY}d;wp tpl;lf; fhyf;fl;lj;ij mbnahw;wp ele;Jte;j

#oy;fspy; vOjg;gl;l kly;fshFk;. ,jdhy; kughd jkpo;g; gz;ghl;L

mikg;Gfspy; gy;NtWtpjkhd ,izg;Gfs;> fyg;Gfs; epfo;e;J tpl;bUe;jd.

tsHe;Jtpl;l r%fkhf gy ,d> rka> nkhop milahsq;fNshL fye;J

thOk; #oypy; ,d;iwa r%fk; cs;sJ. ,e;j milahsq;fs; ngUk;ghd;ik –

rpWghd;ik vd;Nwh> caHe;jJ – jho;e;jJ vd;Nwh> mjpf cilikfisf; nfhz;l

epiyapy; NkyhdJ – fPohdJ vd;Nwh ek; nghJg;Gj;jpapy; gbe;Jtpl;lJ. ,J

gbepiyr; r%fj;ij ek;ik mwpahkNyNa cUthf;fp tpl;lJ. ,e;epiyapy;

ngUk;ghd;ikahdtHfshf ,Ug;gtHfs; my;yJ jq;fisNa caHe;jtHfshf

Mf;fpf;nfhz;l gz;ghl;il cilatHfs; jq;fSf;Ff; fPohd gz;ghL

cilatHfisj; jho;e;j gz;ghL vd;Nwh> fPohd gz;ghL vd;w epiyapNyh

xJf;fp> mopf;f Kw;gLk; #oy; Vw;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf 19-Mk; E}w;whz;by;

mnkhpf;fhtpw;Fg; Gyk;ngaHe;j kf;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;jg; gz;ghl;il tpl;Ltpl;L

mnkhpf;fH vd;w Nguilahsg; ngUkpjj;Jld; ‘xU Gjpa cNyhff; fyitahf’

(Alloy) khWtijr;; Rl;Lk;tpjkhf ‘Melting Pot’ vd;w ,t;thHj;ijia ,];Nuy;

rhq;tpy; cUthf;Ffpd;whH”14. ,r;nrhy;yhlNy mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfspd;

mjpfhug;G+Ht Njrpaf;nfhs;ifiaf; Fwpg;gjhfTk; Vw;fg;gl;lJ. mnkhpf;f Njrpak;

jhd; tFj;j xw;iwf; fyhr;rhuj;ij ,t;thW Gjpjha; mnkhpf;fhtpw;Ff;

FbngaHe;j kf;fspd; gz;ghl;L milahsj;ij mopj;J> GFj;jpaJ. ,e;epiyapy;

1960-,y; mnkhpf;fh ngUk; neUf;fbiar; re;jpj;jJ. mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfspy;

eilngw;w tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;> mjhtJ fWg;gpd kf;fspd; milahs

,af;fq;fs; jq;fspd; milahsj;ij kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;J gd;Kf

milahsq;fis mq;ff
P hpf;Fk; epiyia cUthf;fpd.

,Nj khjphpahd epiyik fdlh ehl;Lr; r%fj;jpYk; epytpaij nlud;];

rhKNty; gd;Kfg; gz;ghl;baKk; ,e;jpar; #oYk; vd;w jk; fl;Liuapy;

199
tpsf;FfpwhH. “fdlh ehl;L r%fj;jpy; gytpj ,df;FOf;fSk; ntt;NtW nkhop

NgRgtHfSk;> ntt;NtW fyhr;rhuj;ijr; rhHe;jtHfSk; xUq;fpize;J thOk;

r%f mikg;igr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lk; tpjkhf> fpilj;jsf; $l;L vd;w nrhy;yhliy

[hd; KHNu fpg;gd; vd;gtH vOjpa ‘Canadian mosaic’ vd;w E}ypy; Rl;bf;

fhl;bAs;sijj; jk; fl;Liuapy; Fwpj;Js;shH15. fpilj;js $l;L vd;w

nrhy;yhliy mnkhpf;f nfhs;ifahd cUf;Ff; fyd; nfhs;if ‘Melting Pot

Theory’ vd;gij vjpHf;f> fpg;gd; gad;gLj;jpdhH”16.

mnkhpf;fhtpy; Vw;gl;lg; Gjpa fhyr; #oiy gpujpgypf;Fk; tifapy; ‘Salad-

Bowl’ vd;w nrhy;yhly; eilKiwf;F te;jJ. vt;thW xU fpz;zj;jpy;

itf;fg;gl;l fha;fs; kw;Wk; goq;fspd; eWf;Ffs;> Jz;Lfs;> jdpj;JtkhfTk;

xd;Nwhnlhd;W fye;j epiyapYk; ,Uf;FNkh mJNghyNt xU ehLk;

jdpj;Jtkhd gz;ghl;Lg;gd;kpa milahsq;fspd; $l;lhd ,Ug;G vd

czug;gl;lJ.

5.3.1. gd;kpa gz;ghl;L tiuaiw

5.3.1.1. gpf;F gpNuf;fpd; (Bikhu Parekh) tiuaiw

“gd;Kfg; gz;ghl;bak; vd;why; vd;d?” fl;Liuapy; gd;Kfg; gz;ghl;bag;

ghHit vd;gJ %d;W Ghpjy;fis cs;slf;fpaJ vd;fpwhH. 1.) gz;ghl;by;

nghjpe;j kdpj ,ay;G (Cultural embeddedness of Human beings) 2.) jtpHf;fg;gl

Kbahj kw;Wk; tpUk;gg;gl Ntz;ba gz;ghl;Lg; gd;kpak;. (The inescapability and

desirability of cultural plurality) 3) xt;nthU r%fj;jpYk; gd;kpa gz;ghl;Lf;

$Wfs; cs;slq;fpAs;sd (Culture is Plural in itself) vd;gitahFk;.

5.3.1.2. rhHy]; nla;yhpd; tiuaiw

mq;fpfhuj;jpd; murpay; (The politics of Recognition) vd;w jk; fl;Liuapy;

$wpAs;s tpsf;fk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. “etPd fhyj;jpw;F Kd; kdpjHfshy;

200
tpUg;GlNdh ntWg;GlNdh Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l r%fg; gbepiyfSld; xU

jdpkdpj / r%f / ,d / rka mq;ff

P huk; vd;gJ gpur;rpidahf cUntLj;jJ.

mq;ff
P huk; Fwpj;j Ke;ija fUj;jhf;fq;fs;> rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk;>

murpay; rhrd Kiwapyhd Ml;rp Nghd;w fUj;jhf;fq;fshy; kWthrpg;Gf;F

cl;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,jd; %yk; Mjpf;fr; rf;jpfspd; xw;iw ika kjpg;Gfs; rhHe;j

efHTfs; fl;Lilf;fg;gl;L> gd;kpaf; fyhr;rhuq;fspd; mq;fPfhuk; epiy

epWj;jg;gLfpwJ.

5.3.2. gd;kpa gz;ghl;L tiffs;

gd;kpa gz;ghl;il %d;W tiffshf gpf;F gpNuf; gphpf;fpwhH.

1. cl;fyhr;rhu gd;kpak;. cjhudkhf jkpo;ehl;by; jkpo;nkhop NgRk; kf;fs;

midtUk; xNu gz;ghl;ilf; nfhz;ltHfshf ,Ue;jhYk; mtHfSf;Fs;

,Uf;ff;$ba rhjp NtWghLfs;> nkhop cr;rhpg;Gfs;> ,l mz;ik
Nghd;wtw;why; cl;fyhr;rhug; gd;kpak; Vw;gLfpwJ.

2. fUj;jhf;fq;fspd; gd;kpak;. cjhuzkhf fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpy; epytp

te;j rhjpa xLf;FKiwf;F vjpuhd itFz;l rhkpfspd; Iah top kw;Wk;

Njhy; rPiy Nghuhl;lq;fisf; Fwpf;fyhk;. ,jpy; Mjpf;f rhjpapdH

Kd;epWj;Jk; fUj;jhf;fj;ijf; Nfs;tpf;Fs;shf;fp Mjpf;fg; gz;ghl;ilf;

fl;Lilj;J kWfl;likg;Gr; nra;fpwJ.

3. rkak;> nkhop> ,dk; rhHe;j gd;kpak;. cjhuzkhf ,yq;ifapy; ele;J

nfhz;bUf;ff;$ba ,d> nkhopg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;.

gz;ghl;Lg;gd;kpa milahsq;fspd; $l;bUg;G vd;w fUj;jhf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;

,NaRrigf; FUkhHfs; vOjpa kly;fspy; mit vt;thnwy;yhk; ntspg;gl;Ls;sd

vd;gij ,t;tpay; Muha;fpwJ.

5.4. gz;ghl;L milahsq;fs; tiuaiw

milahsk; Fwpj;Jg; gy;NtW mwpQHfs; tiuaiwfisr; nra;Js;sdH.

vhpf;rd; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ “Kjyhtjhf XHikg; G+Htkhf ehk; ekf;nfd

201
milahsq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;. ,uz;L> cld; epfo;Tfisf; $He;J
Nehf;Ftjd; mbg;gilapy; Vw;gl;l milahsk;. %d;W> nghJg;Gj;jp vd;W

nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w my;yJ nghJg;Gj;jpia cUthf;Ffpd;witfshd fhyj;jhYk;>

,lj;jhYk; xUthpd; ,Ug;G xNu khjphpahd milahsj;ijj; jdf;Fs;

cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. mNjNghy; kw;wtHfSk; xUthpd; xNu khjphpahd jd;ikiaAk;

njhlHr;rpiaAk; fz;Lnfhs;fpd;wdH vd;w cz;ikgw;wpa ghHit”17.

Nlhkpdpf; vd;gtH milahsk; Fwpj;j tiuaiw nra;Ak; NghJ ,t;thW

$WfpwhH. “milahsq;fs; vd;git jq;fSf;Ff; fPohdtHfs; vd;W fUjg;glf;

$batHfis vjpHkiwahfNth my;yJ FWfpa ghHitapNyh mtHfis xNu

khjphpahd NtWghlw;wtHfshfNth my;yJ ntspg;gilahff; fLikahf glk;

gpbf;fpd;w> tpkHrpf;fpd;w tpjkhf ,Uf;Fk;”18 vd;fpwhH.

xU FOthdJ jkf;nfd;W XH milahsk; ,Ug;gij mtHfspd;

XHikapypUe;J Jilj;jopf;f> FbtUk; FOf;fs; Kaw;rpf;Fk;. mg;gbf;

Fbte;jtHfspd; Kaw;rpiaj; jLj;J kPz;Lk; jq;fs; milahsq;fis

kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;a KaYk;”19 vd;gijj; jk; Ma;Ntl;by; tpsf;FfpwhH.

5.5. milahsq;fspd; ,Ug;G – mopg;G – kPl;LUthf;fk;

xt;nthU kdpjf; FOTk; jq;fSf;nfd;W gz;ghl;L milahsq;fNshNl

tho;fpwhHfs;. ,t;tilahsq;fs; rhjp> kjk;> nkhop> thOk; ,lq;fs;> czT

Nghd;wtw;why; Nky;epiyapy; ,Ug;gtHfs; jq;fSf;F mLj;J fPo;epiyapy;

,Ug;gtHfs;Nky; Rkj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;gbr; Rkj;jg;gl;l milahsq;fis

czHgtHfs; mt;tilahsq;fisj; Jilj;J mopj;J NtW xU tbtpy;

cUthf;fpf; nfhs;fpwhHfs; vd;gij milahsq;fspd; ,Ug;G – mopg;G –

kPl;LUthf;fk; vd;w nrhy;yhly;fspd; nghUz;ikahff; nfhs;syhk;.

kJiug;gFjpapy; thOk; kf;fSs; xU gphptpdH gpuk;kiyf; fs;shHfs;.

,tHfspd; njhopy; goq;fhyj;jpy; Ntl;ilahb czT Nrfhpg;gJ. ,J fhy

khw;wj;jpy; gpwHnghUl;fisf; fsthLtjhf khwpaJ. ,ij Mq;fpy murhq;fk;

202
ifNuifr; rl;lk; %yk; vy;yhf; fs;shpd Mz;fSk; ,uT Neuj;jpy; jq;fspd;
,y;yq;fspy; jq;fpapUg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf fhty; epiyaq;fspy; ifNuif gjpT

nra;ar; nra;jpUe;jdH. ,ij vjpHj;Jg; Nghuhb> jq;fSila milahsj;ij

GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhz;L vy;NyhUk; Nghy ehq;fSk; kdpjHfs; jhd; vd;W fs;shpd

kf;fs; kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;Jnfhz;ldH. ,tw;Wld; Njhs;ri
P y Nghuhl;lk;> ehl;lhH

nja;t Nfhapy;fSf;Ff; FlKOf;F ePuhl;Ltpoh> jho;epiyapdH Iag;gd;

NfhtpYf;Fr; nry;tJ> ngUthhpahd ngz;fs; jq;fisAk; rhkpfs; vd Mz;fs;

miof;fl;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;Jld; Nky;kUtj;J}Hf;Fr; nry;tJ Nghd;wtw;iwAk;

rhd;Wfshff; nfhs;syhk;.

,NaRrig FUf;fs; jhq;fs; gzpnra;j jkpofg;gFjpfspy; jkpo;

nkhopiaf; fw;W mwpe;jtHfshfTk;> ehl;lhhpaiyAk; mwpe;J nfhz;ltHfshfTk;

,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. ehl;lhhpaYs;; tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fs;> epfo;;j;Jf; fiyfs;>

tiufiyfs; mlq;Fk;. ,tw;wpypUe;J ngw;w juTfisj; jhq;fNs cw;W Nehf;fp>

kf;fNshL Ngrpg; gofp mtw;iwg;gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhz;L jq;fs; kly;fspy; gjpT

nra;Js;sdH. mj;juTfs; %yk; kly;fs; vOjg;gl;l fhyj;jpd; jkpofg;

ghz;ghl;il xusT mwpayhk;.

5.6. jkpohpd; gof;f tof;fq;fs;

xt;nthU gz;ghLk; mjd; gy $Wfis Kd;itj;J jd; gz;ghl;Lf;

fl;Lkhdj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. mtw;wpy; xd;W gof;f tof;fq;fs;.

gof;fk; vd;w nrhy; ‘goFjy;’ my;yJ ‘gapw;rpahjy;’ vd;w nghUspy; jkpo;

,yf;fpaj;jpy; gz;Lnjhl;Nl Ml;rpngw;W te;Js;sJ”20. gz;ghL xt;nthd;Wk;

Fwpg;gpl;l tpOkpaq;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUfpd;wd. rpy gz;ghLfs; J}a;;ikf;F

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUfpd;wd. rpy NeHik> mikjp> rkj;Jtk;> jw;;rhHGilik> flTs;

topghL Nghd;w tpOkpaq;fspy; VNjDk; xd;wpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUfpd;wd.

fzpad; G+q;Fd;wdhhpd; rq;fg; ghly; mbfspy; vy;NyhUk; mwpe;jitahf

,Ug;gJ ‘ahJk; CNu ahtUk; NfspH’ vd;gjhFk;. mjw;fLj;jjhf tUk; nra;jp

‘jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwHju thuh ePHtopg; gLk; GizNghy; tpjpg;gb mikAk;

203
tho;f;if’21 vd;fpwhH. ,f;fUj;ij NkYk; jpUf;Fws; ‘Copy; ngUtyp ahTs’>22

‘Fbnra;ty; vd;Dk; xUtHf;F nja;tk; kbjw;Wj; jhd;Ke; JWk;’23; rpyg;gjpfhuk;

Kd;itf;Fk; ‘Co;tpid cWj;Jte;J Cl;Lk;’ vd;w rpe;jidiaAk; ehk;

mwpe;jNj. tpid> jiytpjp> tpjp vd;W ,d;W Rl;lg;gLtijNa gz;ilj;jkpoH

ghy;24> Kiw25> tpjp26 vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH. gpd;dH Njhd;wpa irt> itzt rka

,yf;fpaq;fspy; ntspg;gLk; ,iw ek;gpf;if fhyk; fhykhfj; jkpoHfspd; $l;L

edtpyp kdjpy; Mog;gjpe;J ,d;WtiuAk; mtHfspd; md;whlg;

gof;ftof;fq;fspy; ghjpg;igAk; nry;thf;ifAk; nra;JtUfpd;wd. vdNt jkpo;g;

gz;ghL> flTs; topghl;il ikakhf itj;J fl;lg;gl;lJ. jkpoHfs;

filg;gpbf;Fk; rhjp> jpUkz Kiw> czT> Mil Nghd;wit flTs;

tFj;Jf;nfhLj;jhH vd;w ek;gpf;if ,d;Dk; kf;fsplk; epyTfpwJ.

jkpoHfs; tpjpf; nfhs;iffSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;ff;$batHfs;. ehd;

,d;W ,g;gb ,Uf;fpNwd; vd;why; mJ ,d;W vLf;fg;gl;l Kbty;y> khwhf

vd;Nwh flTs; vd; jiyapy; ,g;gbnay;yhk; elf;Fnkd;W vOjpaJ jhd; vd;W

jkpoHfSf;Fr; rhjhuzkhf elf;Fk; epfo;itAk; flTNshL ,izj;J ‘mtdpd;wp

mZTk; mirahJ’ vd;gd Nghd;w gonkhopfisr; nrhy;yp

epahag;gLj;Jfpd;whHfs;. ,t;thW ,e;ek;gpf;iffspy; Nt&d;wp mJNt

gof;ftof;fkhf khwp gz;ghlhf khwpapUf;fpwJ vd;gij ,NaRrigf; FUf;fspd;

kly;fs; gjpT nra;Js;sd.

“INuhg;gpaHfs; fle;j 300 Mz;Lfshf ,g;gFjpapy; ,Ue;jhYk;

,tHfspd; gof;fq;fs; jkpoHfis ve;j tpjj;jpYk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy.

jkpoHfs; ,d;Wk; jq;fspd; goq;fhy gof;f tof;fj;jpy; KO <Lghl;NlhL

,Uf;fpwhHfs;”27 vd;fpwhH je;ij N[hrg; ngl;uk;.

gof;f tof;fj;ijr; rl;lj;jpw;Fr; rkkhf jkpoHfs; kjpf;ff; fhuzk;

,g;gof;ftof;fq;fs; flTs; tFj;Jf; nfhLj;jjhf ek;GfpwhHfs;. ,JNt

,k;kf;fspd; gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfspy; xd;whff; $wKbAk;. ,J fhyq;fhykhf

,uj;jj;jpy; Cwpa xd;W. ahUk; nrhy;yp te;jjy;y. ,g;gof;f tof;fq;fspy;
204
md;dpa gof;f tof;fq;fs; 300-Mz;L fhykhf INuhg;gpaHfs; ,k;kz;zpy;
,Ue;jhYk; jkpHfspd; gof;f tof;fj;jpy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;j Kbtjpy;iy. vdNt

INuhg;gpag; gz;ghL jkpoHfspd; gof;f tof;fq;fisr; rl;lq;fshf ,iw

ek;gpf;ifNahL rhprkkhf vz;Zk; gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfspd; nry;thf;fpy; ghjpg;ig

Vw;gLj;jKbatpy;iy. JwtpaHfspd; kly;fs; top> ,g;gz;ghl;Lf; $WfSs;

gd;kpag; gz;ghL vd;w fUj;jhf;fk; Vw;gltpy;iy vdyhk;. rl;lkhf kjpf;Fk;

gof;f tof;fq;fs; jkpoHfspd; xU gz;ghl;L milahskhff; $wyhk;. ,J

mtHfspd; ,Ug;Gepiy. ,ij ePf;f INuhg;gpaHfSk; Fwpg;ghf Mq;fpNyaHfSk;

Kaw;rpj;jhYk; ,aytpy;iy. Mifahy; ,k;kf;fs; kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;a Ntz;ba

fl;lhaj;jpYk; ,y;iy. milahs ,Ug;G mij mopf;Fk; Kaw;rpiaj; jLj;J

kPl;LUthf;f KaYjy; vd;Dk; Nfhl;ghL ,q;F mtHfspd; KOikahd

ek;gpf;ifapdhy; nray;gl Kbahj epiyiaf; fhz;fpNwhk;.

,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; Nghd;wtHfs; ,e;jpa mstpy; jk; kf;fspilNa

epytp te;j ‘rjp’ vd;Dk; nfh^u fhl;Lkpuhz;bj;jdkhd gof;ftof;fj;ij vjpHj;J

Mq;fpy murhq;fj;ij tw;GWj;jp ‘rjp’f;F vjpuhf rl;lk; ,aw;wr; nra;jhYk; mr;

rl;lk; Vl;lstpNy jhd; ,Ue;jJ. vy;yh ,e;jpaHfSk; jkpoHfSk;

filg;gpbf;ftpy;iy vd;gij tuyhw;W epfo;Tfis cw;W Nehf;Fk;NghJ

mwpfpNwhk;.

GwehD}w;Wg;ghly; thpahd gy;rhd;wN

P u gy;rhd;wN
P u… vdj; njhlq;Fk;

Nfhg;ngz;bd; thHj;ijfs; goq;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj gof;ftof;fq;fspd; typikia

typikg;gLj;Jtjha; cs;sd. “jkpoh;fs; ey;nyhOf;fj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu

kpfr; rpwe;jtHfshf ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. Mdhy; mtDila mwpahikAk;

%lg;gof;fq;fSk; mtHfspd; ey;nyhOf;fj;ij ,of;fr; nra;fpwJ.
cs;ehl;by; thOk; fpwp];jtHfs; rw;Wf; fy;tpawpT ngw;wpUe;jhy; ,tHfis
gpnuQ;R ehl;L tptrha kf;fNshL xg;gpl KbAk;. jkpoHfsplk; fy;tpawpT
Fiwthf ,Ug;gjdhy; ,tHfisf; Foe;ijfisg; Nghd;W elj;j
Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. ,tHfs; mwpahikapy; ngUikAk; mfe;ijAk;
nfhs;fpwhHfs;. ,ijf; fy;tpawpthy; ehk; khw;w KbAk;. mwpahikapy;
205
,Uf;Fk; mtHfSld; jHf;fj;jpy; <Lgl;lhy; ehk; ntw;wp ngw KbahJ.
mtHfs; gFj;jwpTf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fhjNghJ ehk; mtHfSld;
tof;fhlhky; tpyfpr; nry;tNj ey;yJ. ehk; nfhLf;Fk; mwpTiuahy;
mtHfs; rw;Wr; rpe;jpj;jhYk; goikapy; ,tHfs; nfhz;l <LghL kPz;Lk;
,tHfisg; gioa epiyf;Nf js;sptpLfpwJ vdTk; Y}ap]; fhHdpaH
Fwpg;gpLfpwhH28.

‘cs;ehl;by; thOk; fpwpj;jtHfs; rw;Wf; fy;tpawpT ngw;wpUe;jhy;’ vd;Dk;

kly; thp Mokhd nghUs;nghjpe;j thpfs;. fy;t

; pawpT ngw;wtHfs; jhd; jhq;fs;
xLf;fg;gl;ltHfs;> gpwuhy; Ruz;lg;gLfpNwhk; vd;w rpe;jid cilatHfs;. gpnuQ;R

ehl;ilr;rhHe;j tptrhapfs; midtUk; gbj;jtHfshf ,Ue;jjhy; jhq;fs; gpnuQ;R

ehl;L muruhy;> gpuGf;fshy;> epycilikr; r%fj;jhy; Ruz;lg;gLfpd;Nwhk; vd;w

mwpTld; nray;gl;lhHfs;. ,jdhy; jhd; ,tHfs; gpnuQ;Rg;Gul;rpapy; gq;nfLf;f

Kbe;jJ. ,j;jifa nray;gL jd;ik jkpo;f; fpwpj;jtHfsplk; $l ,y;iy

vd;gJk;> mjw;Ff; fhuzk; fy;tp mwpT ,d;ikAk; vd;gij ,k;kly; thpfs;

Rl;Lfpd;wd. xLf;fg;gl;lkf;fs; ,dj;jpd; mwpT Qhapwhf ,Ue;j mk;Ngj;fhpd;

‘fw;gp> xd;WNrH> NghuhL’ vd;Dk; thHj;ijfs; ,q;F epidT $uj;jf;fJ.

xH ,dj;ijr; rhHe;j xUtH jhd; re;jpj;j kw;nwhU ,dj;jhNuhL jd;id

xg;gpLk;NghJ gy ey;y $Wfs; ntspg;glyhk;. mNjNghy; gbepiyj;jd;ikAk;

gjpg;gpf;fg;glyhk;. ,e;epiyapy; gpnuQ;R ehl;L ,NaRrigf; FUf;fspd; kly;

jq;fis Mq;fpNyaHfNshLk;> jkpoHfNshLk; xg;gpl;L> jq;fs; gz;ghL caHe;jJ

vd;W jd;id mwpahkNyNa ciug;gJ ,q;F ntspg;gLfpwJ. jkpo;g;gz;ghL

KOf;f KOf;f flTs; rhHe;jjhf> rkak; rhHe;jjhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij

kly;fspd; top mwpfpNwhk;.

cyfpd; vy;yhg;nghUl;fSNk ,izahfTk; vjpuhfTk; jpfo;fpd;wd.

rpyit nraw;ifahfTk; rpy ,aw;ifahfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. rhd;whf gfy; x

,uT> ed;ik x jPik> mwk; x ghtk;> #L x FspHik> Mz; x ngz; vd;W Rl;lyhk;.

,t;ntjpH ,iz cUthtjw;F xU $W ngw;wpUg;gij ,d;ndhd;W ,oe;jpUf;Fk;

206
vd;gJjhd;. cjhuzkhfr; #l;by; cs;s ntk;ik FspHik ,oe;jpUf;fpwJ vdf;
fhl;lyhk;.

“MZila mk;khtpd; cld; gpwe;j rNfhjuhpd; kfisj; jpUkzk;

nra;fpwhHfs;. mJ mtHfspd; chpik vd;Wk; fUJfpwhHfs;. ,j;jifa

tof;fk; ,e;jpahitj; jtpu NtW ve;j ehl;bYk; ,Ug;gjhfj; njhpatpy;iy.
khkd; kfisj; jd;Dila cilikahff; fUJfpwhHfs;. me;jg; nghUs;
mtDf;F chpaJ> mJ mtdpd; gpwg;G chpik. me;jg; ngz;iz
mtdplkpUe;J ve;jr; rf;jpAk; mfw;w KbahJ. mtisj; jpUkzk; Kbf;Fk;
KbtpypUe;J gpd; thq;Ftjpy;iy. mjw;F xNu fhuzk; mts; khkd; kfs;
vd;gjhy; kl;LNk. mNj czHTlNd ngz;Zk; epidf;fpwhs;. vdNt

,Ujug;Gk; mij Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ”29.

1. jkpoHfspd; jpUkzk; mfkzj; jpUkz KiwiaNa tpUk;gj;jf;f

gz;ghLilatHfshf ,Uf;fpwhHfs;.

2. vy;yhtw;wpYk; rhjpia ,dk; fhZk; Kaw;rpAk; ,tHfspd; gz;ghl;bd;

,ay;gpy; xd;W vd;gijAk; mwpa KbfpwJ.

3. mwpahikapy; mfe;ijAk; ngUkpjKk; nfhs;gtHfs; jkpoHfs;.

4. jkpoHfs; fly;topg; gazk; gw;wpa KO tptuKk; njhpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy.

5. gpw rhjpg; gz;ghl;il Vw;Wf; nfhs;shj epiyapy;> Kjy; gd;kpag;

gz;ghl;L tifahd cl;fyhr;rhu gd;kpag; gz;ghl;Lf; $iwAk;> gy

rhjpapdH NrHe;J thof;$ba r%f mikg;G vd;gjhy; nkhop> ,dk; fye;j

gd;kpa gz;ghl;ilAk;> fUj;jpay; gpd;Gyj;jpy; vOe;j jpUkzKiwg;

gz;ghl;Lf;$iwAk; jkpoHfsplk; ,Ug;gij ,k;kly;thpfs;

ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

5.6.1. jkpoHfspd; Mil mzpfyd;fs;

cyfpy; cs;s xt;nthU gFjpapYk; thOk; ,l fhyr; #oYf;F Vw;g

mzpAk; Milfspd; jd;ikfSk;> mzpfyd;fSk; NtWgLfpd;wd. rq;f

207
,yf;fpaq;fspy; Mz;fs; ,Lg;ghil mzpe;jtHfshf> fhJfspy; G+f;fisr;
#batHfshf> fhy;fspy; foy;fis mzpe;jtHfshfg; Gidag;gl;bUf;fpwhHfs;.

ngz;fs; cliy kiwf;ff;$ba Jzpahyhd cilfisAk;> ,iyjiofshyhd

cilfisAk; mzpe;jpUe;jhHfs;. fOj;jpy; jhyp Nghl;bUg;gij rpyg;gjpfhuk;

‘kq;fy mzpad;wp gpwpjzp kfpohs;’ vd;W ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. kzkhd ngz;fs;

fhypy; mzpAk; mzpfisf; fise;JtpLthHfs; vd;w Fwpg;Gk; fpilf;fpwJ.

gjpdhW> gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; jkpo; kf;fs; mzpe;j MilfisAk;>

mzpfyd;fisg;gw;wp> jd; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH mNg JGth30. gpnuQ;Rf;

FUkhHfspd; kly;fSk; mtHfs; tho;e;j fhyj;jpa Mz;fs;> ngz;fs; clypy;

mzpe;jpUf;Fk; MilfisAk;> mzpfyd;fisAk; gjpT nra;jpUf;fpd;wd.

mk;kly;fs; top jkpo; kf;fspd; gz;ghl;L ,ay;GfisAk; mjd; top njhpatUk;

rhjpa> ghypa> tHf;f caHT jho;TfisAk; Ma;thsH tpthjpf;f cs;shH.

5.6.2. jkpoHfspd; mzpfyd;fs;

‘Nehpd kzpia epuy;gl itj;jhq;F’ (njhy;.nghUs;.nra;.E}:163) ‘fhnjhd;W

fisjy;’ (njhy;.nka;.E}.14) ‘mzpe;jit jpUj;jy;’ (njhy;.nghUs;.nka;.E}:15) vd

tUk; njhy;fhg;gpaj; njhlHfs; njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dNu jkpo; kf;fs;

gytifahd mzpfyd;fisg; Gide;J kfpo;e;j nra;jpia czHj;Jfpd;wd.

FWe;njhifapy; fhzg;gLk; mzpfyd;fs; gpd;tUgit. mhpahH rpyk;G

(7:369) njhL tisay;fs; - njhFjpahd tisay;fs; (13)> rq;F tisay;fs;

(11>23)> nghd;dhyhd jiyazpfs; (21)> nghw;fhRfs; NfhHf;fg;gl;l fhRkhiyfs;

(67)> nghw;fhyzp (148)> nghd;dhYk; kzpahYk; nra;ag;gl;l ,ilazp (264)

Mfpait $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

ew;wpizapy; fhzg;gLk; mzpfyd;fs;. MltUk;> rpwpatUk; njhb

mzpe;jpUe;jdH (48>166)> tpuy; ,io (85)> thiog;G+g;Nghy; Ftpe;Js;s Nkhjpuk;

(188)> gps;isfspd; ,ilazpahd fpz;fpdp (269)> kzpfs; gjpj;j nghd;eiffs;

(304) Kjypad Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

208
 fypj;njhifapy; fz;zp (32)> fdq;Fio (57)> nghyq;Fio (63)> kuf;Fio
(92)> thpf;Fio (104)> rjq;if> jz;il (74)>ty;ypif> Gy;ypif> fd;drhkiw>

nja;tcj;jp> Kf;fz;ld; fl;Ltlk; (96) Kjypad Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

mfehE}w;wpy; fyd;> G+z;> ,io> vdg; nghJthd ngaHfspy; gy

mzpfyd;fs; Rl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

ghpghly; njha;afk; (jiyg;ghis) kfu tyak; vd;Dk; jiyf;Nfhyk;

(10)> gtstis> nghw;G+khiy> KQ;rk; (rpWtH jiyazp) (14)> Kj;Jg;

guiyAila nghw; rpyk;G (21) vd;Dk; Gjpa mzpfyd;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

gjpw;Wg;gj;J murpaHfs; mzpe;j tPuf;foy;> NghHj;Jiwf;Fhpa nghd;khiy

Mfpatw;iwg; gpw mzpfNshL mzpe;jpUe;jdH (40>56)> nghd;dhp khiyfisg;

ghbdpaUk; tpwypaUk; ghprpyhfg; ngw;wdH (22>54).

es;sp vd;Dk; rpw;wurd; jiyapy; ePykzpiaAk; fOj;jpy;

Kj;JkhiyiaAk; ifapy; flfj;ijAk; mzpe;jpUe;jjhfg; GwehD}W $wpAs;sJ.

nghd;dhy; nra;ag;gl;l jiykhiy (353) gw;wpAk; ‘rhyfk;’ vd;Dk; ngz;fs;

mzpfyd; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

mUs;je;ij gPl;lH RNth mbfs; J}j;Jf;Fbapy; thOk; gujtHfspd; Mil

mzpfyd;fs; gw;wp kpf tphpthf tpthpf;fpwhH. “rpWtaJf; Foe;ijfs;

Milapd;wpg; gpwe;j Nfhyj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;whHfs;. rpy Foe;ijfSf;F

Milapd;wp> fWg;G epw miuQhz; fapw;wpy; rpwpa ryq;if kzpiaf; fl;b

itj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. mJ Fwpj;J xU jhaplk; ‘Vd; ,e;j kzp?’ vd;W

Nfl;lNghJ mjw;F mts; ‘,e;jr; ryq;if kzp vjw;F vd;why; mtd; vq;F

,Uf;fpd;whd; vd;W ehd; njhpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf’ vd;whs;. rpWkpfs;

jq;fspd; ,ilg;gFjpapy; nts;spf; nfhbNah> my;yJ fWg;Gf; fapNwh fl;b

mjpy; fz;zhbahNyh> nts;spahNyh> jq;fj;jhNyh nra;ag;gl;l khk;gpQ;R
tbtpy; cs;s xU nghUisf; (muk;gb) fl;bj; njhq;f tpLfpwhHfs;. rpWkpfs;
tsHe;j gpd; mtHfspd; fhJfs; Fj;jg;gLfpd;wd. cz;ikapNyNa ,J xU
jz;lid. Jisf;fg;gl;l fhjpd; Jthuj;ij tphpTgLj;j ,Uk;G tisaq;fis
209
khl;Lfpd;wdH. me;j tisak; Njhs;gl;iliaj; njhLksT fhJfis
tsHf;fpwhHfs;. rpy Ntisfspy; fhJfs; mWe;JtpLk;. mj;jUzq;fspy;
ehtpjhpd; kidtp mjw;F kUe;jpl;L mWe;j fhij xl;litf;fpwhs;.
,f;fhl;Lj;jdkhd mq;fgq;fk; jhd; mtHfSf;Fg; gpbj;jkhd nfl;l

gof;fk;”31 vd ryq;if> fhjzp Fwpj;J tpthpf;fpwhH.

Fwpg;gpl;l tpoh ehspy; Foe;ijfSf;F msTf;F mjpfkhf

mzpfyd;fis mzptpf;fpwhHfs;. jkpo;g;ngz;fs; rhjhuzkhf
mzpfyd;fisg; gad;gLj;JfpwhHfs;. mtHfs; jq;fj;jhyhd ePz;l fOj;jzp
my;yJ Fiwe;jsT gtsj;jhyhd fOj;jzpia mzpfpwhHfs;. iffspy;
jq;fk; my;yJ nts;spahyhd (tisay;) fhg;G mzpfpwhHfs;. fZf;fhypy;
nts;spahyhd nfhYRk; fhy; tpuypy; kpQ;rpAk; mzpfpwhHfs;. jpUtpoh ehspy;
rhjhuz Nriyia tpLj;J jq;fr; rhpifahyhd gl;Lr;Nriyia cLj;jp
fOj;J epiwa eiffis mzpe;J nfhs;fpd;wdH. fhJfspYk; %f;FfspYk;
Kj;jhyhd mzpfyd;fis mzpfpd;wdH. nfhz;ilapy; jq;fj;jhyhd
nfhz;ilr; #bia mzpfpd;wdH. mjpypUe;J Kj;jhYk; jq;fj;jhYkhd ,U
thpir nej;jpr;#bia mzpe;jpUf;fpd;wdH. mtHfspd; tPLfNsh rpwg;ghdjhf
,y;iy. mtHfspd; eiffs; jhd; mtHfspd; nrhj;J. cz;ikapy; ,tHfs;
nfhLj;Jitj;jtHfs;. ,e;j xsp epiwe;j ehl;by; ,tHfspd; vspikAk;
Foe;ijj;jdKk; ,tHfspd; mzpfyd;fSk; ghHg;gtHfspd; fz;fSf;F
tpUe;jhf mikfpd;wJ32 vd gPl;lH RNth jd; fUj;ijg; gjpT nra;fpwhH.

mUs;je;ij nld;dp]; FNrd; fbjj;jpYk;> tpj;jpahrkhd mzpfyd;fisg;

gw;wpa Fwpg;G fhzg;gLfpwJ. “Mz;fs; jq;fs; fhJfspy; xUtpjkhd

Fz;lyq;fis mJTk; %d;W> ehd;F Fz;lyq;fis mzpfpd;wdH. tpuy;fspy;

nghpa mstpyhd Nkhjpuq;fSk; iffSf;Ff; fhg;GfisAk; mzpfpd;wdH.
trjp gilj;jtHfs; nts;spahNyh my;yJ jq;fj;jhNyh fiy
EZf;fj;NjhL nra;j miuQhz;fis ,Lg;gpy; mzpe;jpUg;gH. ngUk;ghYk;
ngz;fs;> fztHfspd; nrhj;jhff; fUjg;gLfpwhHfs;. gzf;fhug; ngz;fs;
jq;fspd; fhJ> fOj;J> iffs; kl;Lkd;wp> if tpuy;fs;> fhy; tpuy;fs; kw;Wk;
fhy;fspy; jq;f mzpfyd;fis mzptH. ,t;thW jq;fs; cly; KOtjpYk;
mzpfyd;fshy; kiwj;jpUg;gH. jq;fs; cly; KOtJk; mzpe;jpUf;Fk;
210
mzpfyd;fshy; ,tHfspd; eilNa rw;W jsHe;Jk; xUtpjkhd typAlDk;

elg;gH”33 vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.

‘jpUtpoh ehl;fspy; jq;fspd; %f;FfspYk; jq;f mzpfyd;fis

mzptH. epiwa mzpfyd;fis mzptjw;F trjpahfj; jq;fs; fhJfis

ePskhf tsHj;Jf;nfhs;tH. mJTk; ,tHfs; Foe;ijahf ,Uf;Fk;NghNj
,jw;fhd jahhpg;gpy; <LgLfpd;wdH. ve;jr; rpWkpf;Fk; ,jpypUe;J tpjptpyf;Fj;
jug;gLtjpy;iy. ,t;thW ngz;fspd; fhJfs; mtHfspd; Njhs;gl;iltiu

ePz;L VO my;yJ vl;L nrd;bkPl;lH ePskhdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ’34 vd nld;dp];

FNrd; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH

mUs;je;ij Y}ap]; fhHdpaH “ngUefuq;fspy; tho;gtHfs; ngUikAk;

mjpH\;lKk; cs;stHfs;. mtHfspd; midj;Jr; nry;t tsKk; jq;fk;>

nts;spahfNt ngUk;ghYk; ,Uf;Fk;. Mz;fs; jq;fspd; fhJfspy; %d;W
my;yJ ehd;F tisaq;fis xt;nthU fhjpYk; mzpfpd;wdH. ngz;fs;
fhJfspYk; %f;FfspYk; mzpfpd;wdH. mtHfSila fOj;J> if> fhy;fs;
mzpfyd;fshy; epuk;gpf; fplf;Fk;. rpy Neuq;fspy; fpuhkq;fspy; tho;gtHfs;
efuj;jpy; tho;gtHfs; mzpe;jpUf;Fk; mzpfyd;fspd; msTf;Nfh rw;W
kpFjpahfNth mzpfyd;fis mzptH. Mz;fspd; Mil XNu Jzpapy;
Kbe;JtpLk;. me;jj; Jzpia ,Lg;gpy; fl;bf;nfhs;tH. ngz;fs; Nriy
mzpe;J mj;Jld; jiyapy; Kf;fhL mzpe;J ghjpj; Jzp Kd;gFjpapYk; kPjk;

gpd;gFjpapYk; njhq;Fk;”35 vd;fpwhH Y}ap]; fhHdpaH.

gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; [kPd;jhHfs; jj;jk; gFjpfspy; mjpfhuk;

ngw;wtHfshf ,Ue;jikahy; mtHfspd; tho;ntsp Mlk;gukhdjhf ,Ue;jJ.

mtHfspd; nry;tr; nropg;G mtHjk; Mil mzpfyd;fspy; ntspg;gl;lJ.

mtHfisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;GfisAk; mf;fhyq;fspy; kiwg;gzpahw;wpa NrRrigf;

FUkhHfspd; fbjq;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ. ‘GJf;Nfhl;il kd;dH 40 taJ

epuk;gpatH. ,tH ey;y ngaUk; GfOk; nfhz;ltH. ,tuJ Mil

vspikahdjhfTk;> NeHj;jpahdjhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ. jq;fj;jhy; xg;gid
nra;ag;gl;l rptg;G epw gl;Lf; fhy;rl;iliaAk; jq;f Ntiyg;ghL nfhz;l
,ilf;fr;iriaAk;> MW thpir nfhz;l jq;f fOj;jzpiaAk; nts;isg;
211
gl;Lj;Jzpiaj; Njhs; gl;ilapYk; mzpe;jpUf;fpwhH. mtuJ iftpuy;fs; itu
Nkhjpuq;fshy; epiwe;jpUf;fpwJ. jiyapy; jq;f xg;gid epiwe;jj;

jiyg;ghifAk; miuf;fr;irapy; nghpa ths; xd;iwAk; itj;jpUf;fpwhH’36

vd;w Y}ap]; fhHdpahpd; Fwpg;G ,t;tplj;Jf; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

mUs;je;ij gPl;lH RNth kJiuapy; ,Ue;j NghJ kPdhl;rp mk;kd;

Nfhtpypy; kPdhl;rpf;F mzptpf;fg;gLk; mzpfyd;fisg; ghHitapl tha;g;Gf;

fpilj;jJ. mJ gw;wp mtH tphpthf vOJfpwhH. “kf;fs; $l;lj;ijr; rw;W

xJf;fptpl;L ehd;F fapWfisf; fl;b mjd; eLtpy; xU ngUk; Jzpia

tphpj;J ngz; nja;tk; kPdhl;rp mzpAk; mzpfyd;fisg; gug;gpdH.
nja;tj;jpw;F mzptpf;Fk; jiyg;ghiffSk;> fOj;jzpfSk;> khHGf;
ftrq;fSk;> ghj mq;ftbfSk; mj;Jzpapy; epuk;gp tope;jJ. Kj;Jf;fSk;
gtsq;fSk; gjpf;fg;gl;l jq;fj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l Fjpiuapd; fbthsk; xU
kPl;lH ePsj;jpw;Fr; Rw;wpitf;fg; gl;bUe;jJ. CHtyj;jpd; NghJ nja;tj;ij
vLj;Jr; nry;yg; gad;gLk; Fjpiu thfdKk;> nja;tk; fhy; itf;Fk;
fhybfSk; jq;fj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;ljhf ,Ue;jJ. nja;tj;jpw;F mzpAk;
jiyg;ghif kpfTk; goikahdJ. mf;fphplk; KOtJk; Kj;Jf;fSk;>
khzpf;ff; fw;fSk;> gr;irf; fw;fSk;>kufjf; fw;fSk; gjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
nja;tj;jpw;Fj; jq;fj;jhy; mzptpj;jpUe;j fOj;jzpfspy; xU tpNdhjk;
,Ue;jJ. mJ vd;dntdpy; ntdp]; efuj;jpypUe;J nfhz;Ltug;gl;l
mf;fOj;jzp 16- Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhHe;jJ. me;jf; fOj;jzpapd;
Kfj;Njhw;wj;jpy; ek; Mz;ltH ,NaR Gdpj NgJUTf;F tpz;zfj;jpd;
jpwTNfhiyf; nfhLg;gJ Nghd;w cUtKk;> kw;nwhU fOj;jzpapd;
Kfj;Njhw;wj;jpy; capHj;j Mz;lthpd; Njhw;wKk; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
,j;jifa mzpfyd;fisj; jpUtpohf; fhyq;fspy; kPdhl;rpf;F mzptpg;ghHfs;.
khHGf; ftr mzpfydpy; ePy kzpf;fy;Yk;> khzpf;ff; fy;Yk;
gjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,e;j mzpfyd;fisg; ghHf;Fk;NghJ gpuk;khz;lkhfTk;
kpd;Dfpd;wdthfTk; ,Ue;jd. kPdhl;rpf;F tpaf;fj;jf;f rhpif
Ntiyg;ghLila Milfis cLj;JfpwhHfs;. xU rpy fw;fs; Gwh
Kl;iliag; Nghd;w nghpa mstpdjhfTk; ,Ue;jd. ,e;j mzpfyd;fspy; gy

212
goikahdjhfTk; rpy Gjpjhff; nfhLf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; ,Ue;jd. ,j;jq;f
mzpfyd;fisg; nghpa ghidfspy; gj;jpug;gLj;JfpwhHfs;.

,e;j mzpfyd;fnsy;yhk; [kPd;jhuHfshYk;> nrl;bahHfshYk;

nfhilahff; nfhLf;fg;gl;lit. ,q;F cs;s nrl;bahHfis ,e;jpa A+jHfs;
vd;W miof;fyhk;. mtHfs;jhd; ,q;F tq;fpfisAk;> eiff; filfisAk;
itj;jpUf;fpd;wdH. njd;dfj;jpy; cs;s ,g;Gwr; rkaj;ijf; fhg;gjw;fhf
,tHfs; jhd; tiuah ts;sz;ikAld; Nfhapy;fSf;F jhdq;fs;

toq;FfpwhHfs;”37 vd;Dk; gPl;lH RNthtpd; fUj;J jkpofj;jpy; ,e;Jf;

Nfhtpy;fs; nry;tj;jpd; Ftpaplkhf ,Ue;jikiaAk; mjw;Fr; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l

r%fk; jhuhskhff; nfhil nfhLj;jpUg;gijAk; mwpaKbfpwJ.

5.6.3. Milfs;

Milapidf; Fwpf;f E}w;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l nrhw;fs; toq;fptUfpd;wd.

,tw;Ws; rq;fj;jkpoH gad;gLj;jpa nrhw;fs; gy. “cil> jio> Jfpy;> fypq;fk;>

mWit> fpjhH> Mil> cLf;if> fr;R> <uzp> jhid> NghHit> fhofk;> fr;rk;>

fr;ir> gl;L> rPiu> glk;> G+q;fhiu...”38 cil vd;Dk; nrhy; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy;

,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ‘cilngaHj;njLj;jy;’ (njhy;. nghUs;. nka;.14) vd;gij

nka;ghl;bay; E}w;gh top mwpfpNwhk;. FwpQ;rp epyj;jpYk;> Ky;iy epyj;jpYk;

tho;e;j kf;fs; G+itAk;> jioiaAk; NfhHj;J Milahf mzpe;jijg; gy

ghly;fs; Rl;Lfpd;wd39.

caH Fbapy; gpwe;j Mz;fs; ,ilapy; xU Ntl;biaAk; NkyhilAk;

mzptH. rpyH rl;il mzptJk; cz;L. murUk; mtHfSila gzpahsHfSNk

rl;il mzptH. ,r;rl;ilf;Ff; ‘fQ;Rfk;’ vd;W ngaH. Ntw;W ehl;ltH

rl;ilazpe;jpUe;j fhl;rpia mr;rk; jUk; Njhw;wkhf Ky;iyg;ghl;L

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.40 nry;tg;ngUf;Fila ngz;fs; ,uT Neuj;jpw;F Vw;Gila

Miltiffis mzpe;Jnfhs;tjhf gl;bdg;ghiyAk;> rpyg;gjpfhuKk;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd41.

213
 gPl;lH RNth jkpoHfs; kw;Wk; rpq;fsHfspd; Milfs; gw;wp> jk; fbjj;jpy;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. ,yq;ifapy; ,Uf;Fk; rpq;fsHfisg; Nghy gujtHfs; nts;is
Ntl;;biaf; fl;b te;jdH. mtHfs; cly; KOtJk; %Lk;gbahd Milia
mzpe;jpUe;jdH. rpwpa jiyg;ghifAk; fl;bapUg;ghHfs;. mjd; xU Edp
new;wpapy; te;J rpypHj;J epw;Fk;. jkpo;g; ngz;fisg; Nghy; rpq;fsg;
ngz;fSk; Nriy cLj;Jfpd;wdH. nea;tjw;F kpfTk; vspjhd Jzp ,Jjhd;.
Nriy %d;W kPl;lH mfyKk; Ie;J my;yJ MW kPl;lH ePsKk; cs;s Jzp.
,J rpfg;G> gr;ir> kQ;rs; epwq;fspy; ngUk;ghYk; mikAk;. Nriyia
,Lg;gpy; Rw;wp kPjpj; Jzpiaj; Njhspy; NghLfpwhHfs;. mij ,Lg;gpy;
nrhUFfpwhHfs;. kWgbAk; mij ,lJifg; gf;fk; Nghl;Lg; gpd;gf;fkhf tpo
itf;fpwhHfs;. gujtg; ngz;fs; Myaj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk;nghOJ Ke;jhidia
Kf;fhlhfg; NghLfpwhHfs;. jpUkzkhdtHfs; nts;isj; Jg;gl;lhitAk;>
,sk; ngz;fs; gy tz;z Jg;gl;lhitAk; gad;gLj;JfpwhHfs;42.

INuhg;gpahpd; tUif fhuzkhf jkpo; kf;fspd; Milfspy; khw;wq;fs;

Vw;gl;ld. caH rhjpiar; NrHe;j fw;wtHfSk;> trjpgilj;jtHfSk;

INuhg;gpaHfisg;Nghy; cil mzpaj; njhlq;fpdH. rpyH ,e;jpa Milahd

Ntl;bia cLj;jpf;nfhz;L rl;iliag; Nghl;Lf;nfhz;L Nfhl; mzpe;jpUe;jdH.

“rKjhaj;jpy; nry;thf;Fg; gilj;jtHfs; lHgd; mzpe;jpUe;jdH. caH

rhjpg;ngz;fs; gy;NtWtpjkhd Mil mzpe;jpUe;jdH. fPo;rhjpg; ngz;fs; utpf;if

mzpa jil nra;ag;gl;bUe;jdH. fPo; rhjp Mz;fSk; Nky; rl;il mzpatpy;iy.

nghUk;ghyhd Vio tptrhapfs; rpwpa Jz;Nlh> Ntl;biaNah mzpe;jpUe;jdH.

Nky; rhjp kf;fs; Kd;dhy; fPo; rhjpapdH Kz;lhR fl;LtJk; nrUg;G mzptJk;

jilnra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ”43 vd;Dk; Nfhkjp ehafj;jpd; $w;W cw;Wf;

ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.

,yq;ifapy; ,dthhpahf Mil mzptjpy; tpj;jpahrk; ,Ue;jJ Nghy;

jkpofj;jpy; rhjp mbg;gilapy; Mil mzpfpd;wdH. “,q;Fs;stHfspd; Mil

mzpAk; Kiw ekf;F kpfTk; Fog;gj;ijj; jUfpwJ. ngUk;ghyhd gpuhkz

kw;Wk; nrsuh];buhg; ngz;fs; mofhd jq;fg; gOg;G epw Milfis

214
mzpfpwhHfs;. cilahHfs; vd;Dk; rhjpapdH tPl;L thry;gbfspy; tpaf;fj;
jFe;j J}a;ikahd Milfis mzpe;jpUf;Fk; Foe;ijfisf; fhzyhk;.
vq;F ghHj;jhYk; Mz;fs; nts;is my;yJ rpfg;G Ntl;bAk; Njhspy; xU
k];ypd; Jz;ilAk; mzpe;jpUg;gijf; fhz KbfpwJ. cyfpy; NtW vq;Fk;
,t;tsT NeHj;jpahd ngz;fspd; Milfisg; ghHf;f KbahJ. fOj;jpy;
xd;wpuz;L fOj;jzpfs; mzpfpd;wdH. ntz;ikahfj; njhptjw;fhf ePyk;
my;yJ nrq;fUePy epwr; Nriyapy; fUePyf; fiuAila Nriyfis
mzpfpwhHfs;. vg;nghOJk; ed;whf Jyf;fg;gl;l nrg;Gf; Flj;JlDk;
nrUg;gzpahj ntWq; fhYlDk; Njhd;WfpwhHfs;. KfkjpaHfs; JUf;fp ehl;L
Fjpapy;yhj fhyzpfis mzpe;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. gzf;fhu ,e;Jf;fs;
KfkjpaHfisg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdH. caHe;j rhjpapdH INuhg;gpaHfisg; Nghy;
rpfg;G my;yJ fWg;Gf; Filia vLj;Jr; nry;thHfs;. Mdhy; nrUg;ig
mzpe;Jnfhz;L Filia vLj;Jr;nry;Yk; ngz;fs; fpz;lYf;Fk; Nfypf;Fk;

cs;shthHfs;”44 vd mUs;je;ij gPl;lH RNth jk; fbjj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.

gad;ghl;Lf; nfhs;if ekf;Fj; jUk; nra;jp ve;jg; nghUSk; xU

gad;ghl;bw;fhfj;;jhd; nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;gjhFk;. ckzHfs; flypy; tpise;j

cg;ig cs;ehl;bw;F vLj;Jte;J mtHfspd; Njitahd cg;igf; nfhLj;Jtpl;L

jq;fspd; NjitfSf;Fj; Njitahd mhprp kw;Wk; gjhHj;jq;fis

thq;fpf;nfhs;fpwhHfs;. me;jg; gad;ghl;Lf; nfhs;ifia> rpW Foe;ijfs;

jq;fspd; ,Lg;gpy;> fhypy; mzpaf;$ba mzpfyd;fs; ntWk; mofpw;fhf

mzpag;gLtjpy;iy. fztDk; kidtpAk; ntspaplq;fspy; Ntiy

nra;fpd;wnghOJ jq;fspd; Foe;ijfs; vq;fpUf;fpd;wd vd;gijf; fz;Lgpbf;fTk;

mt;tzpfyd;fs; cjTk; vd;gij kly; thpfs; njhptpf;fpd;wd. tajpw;F Vw;w

mzpfyd;fis mzpfpwhHfs;. “rpWkpfs; jq;fspd; ,ilg;gFjpapy; nts;spf;

nfhbNah> my;yJ fWg;Gf; fapNwh fl;b mjpy; fz;zhbahNyh> nts;spahNyh>

jq;fj;jhNyh nra;ag;gl;l khk;gpQ;R tbtpy; cs;s xU nghUisf; (muk;gb)

fl;bj; njhq;f tpLfpwhHfs;.” rpW Foe;ijahf ,Uf;Fk;NghNj ngz;

Foe;ijfspd; ,Lg;gpy; ,j;jifa mzpia mzptpg;gJ Mz;Foe;ijiatpl

ngz;Foe;ij gbepiyapy; jho;epiyapy; ,Uf;fpwhs; vd;gij czHj;jj;jhd;.

215
ngz;izf; Fiwthf kjpg;gpLk; gz;ghl;Lj; jd;ik ,t;tzpfyd; mzpAk;
Kiwahy; ngwg;gLfpwJ.

Mz;fs; mzpAk; mzpfyd;fs; jq;fspd; nghUshjhuj;ij

ntspg;gilahfg; Gyg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; Nkhjpuq;fshfTk;> fhJ tisaq;fshfTk;

cs;sd vd;gij kly;fs; top mwpayhk;. ngz;fs; mzpAk; mzpfyd;fs;

mtHfs; cLj;Jk; Nriyfshy; ngUk;ghYk; kiwf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ngz;fs; gpwuhy;
jhq;fs; kjpf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;w Mlk;guj;jpw;fhfNt eiffs; mzpfpd;whHfs;

vd;w vz;zk; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. mr;rk;> klk;> ehzk; %d;Wk; ngz;fSf;Fhpa

gz;Gfs; vd;W fUj;jstpy; nrhy;yg;gLtJNghy mzpfs; mzptjpNyAk;

ngz;fs; mjptpUg;GilatHfs; vd;w fUj;Jk; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jq;fk;>

nts;spiag;Nghy; Mz;fs; ngz;fisAk; jq;fspd; nrhj;jhf vz;ZtJ

njhpatUfpwJ.

mzpfyd;fs; nra;ag; gad;gl;l cNyhfk; jq;fk;> nts;spahy; Mdjhf

cs;sJ. ,t;tpuz;L cNyhfq;fSk; kpfTk; kjpg;Gilait. jq;fSila

nghUshjhuj; jFjpiaj; jhk; mzpAk; cahpa cNyhfk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; vd;w

fUj;jpay; gz;G jkpoHfsplk; ,Ug;gij kly;fs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. “mtHfspd;

tPLfNsh rpwg;ghdjhf ,y;iy. mtHfspd; eiffs; jhd; mtHfspd; nrhj;J.”

vd;W gPl;lH RNth jk; klypy; Fwpf;fpd;whH.

“ngUefuq;fspy; tho;gtHfs; ngUikAk; mjpH\;lk; cs;stHfs;.

mtHfspd; midj;Jr; nry;t tsKk; jq;fk;> nts;spahfNt ngUk;ghYk;

,Uf;Fk;.” vd;fpwhH Y}ap]; fhHdpaH.

rhjhuz ehl;fspYk; (,ay;Gf;fhyk;) jq;fspd; tPLfspYk; (,ay;G ,lk;)

kf;fspd; Mil mzpfyd;fs; rhjhuzkhdjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; jpUtpohf;

fhyq;fspy; (kPtpay;Gf;fhyk;) tPl;bw;F ntspNa (kPtpay;G ,lk;) elf;Fk;

epfo;r;rpfspy; gq;Nfw;Fk;NghJ kpFjpahd Mlk;gukhd mzpfyd;fisAk;

MilfisAk; mzpfpwhHfs;. ,g;gz;Gj;jd;ik ,ay;G epiyapy; ,Uf;ff;$ba

jdpkdpj r%f ,Wf;fj;ij kPtpay;G epiyapy; kwe;Jtpl;Lj; jw;fhypfkhd

216
kfpo;r;rpia mspg;gjhf jkpo; kf;fs; vz;zpapUg;gij kly;fs; tYg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

“jpUtpoh ehl;fspy; jq;fspd; %f;FfspYk; jq;f mzpfyd;fis mzptH.”

“Fwpg;gpl;l tpoh ehspy; Foe;ijfSf;F msTf;F mjpfkhf mzpfyd;fis

mzptpf;fpwhHfs;”.

jkpo;g;ngz;fs; fhJ tsHj;J ghk;glk; mzptJ ngUk;ghYk; tof;fkhf

vy;yhr; rhjpapdUk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdH. Mdhy; gpuhkzg;ngz;fs; fhJfis

tsHj;J ghk;glk; mzptij Ma;thsH fhztpy;iy. ,jpypUe;J fhJ tsHg;gJ

gpuhkzHfs;> gpuhkzH my;yhjtHfs; vd;Dk; rhjpg;gphpit czHj;Jk; gz;G

milahskhf ,Ue;jpUg;gJ ,k;kly;fs; top mwpa tUfpNwhk;. ,f;$w;W NkYk;

Ma;tpw;FhpaJ. gpuhkzg;ngz;fSk; nrsuh];bu ngz;fSk; mofhd jq;f

gOg;Gepw Milfis mzpfpwhHfs; vd;W RNth jk; klypy; gjpTnra;fpwhH.

Milapd; epwq;fs;$l jq;fis Nkl;bikr;rhjpapduhf gpwUf;F czHj;Jk;

vd;Dk; fUj;jpay; gz;G ,q;F ntspg;gLfpwJ. “ngUk;ghyhd gpuhkz kw;Wk;

nrsuh];bug; ngz;fs; mofhd jq;fg; gOg;G epw Milfis mzpfpwhHfs;”.

Milfs; mzpfyd;fs; mzpAk; kdhPjpapyhd gz;ghf;fk; jq;fspd; gjtp

nghUshjhu jFjpiaAk; Gyg;gLj;Jk; vd ek;Gk; gz;G jkpo; kf;fsplk; ,Ue;jij

kly;fs; njhptpf;fpd;wd.

gd;kpa gz;ghl;Lf;fyg;G ,Uf;Fk; #oiyj; jkpo; kf;fs; mzpAk; Mil

mzpfyd;fspypUe;J njhpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk; vd;gJk; kly;fs; top ngwg;gLfpwJ.

5.7. jkpo;g;gz;ghl;by; Goq;FnghUl;fSk; iftpidf; fiyQHfSk;

iftpidf; fiyQHfs; vd;NghH md;whlk; ehk; gad;gLj;Jk; nghUl;fis

cw;gj;jpnra;gtHfshtH. ,g;gphptpy; Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; <Lglf;$batHfs;.

,t;thW cw;gj;jpnra;;ag;gl;l nghUl;fspd; gpd;dzpapy; rpy gphpTfis ehk;

Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. Mz;fs; kl;LNk <LgLk; njhopy;> ngz;fs; kl;LNk <LgLk;

njhopy;> ,UtUk; ,ize;J GhpAk; njhopy; vd;gdthff; nfhs;sKbAk;.

r%fmbg;gilapy; ,g;gphpTfs; cs;sitNghy FLk;gj;jpw;Fs;NsAk; nghUl;fisg;

217
Goq;Fk; KiwapNyAk; gy tifg;gphpTfs; cs;sd. ,tw;iw GNuhtH
cw;Wf;ftdpj;J rpy mZFKiwfisf; fz;lwpe;Js;shH. klyhspfs; jUfpd;w

jfty;fis GNuhthpd; mZFKiwnfhz;L Ma;thsH rpy KbTfisf; fz;lwpa

Kw;gl;Ls;shH.

njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUspaypy; murH> me;jzH, itrpaH> #j;jpuH vd;W

njhopy; mbg;gilapy; kf;fisg; gphpj;Js;sJ. cOJ cz;NghH> cOJtpj;J

cz;NghH vd;w mbg;gilapy; rq;ffhy Ie;jpiz kf;fSk; jiykf;fs;>

epykf;fs; vdg; gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jikia Ma;thsH Kd;dNw Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhH.

,tHfspilNa gbepiy mikg;GKiw ,Ue;jijAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. ‘ghHg;ghHf;F

my;yJ gzpG mwpaiyNa’> ‘fPo;g;ghy; xUtd; fw;gpd; Nkw;ghYk; mtd;fz;

nrd;W gLNk’. ‘gpwg;nghf;Fk; vy;yh capHf;Fk;’ Nghd;wtw;iw> jkpo; kf;fspilNa

gpwg;gpdhy;> mtHfs; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; nghUl;fspdhy; gphpTfs; ,Ue;jd

vd;gjw;fhf Ma;thsH kPz;Lk; ,q;F epidTnfhs;fpwhH. ,JNghyNt Mz;

ngz;fspilNa NtWghLfs; ,Ue;jikiaAk; jkpo; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fs;

topahf mwpayhk;. ‘Ke;ePH tof;fk; kf^NthL ,y;iy’ ‘flnyd;d fhkk;

coe;Jk; klNywhg; ngz;zpd; ngUe;jf;f jpy;’ Nghd;w njhlHfs; Gw> mf

tho;tpYk; Mz;ngz; NtWghl;il Kd;itf;fpd;wd. ,Jkhjphpahd gz;ghl;ilf;

Fwpf;Fk; milahsf; $Wfis kly;fs; top fhzyhk;.

nghUspy;yhUf;F ,t;Tyfkpy;iy vd;w Md;NwhH thf;F ehk; md;whlk;

ifahSk; nghUl;fisAk; Fwpf;Fk;. ,jid khdpltpayhsHfs; Goq;FnghUl;fs;

vd;fpwhHfs;. ,g; Goq;FnghUl;fs; ek; czHTfs; tho;fpd;w fskhf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

kuj;jpw;Ff; Fq;Fkk; itj;Jr; rhkpahf topgLfpNwhk;. ,we;jtHfspd; glj;ijr;

Rthpy; khl;bf; Fk;gpLfpNwhk;. Xt;nthUtUk; gad;gLj;Jk; cw;gj;jpf;fUtpfis

MAjG+irahf Nkw;nfhs;fpNwhk;. ,t;thW fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g khWjy;fSld;

Goq;FnghUl;fs; cUthf;fg;gLtjhy; fhyj;jpw;F Vw;w gz;ghl;ilAk;

cUthf;FfpNwhk; vd;gNj ,jd; nghUshFk;.

218
 gz;ghl;bw;Fk; Goq;FnghUl;fSf;Fk; cs;s njhlHigg; gf;jtj;ry ghujp

tpsf;FfpwhH. “Goq;FnghUl;fSk; gz;ghLk; ehzaj;jpd; ,U gf;fq;fs;

Nghd;wit. eWf;Fj;njhpjhw;Nghy; kpff; Fiwe;jgl;r tiuaiwahfr; nrhd;dhy;

gz;ghl;bd; fz;zhb Goq;FnghUl;fs; vdr; nrhy;yyhk;45. gz;ghl;ilg; nghUl;fs;

gpujpgypf;fTk;> nghUl;fs; gz;ghl;ilg; gpujpgypf;fTk; nra;fpd;wd.

n`d;wp fpshrp vd;gtH Goq;F nghUs; gz;ghl;ilf; fiy> iftpid vd;W

,uz;L cl;gphpthfg; gphpf;fpwhH md;whl tho;f;if rhHe;j> r%fg; nghUshjhu

nray;ghl;bw;F Neubahf cjtf;$batw;iwf; iftpid vd;Wk;> mofpay; rhHe;j

kfpo;r;rp jUfpw myq;fhuj;jd;ik nfhz;ltw;iwf; fiyg;gphptpYk; n`d;wp fpshrp

mlf;fpAs;sijg; gf;jtj;ry ghujp jd; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH46.

Goq;FnghUl;fs; vt;thW> ahuhy;> vq;F cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd? mJ

vt;thW> vjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd? vd;w ,uz;L epiyfisg;

Ghpe;Jnfhz;lhy; Goq;FnghUs; gz;ghl;il KOtJk; Ghpe;J nfhs;sKbAk;.

Goq;FnghUl;fis Mz;> ngz; vd;w ghy; mbg;gilapy; gFf;fyhk;.

Mz;fistplg; ngz;fs; vspikahd Ntiyiar; nra;gtHfs;; vspikahd

fUtpfis kl;LNk gad;gLj;jf;$batHfs;. rhjp mLf;fpd; thpirapy; fPNo

nry;yr;nry;y ngz;fspd; gzp mjpfkhfpf;nfhz;Nl nry;fpwJ.

5.7.1. GNuhthpd; Nfhl;ghL

“Goq;FnghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpapy; kughHe;j rhjpa r%fq;fspy; Mz;> ngz;

ghy; ghFghlhdJ vt;thW ,g;gz;ghl;bd; epyk;> rhjp> mz;lk; Nghd;wtw;wpd;

fUj;jhf;fq;fis mbg;gil mikg;ghf;fq;fshf Vw;Wf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;gijg;

gw;wpajhFk;”47.

Goq;FnghUl;fisr; nra;Ak; gy;NtW njhopy;fspy; MZk; ngz;Zk;

vg;gbg; gq;Nfw;fpwhHfs; vd;gjpypUe;J njhlq;FfpwhH GNuhtH. ngz;fNs kpFjpahf

<LgLk; njhopy;fs; gy cs;sd. mit Kwk; fl;Ljy;> $il Kiljy;>

gha;gpd;Djy; Nghd;wit; ,uz;lhtJ tifahd njhopy;fspy; ngz;fs; rpy

219
fl;lq;fspy; kl;LNk <LgLfpd;wdH. nerTj;njhopy;> ghidtidAk; njhopy;
tptrhak; Nghd;wit. %d;whtJ tifahd njhopy;fspy; Mz;fs; kl;LNk

<LgLfpd;whhfs;.

Goq;FnghUl;fisr; nra;tjw;fhd %y epyq;fis ehL / fhL vd;w ,uz;L

gphpTf;Fs; mlf;fyhk;. ngz;fs; Goq;ff;$ba nghUl;fs; ehL rhHe;jitahfNt

,Uf;Fk;. ngz;fSk;> Mz;fSk; NrHe;Jnra;Ak; njhopy;fSf;F

%yg;nghUl;fisj; jUgit kPtpay; epykhd mjhtJ ehLk;> fhLk; re;jpf;Fk;> Vhp

my;yJ fspkz; gLifahf ,Uf;Fk;. ngz;fs; Kw;wpYk; gq;nfLf;fhj Mz;fs;

kl;LNk nra;Ak; njhopy;fs;> fhL rhHe;jjhf ,Uf;Fk;> vd;w GNuhthpd;

Nfhl;ghl;ilf; FUkhHfspd; kly;fs; jUk; juTfs; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

ngz;fs; Goq;FnghUs;fisj; jUk; %yepyq;fs; ehL rhHe;jitNa

vd;gijf; fPo;f;fz;l Nkw;Nfhs;fs; epWTfpd;wd.

,NaRrigf; FU gpuh];gH ngl;nuz;l; 1846-,y; vOjg;gl;l fbjj;jpy;

jd;Dila fUj;ij ,t;thW gjpT nra;fpwhH. mijf; fPNo fhz;Nghk;. “,e;jpa

njhopy; El;gj;ijg; gw;wpf; fhz;gjw;F Kd;ghf tPl;by; fhzg;gLk;

nghUs;fisg; gw;wp ,q;Ff; fhz;gJ eyk;. Foe;ijfisj;

J}q;fitf;ff;$ba njhl;by; ,jw;F xU rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;…. me;jg;

gFjpapy; cs;s G+r;rp> ghk;Gfspy; ,Ue;J fhf;fg;gLfpwJ. mtHfs; Ntiy

nra;ag; NghFk;NghJ njhl;by;fs; ,lk; ngaHe;J kuj;jpy; fl;bj; njhq;f

tpLtjw;F VJthf mike;Js;sJ”48.

“ngz;fSf;Fhpa tPl;L Ntiyfspy; kw;nwhU Jd;gkhd Ntiy xd;W

,Uf;fpwJ. jbkdhd itf;NfhypypUe;J gphpf;fg;gl;l ney; kzpapd;

Nkw;Njhy;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. me;j ckpia ePf;FtJ ngz;fspd; kw;nwhU
Jd;gkhd NtiyahFk;. ,e;j Ntiyia mtHfs; ney; Fw;Wjy; vd;gH.
,e;j Ntiy ngz;fSf;fhf xJf;fp itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Ntiy.
tPl;LNtiyfSf;Fs; kiwe;jpUf;ff; $ba njhopy; El;gq;fis cw;Wf;

220
ftdpf;f miof;fpNwd;”49. ney; Fj;jg; gad;gLk; cuYk;> cyf;ifAk; ngz;fs;

gad;gLj;Jk; Goq;FnghUl;fs;.

“giwaH ,dg; ngz;fs; jq;fs; ,Lg;gpy; $iliar; Rke;J

tUfpwhHfs;. ,J mtHfSf;F tof;fk;. ngUk;ghYk; ngz;fs; nghpa fdkhd

jz;zPH epiwe;j Flq;fisf;$l ,Lg;gpNyNa J}f;fpr; nry;fpd;wdH”.

nghUl;fis vLj;Jr;nry;y gad;gLk; $il> jz;zHP vLf;fg; gad;gLk; Flk;

Nghd;w nghUl;fs; ngz;fs; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;Jk; Goq;FnghUl;fs; tifapy;

tUfpd;wJ.

“tay; Ntiyfis Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; gFjpahfg; gphpj;Nj

nra;fpd;wdH. Mz;fs; cOtJk; tpijg;gJk; kl;Lk; jhd;. fisnaLj;jy;>

fjpH mWj;jy;> ney;kzpia mhprpahf;Fjy;> rikj;jy; vd;w vy;yh

NtiyfisAk; ngz;fNs nra;fpd;whHfs;”50. tptrhaj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLk; VH

fyg;ig> kz;ntl;b Nghd;w ngupa kw;Wk; fbd Ntiyapy; <LgLj;jf;$ba

nghUl;fs; Mz;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; Goq;FnghUl;fs;. fisgwpf;fg; gad;gLk;

fiyf;nfhl;L> fjpH mWf;fg; gad;gLk; fjpHmupths; Nghd;wit ngz;fs;

gad;gLj;Jk; Goq;FnghUl;fshFk; vd;gij kly;fs; top mwpfpNwhk;.

Nkw;$wpa Nkw;Nfhs;fs; %yk; Ma;thsH rpy KbTfis Kd;itf;fpwhH.

1. ngz;fspd; Goq;FnghUs;fis <l;Ltjw;fhd %yepyq;fs; ehl;bw;Fs;NsNa

mike;Js;sd.
2. mjpf typik Ntz;lhj vspikahd NtiyfisNa ngz;fs; nra;af;$ba

Kiwapy; mg;Goq;FnghUs;fs; mikfpd;wd.

3. ngz;fs; Goq;Fk; nghUs;fs; ngUk;ghYk; ePiu mbg;gilahff;nfhz;Nl

mikfpd;wd.

4. gz;ghl;by; nra;Ak; njhopy;fSk; Ntiyg;gfpHTfSk; jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhf

mtutH tpUg;gg;gb nra;atpy;iy> rpe;jpf;fg;ltpy;iy vd;Wk; kf;fs;

jhq;fs; thOk; epyk;> rhjp> rkak;> mz;lk;> gpugQ;rk; Mfpatw;NwhL

ClhLk; fUj;J ,ay;Gfisj; jq;fs; tho;tpd; xt;nthUjsj;jpYk;

221
 gpujpgypf;fpd;wdH vd;W GNuhthpd; fUj;ij> gf;jtj;ry ghujp
nghUj;jpf;fhl;Lfpd;whH.

5.7.1.1. Mz;fSf;fhd Goq;FnghUs;fspd; gad;ghl;Lg;gb ngwg;gLk;

gz;ghL
Mz;fs; ngUk;ghYk; jr;rH> nfhy;yH> JzpJitj;jy;> KbjpUj;Jjy;> kPd;

gpbj;jy;> nrUg;Gj; ijj;jy;> Fjpiuf;F yhlk; mbj;jy;> nerT> tPLfl;Ljy;> fpzW

Njhz;Ljy;> ePH ,iwj;jy; kw;Wk; tptrhaj; njhopy; vd;W fbdkhd Ntiyfisr;

nra;gtHfshf ,Uf;fpwhHfs;.

5.7.1.2. MZk; ngz;Zk; ,ize;J nra;Ak; njhopy;

“tay; Ntiyfis Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk; gFjpahfg; gphpj;Nj

nra;fpd;wdH. Mz;fs; cOtJk;> tpijg;gJk; kl;Lk;jhd;. fisnaLj;jy;> fjpH

mWj;jy;> ney;kzpia mhprpahf;Fjy;> rikj;jy; vd;w vy;yh NtiyfisAk;

ngz;fNs nra;fpd;whHfs;”51.

NkNy fz;l kly;fspd; JizAld; fPNofhZk; KbT vl;lg;gLfpwJ.

Mzpd; Goq;FnghUl;fs; ngz;zpd; Goq;FnghUl;fs;

ü %yg;nghUl;fs; ü %yg;nghUl;fs; fpilf;Fk; ,lk;

fpilf;Fk;,lk; fhL ehL

ü fLikahd ciog;G Njit ü vspikahd ciog;G ,Ue;jhy;

NghJk;
ü neUg;igr;rhHe;j njhopy;fs;
ü ePiur; rhHe;j njhopy;fs;
ü xU Kiw cw;gj;jp
ü ,dg;ngUf;fk; rhHe;j>
kWcw;gj;jpiar; Rl;Lk; fUj;jhf;fk;>
kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; cw;gj;jp

MZk; ngz;Zk; ,ize;J gzpahw;Wk; njhopy;fspy; ,ay;GepiyapypUe;J

Gwg;gl;L kPz;Lk; ,ay;Gepiyf;Fj; jpUk;Gfpd;w fhyj;jpy; ,ilapy; cs;s

fhyj;ij kPtpay; fhyk; vd;gij Ma;thsH Kd;G fzpj;jpUe;jhH.

222
,k;nka;ikiaf; FUf;fspd; kly;fs; jUk; juTfSk; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
flypy; kPidg; gpbj;jy;> kPid tpw;wy;> tptrhaj;jpy; ehw;W eLjy; njhlq;fp

mWtiltiu ,tw;wpy; vy;yhk; ehLk; my;yhky; fhLk; my;yhky; ,ilg;gl;l

rJg;G epyq;fshfNth> flw;fiu Xuq;fshfNth cs;s juTfis Ma;thsH ngw;W

NkNy fz;l Kbtpw;F te;Js;shH.

5.8. FUf;fspd; kly;fs; topahf mwpayhFk; jkpo;f; fl;blf;fiyAk;

mjd; gz;ghLk;
fiyfs; ,yf;fpaf;fiy> ,irf;fiy> ehlff;fiy> eldf;fiy>

Xtpaf;fiy> rpw;gf;fiy vdg; gy cz;L. ,it gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fisnay;yhk;

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; Kjy; ,d;Wtiu fhzKbAk;. “ifGide; jpaw;wh

Xtpak;Nghy;” vd;W Xtpak; gw;wpa Fwpg;ig neLey;thil jUfpwJ.

,irf;fiyiar; rpWghzhw;Wg;gil> ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

ghlw;fiyiag; nghUeuhw;Wg;gil ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ; rPtfd; kze;j gy kfspUk;

ntt;NtW fiyfspy; NjHe;jtHfshf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. “jkpnohL ,irghly;

kwe;jwpNad;; ehlfj;jpy; cd;dbahH Nghy; ebj;J” Nghd;w rkaj; njhlHfs;

gyfiyfs; ,Ue;jikia ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. fk;guhkhazKk;> tpy;ypGj;J}uhH

ghujKk; midj;Jf;fiyfs; gw;wpa tptuq;fisAk; jUfpd;wd. jkpo;ehl;by;

%Nte;jHfspd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd;dhy;> gpw Njrk; rhHe;j murHfSk;> gpw nkhopNgRk;

murHfSk; gilnaLj;Jj; jq;fs; Ml;rpia epiyepWj;jpf; nfhz;lhHfs;.

Ml;rpnra;tNjhL fiyfs; %ykhf> jhq;fs; ,Ue;j ,Ug;igAk; gjpT nra;jhHfs;.

,NaRrigf; FUf;fspd; kly;fs; vOjg;gl;l fhyk; 1837 Kjy; 1900 tiuahFk;.

mtHfs; fz;l> Nfs;tpg;gl;l> juTfisj; jq;fs; kly;fspy; gjpT

nra;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.

,ilf;fhyj;jpypUe;J fp.gp. 17-Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu ntspehl;ltHfshy;

mwpag;gl;l ,e;jpah vd;gJ Mhpa ,e;jpah. Mhpa gz;ghL> Mhpa fiy> Mhpa

nkhopahd rk];fpUjk;> Mhpa ,yf;fpaq;fs;> cgepljq;fs; Nghd;wit; Mdhy;

,e;jpa ehfhpfk; vd;gjw;Fj; jpuhtplHfspd; gq;fspg;G kpff; fzprkhf

223
,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;w fUj;ijf; nfhz;ltHfshf ,NaRrigf; FUf;fs;
,Uf;fpd;whHfs; vd;gij mtHfspd; kly;fs; top mwpfpNwhk;.

“MhpaH my;yhjtHfs; fiyf;F mspj;j gq;fspg;igg; gw;wp ahUk;

Fiwthf kjpg;gpl Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,y;iy. cz;ikiaf; $Wtnjd;why;

goq;fhyj; jpuhtplg; gz;ghL vt;tifapYk; ,fo;r;rpf;F chpajpy;iy. jpuhtpl

ehfhpfKk;> Mhpa ehfhpfKk; xd;wpize;J cz;lhdJjhd; ,e;jpa ehfhpfk;.

NkYk; Mhpa ehfhpfj;jpd; kPJ jpuhtpl ehfhpfk; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;jhy; ,e;jpa

ehfhpfk; tsikAk;> Mokhd fiy EZf;fj;ijg; ngw;wJ. jpuhtplHfs; mf

Nrhjid nra;gtHfshf ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; Ez; nghUs; Ma;Tf; Nfhl;ghL

,y;yhky; ,Ue;jhYk; mtHfs; fiyQHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. NkYk; mtHfs;

ghlTk;> tbtikf;fTk; fl;blf;fiyapy; jpwik gilj;jtHfs;. flg;Gepiy rhHe;j

MhpaHfspd; vz;zj;NjhL jpuhtplHfspd; czHTg; G+Ht gilg;ghw;wy; fye;jjpd;

%yk; xU GJikahd fiy cUthdJ. mJ Mhpaj; jd;ik kl;Lkpy;yhky;>

jpuhtplj; jd;ikapy;yhky; Gjpa ,e;Jf; fiyahf cUthdJ52.

tl,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; fl;blf;fiy rkak; kw;Wk; fiyf;$Wfs; vd;W

,uz;ilAk; itj;Jg;ghHj;jhy;> rkak; rhHe;j fl;blq;fshf ,Ue;jhYk; $l mit

fiyf;$Wfs; mjpfk; nfhz;lit. mf;fl;blq;fspy; flTisf; fhz;gij tpl

fiyf;$Wfs; fhz;gtHfspd; fz;fSf;F tpUj;jspg;gitahf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

Mf;uhtpy; fl;lg;gl;l jh[;kfhy;> nly;ypapy; fl;lg;gl;l nrq;Nfhl;il>

,uh[];jhdpd; muz;kid Nghd;wit Nkw;$wpa $w;Wf;Fr; rhd;Wfshf

tpsq;Ffpd;wd. Mdhy; jkpo;ehl;by; Ntw;Wnkhop rhHe;j kf;fshYk;> murHfshYk;

fl;lg;gl;l fl;blq;fs; $l rkak; rhHe;j gz;ghl;NlhLjhd; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd

vd;gij klyhspfs; gjpT nra;jpUf;fpd;whHfs;. ,J jkpo;g; gz;ghl;by; rkak;

tfpj;j gq;fpid ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. klyhspfs; fpwpj;jtHfs;. ,tHfs; jq;fs;

rkak; fle;J gpw rka topghl;Lj; jyq;fSf;Fr; nry;tjpy;iy; vd;whYk;

jq;fspd; Xa;T Neuj;jpy; fiyg;gilg;Gfisf; fhz;gjpy; Neuj;ijr; nrytplyhk;

vd;w vz;zj;jpy; fiyg;gilg;Gfisg; ghHf;f Kw;gl;lhy; mit midj;Jk;

224
rkak; rhHe;jitahfNt ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;gij klyhspfs;
czHe;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.

je;ijaHfs; N[hrg; ngl;uKk;> Y}ap]; fhHdpaUk; ghz;br;NrhpapypUe;J

jpUr;rpf;Fr; nry;Yk; topapy; rpjk;guj;jpy; cs;s rptDf;F mHg;gzpf;fg;gl;l

eluh[H NfhtpYf;Fs; nrd;W ,tHfs; ghHj;jhHfs;. ,e;jf; Nfhtpiyg; gw;wp

ngl;uk; jk; klypy;; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. “ehd; ghHj;j goikahd epidTr;

rpd;dq;fspNy kpf Kf;fpakhd epidTr; rpd;dk; 15-mbapypUe;J 20-mb tiu

fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l kpfg;nghpa Nfhl;ilr;RtHnfhz;l Nfhtpy; ,J. ,jd;
Rw;wsT 8000- rJub gug;Gf; nfhz;lit. ,jDila gpufhuk; 1000
J}z;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,e;jf; Nfhtpypy; xU njg;gf;Fsk; cs;sJ. ,jd;
gbf;fl;Lfs; ghwhq;fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,J Fsj;ijr; Rw;wp
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Rw;wpYk; cl;fhHtjw;fhd Mrdq;fshy; R+og;gl;l

muq;fk; Nghd;W ,Uf;fpd;wJ. (Ambhi theatre) ,e;jf; Fsk; 200 mbapypUe;J

300 mb ePsk; nfhz;lJ. ,e;jf; Fsj;ijr; Rw;wpYk; muz;kid Nghd;w

mikg;Gila NfhapYk;> miwfSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd”53.

gPl;lH RNthtpd; Ma;twpf;ifahd ‘jkpo; ,e;jpah’ vDk; gpnuQ;R E}ypy;

jpUr;rpapy; fhzg;glf;$ba ,e;Jf; Nfhtpy;fisg;gw;wp vOjpAs;shH. “mq;F

cs;s kiyf;Fd;wpd; mbapy; xU rpt Myak; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;j

Myaj;jpd; Kfg;Gg; gFjp njUitg; ghHj;j tz;zk; cs;sJ. ,jDila
Kfg;gpy; nts;isg; gspq;Ff; fy;yhy; Md xw;iwf;fy; rpw;gq;fs; thapypy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jr; rpw;gq;fs; Guhz ,jpfhrq;fspy; ,Uf;ff;$ba
fjhghj;jpuq;fis kpfg; nghpa cUtj;jpy; gilj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. mit if
$g;gpa tz;zk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

=uq;fj;jpw;F ,e;jr; rhiy top elj;jpr; nry;fpd;wJ> ,q;F XH

mofhd nghpa Nfhtpy; cs;sJ. ,J ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Nfhtpy;fspy; kpfg;
nghpaJ. ,f; Nfhtpypy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; nja;tk; tp\;Z. ,e;jf; Nfhtpypd;
fHgf;fpufj;jpypUe;J VO gpufhuq;fs; cs;sd. ,e;jf; NfhtpYila ntspg;Gwg;

ghJfhg;G muz; 2½ ikapy; Rw;wsT nfhz;lJ. ,e;jf; NfhapYf;F ehd;F

225
thapy;fs; cs;sd. ,J VO gpufhuq;fspYk; cs;sd. ,e;j thapy;fSf;F
Nky; tpz;iz Kl;Lk; msT caukhd fhz;gtHfspd; fz;fis tpag;gpy;
Mo;j;Jk; nghpa NfhGuq;fs; cs;sd. ntspg;Gw gpufhuq;fspy; mike;Js;s
thapy;fspy; NfhGuq;fspd; msT fPo; Nehf;fp tUk;NghJ cauk; Fiwe;J

tUfpd;wd”54.

“kJiu efhpy; cs;s ,d;ndhU mofhd Guhjdr; rpd;dk;

kPdhl;rpak;kd; jpUf; Nfhtpy;. ,J ntspehl;Lr; Rw;Wyhg;gazpfis

trPfhpf;ff; $ba xd;W. ,J gue;j gFjpia cs;slf;fpaJ. ,jDila
Rw;Wr;RtH kpf caukhdJ. ,e;jf; Nfhapiyr; Rw;wp ehd;F jpirfspYk;
thapy;fs; mike;Js;sd. ,e;j ehd;F thapy;fspd; NkYk; kpf caukhd
NfhGuq;fs; vOg;gg; gl;Ls;sd. ,it gpukPL Nghd;w mikg;gigf; nfhz;L
fhzg;gLfpwJ. me;;jf; NfhGuj;jpy; ,Uf;ff; $ba fiy EZf;fq;fnsy;yhk;
kpfTk; ftdKld; nra;ag;gl;ljhf cs;sd. ,e;jf; NfhapYk;> NfhGuKk;
fUq;fy;yhy; fl;bapUf;fpwhHfs;. ,t;tsT gpukhz;lkhd NfhapiyAk;>
NfhGuj;ijAk; fl;Ltjw;F kpf mjpfkhd> fzf;fpylq;fhj nghUl;nryT
nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

kJiuapy; kPdhl;rpak;kd; NfhtpypypUe;J fpof;Nf xU iky; J}uj;jpy;

nghpa njg;gf;Fsk; xd;W cs;sJ. mj;njg;gf;Fsj;jpy; jpUtpoh ehl;fspy;
njg;gj;jpy; NjH Nghd;W mikj;J mij ,Oj;J me;jf; Nfhapiyr; Rw;wp
tUfpwhHfs;. mf; Fsj;jpd; ikag; gFjpapy; xU Nfhtpy; cs;sJ.

kwt ehl;bd; ikag; gFjpapy; fhisahHNfhtpy; vd;w XH CH cs;sJ.

me;j ChpYs;s NfhtpYk;> mjd; NfhGuKk; kpfTk; NgH ngw;wit. fhis
(fhis khL) vd;w nja;tj;jpw;F ,e;jf;Nfhtpy; mHg;gzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;

Nfhtpypd; fUtiwf;F Nky; jq;ff;fyrk; nghjpe;j xU NfhGuk; cs;sJ”55.

jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spapd; kiwkhtl;l Kjy; Mauhf nghWg;Ngw;w gzpahsH

mnyf;rp]; nfNdh]; (Alexis canoz) Mauhtjw;F Kd;ghf kwtehl;bYs;s

fy;nywpjply; vd;fpd;w Chpy; gzpahw;wp te;jhH. mg;nghOJ mtH ,uhNk];tuk;

nrd;W mf;Nfhapiyg; ghHitapl;lhH. “vd;Dila kiwg;gzpf;fhf rpy ehl;fs;

226
,uhNk];tuk; jPtpy; jq;fpapUe;Njd;. mg;nghOJ mq;Fs;s kpfg;gpukhzlkhd
Nfhapiyg; ghHj;J tpae;Njd;. ,e;jf; Nfhtpy; kpfg; nghpa ghwhq;fw;fisr;
nrJf;fp xd;wd; kPJ xd;whf mLf;fpf; fl;bapUf;fpwhHfs;. ,e;jf;Nfhtpy; xU
rpwpa kiyf;Fd;wpd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,ijr; Rw;wpYk; gpuhkzHfs;

kl;LNk tho;fpwhHfs”56.

5.8.1. godp kiyf;Nfhtpy;

kiwg; gzpahsH nrapd;l; rPH (Saint Cyr) jpz;Lf;fy; gFjpapy; jd; kiwg;

gzpiar;nra;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ godpapy; cs;s KUfd; Nfhapiyg;

ghHitapl;lhH. “,f;Nfhtpy; xU rpwpa kiyf;Fd;wpy; mike;Js;sJ. mk;

kiyNa Gdpjkhdjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jf; NfhtpYf;F ,e;Jf;fs;

vy;NyhUk; tpUk;gpr; nry;tH. ,q;Fr; nry;yf; $batHfs; kd mikjpiaAk;>
jpUg;jpiaAk; ngWfpwhHfs; vd;W $WfpwhHfs;. ,e;j kiyAk;> NfhtpYk;
godp vDk; ChpypUe;J rw;W njhiytpy; cs;sJ. ,e;jpahtpYs;s 5 Kf;fpa
Gz;zpa Nfhtpy;fSs; ,JTk; xd;W. mitfshtd: ,uhNk];tuk;> =uq;fk;>
G+hpn[fehjH Nfhtpy;> gdhu]; kw;Wk; godp. ,e;jf; Nfhtpy;fSf;Fr;
nry;gtHfs; mtHfspd; ghtq;fisg; Nghf;fp epr;rakhf gukgjk; nry;thHfs;
vd;gJ ek;gpf;if. ,q;Fr; nrd;W tUgtHfs; kfpo;r;rpNahL tUthHfs;.
,q;Ff; $k;G tbt kiyf;Nfhtpy; xd;Wcs;sJ. ,k; kiyf;Fd;W Nkw;Fj;

njhlHr;rp kiyapypUe;J rw;W tpyfpj; jdpahf cs;sJ”57.

jkpo;ehl;by; fl;blf;fiyfis ntspg;gLj;Jk;> gz;ghl;il ntspg;gLj;Jk;

rpd;dq;fspy; xd;W Nfhtpy;. me;jf; Nfhtpy;fspd; mikg;igf; FUkhHfs; jq;fs;

kly;fspy; gjpT nra;jpUf;fpwhHfs. Nfhapy;fs; gy gpufhuq;fs; nfhz;litahf

cs;sd. =uq;fk; Nfhtpypy; VO gpufhuq;fs; cs;sd. VohtJ gpufhuj;jpd;

cs;Nsjhd; fHgf;fpufk; cs;sJ. flTs; ,Uf;Fk; fHgfpufk; tiu gpuhkzHfs;
nrd;Wtu KbAk;. fHgfufk; jtpu gpw gpufhuq;fspy; gbepiy mikg;Gg;gb gpw

rhjpapdH Rw;wp tuKbAk;. gpuhkzHfs; nrd;W flTisj; njhl;L topgLk;

fUtiwf;Fs; giwaHfs; nrd;why; nfhiy nra;ag;gLthHfs;. NkYk;
jho;epiyapdH NfhtpYf;Fs; Eiotjw;F Kbahj #oiy kly;fs; tpthpf;fpd;wd.
227
,jdhy; gpuhkzHfspd; Nkyjpf nry;thf;ifAk;> jkpo;r; rhjpfspy; gbepiy
mikg;GKiw epytpaijAk; Nfhtpy; fl;blf;fiy gw;wpa klypy; fhzKbfpwJ.

“,e;j VohtJ gpufhuj;jpy; mjhtJ fHg;gf; fpufj;jpw;F mUfpy; cs;s

ghijapy; gpuhkzHfs; kl;LNk tho;fpwhHfs;. ntspg; gpufhuq;fs; jho;e;j

rhjpapdH thOk; ,lkhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. giwaHfs; ,e;jf; filrp

thapypy; Eioe;jhHfs; vd;why; nfhiy nra;ag;gLthHfs;”58.

gd;kpa gz;ghl;bak; jkpoff; fl;blf;fiyapy; fye;jpUg;gijf; FUkhHfs;

jk; kly;fspy; mtjhdpj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. gpw ehl;ltHfSk; murHfSk; jkpofj;jpd;

mUfpy; mike;j gpw nkhop kd;dHfSk; gilnaLj;J ntw;wp ngw;W jkpofj;ij

Mz;bUf;fpwhHfs;. mjdhy; mtHfSf;Nf chpa ghuk;ghpakhd fl;blf;fiyg;

gz;ghl;ilj; jkpo;ehl;Lf; NfhGu> gpw fl;blq;fspYk; mikj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.

FUkhHfs; gpnuQ;R ehl;ilr; rhHe;jtHfshf ,Ue;jjhy; NfhGuq;fs; vfpg;jpa

gpukPLfis epidtpw;Ff; nfhz;LtUfpd;wd vdtpthpf;fpd;wdH. ,it gd;kpa

gd;Kf gz;ghl;Lf; fyg;Gg;ngw;witahf jkpof Nfhtpy;fisf; FUkhHfs;

ghHf;Fk;gbr; nra;jd.

5.8.2. Nfhj;jpf; fiy

“ghoile;j goq;fhyr; rpd;dq;fSs; xd;W GJkz;lgk;. ,J

jpUkiyehaf;fuhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,e;jg; GJkz;lgk; fpof;F thapypd;

Kd;ghff; fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,jpypUe;J njw;Fg; gf;fkhf 35-40 mb cauKs;s
kpfg;nghpa J}z;fNshL $ba ePjp kd;wq;fis cs;slf;fpa kz;lgk;
,Uf;fpwJ. ,jDila ehd;F %iyfspYk; ftpif tpkhdk; Nghd;W
fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. rpwg;ghd tisTfSk; ,jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy;
fw;fshy; G+khiy Nghd;w myq;fhuq;fs; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j
tshfj;jpy; ,Ue;J jhd; murH ePjpfis toq;fpapUf;fpwhH. ,jd; %iyfspy;
5-6 fy;yiwfs; cs;sd. mit kpfTk; ghJfhg;ghf mike;Js;sd. xU
J}zpypUe;J ,d;ndhU J}Zf;F 50-mb njhiyT cs;sJ. ,jpy;
gpd;gw;wf;$ba fl;blf;fiy Nfhj;;jpf; fl;blf;fiyiag; gpd;gw;wpf;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,];yhkpaHfspd; kR+jpia xj;Jf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j
228
tisTfspy; tz;zq;fs; G+rg;gl;Ls;sd. fhyj;jhy; Vw;gl;l fhaq;fshy; rpy
,lq;fspy; tz;zq;fs; kiwe;J Ngha; cs;sd. moptpypUe;J jg;gpj;j
tz;zq;fisg; ghHf;Fk; NghJ ,d;Wk; tpag;G+l;Lk; tz;zk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,J ehlf muq;ifg; Nghd;W fhzg;gLfpwJ”59.

5.8.3. ,];yhkpa mikg;G

kJiuapy; ehaf;f kd;dHfs; tho;e;j muz;kid NfhtpNyhL NrHj;J

kJiu efhpd; ghjpg; gFjpapy; mlq;fpAs;sJ. ,J 18-Mk; E}w;whz;by;
fl;lg;gl;lJ. kpfg;nghpa kz;lgk;> Kw;wk; ,itfNshL ,];ghdpa khspifiag;
Nghd;W fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU %iyapYk; caukhd tl;l tbt khlf;
NfhGuq;fSk; mjd; cr;rpapy; kzpKb Nghd;w kFlKk; itj;Jf;
fl;bapUf;fpwhHfs;. kpfg;nghpa Jhz;fspy; mjd; gFjp jl;ilahfTk;> xU rpy
gFjp tisthfTk; fl;bapUf;fpwhHfs;. murH ghpthuq;fSld; ele;J
nry;yf;$ba eilghij ,uz;L gf;fq;fspYk; Jhz;fspy; tisthd
Nkw;$iufNshL> mofhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpq;f clYk;> rpq;f cUtj;jpy;
fOfpd; jiyNahL $ba tpj;jpahrkhd cUtq;fSk;> ahid> Fjpiu Nghd;w
cUtq;fs; nrJf;fg;gl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,itnay;yhk; fpNuf;f
rpw;gq;fshFk;. ,t;TUtq;fisnay;yhk; INuhg;gpa rpw;gpfNsh my;yJ ,e;jpa
mNugpa fiy fye;j Kfyha rpw;gpfNsh nrJf;fp ,Uf;fyhk;60.

5.8.4. jkpoH fl;blf;fiyapy; Nfhl;ilfspd; gq;F

jkpofj;jpy; cs;s Nfhtpy;fisf; FUkhHfs; jq;fs; kly;fspy;

Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpf; $wpapUf;fpwhHfs;. ,jw;F mLj;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;ff;$ba

fl;blq;fs; “Nfhl;ilfs; gw;wpait”. GJf;Nfhl;il kd;dH njhz;ilkhDf;Fr;

nrhe;jkhd Nfhl;il> ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapy; cs;s Nfhl;il> Ntk;ghhpy; cs;s

Nfhl;il> fd;dpahFkhpapy; cs;s Nfhl;il vd;W jkpofj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l

Kf;fpakhd Nfhl;ilfisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpwhHfs;. ,f;Nfhl;ilfs;

rpijTf;Fs;shfp ,Ug;gijAk; jq;fs; kly;fspy; tpthpj;Js;shHfs;.

mr;rpijTf;Ff; fhuzk; Mq;fpNyaHfSila ‘gz;;ghl;Lr; rpijTg; Nghf;F’ jhd;

vd;gijAk; Kd; itf;fpwhHfs;. gz;ghLfs; fyg;gJ kl;Lky;yhky; xU ,dj;jpd;

229
gz;ghl;il ,d;ndhU ,dj;jpd; gz;ghL rpijf;Fk; vd;gJk; ,t;tplj;Jf;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

mUs; je;ij Y}ap]; fhHdpaH njd; jkpofj;jpy; fhzf;$ba ,j;jifa

goq;fhy epidTr; rpd;dq;fspd; nghJj;jd;ikfs; gw;wp vOJfpwhH. “,e;jf;

Nfhl;il> nfhj;jsq;fs; vy;yhk;> Kw;fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhff;

fUjg;gl;lit. Nfhl;ilapd; thapy; miu epyT tbtj;jpy; Kd;gFjp ePz;Lk;
mtw;wpw;fhd fjTfs; kpfTk; tYthdjhfTk;> ,uz;L fhty; fjTfisf;
nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;jf; Nfhl;ilfspd; ntspg;Gwj;jpy; nghpa mfopfs;
mikj;J ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. mjDila muz; RtHfspd; %iyfspy; fhty;
khlq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. muz; RtHfspd; Nkw;gug;G uk;gk; Nghd;w mikg;Gld;
ghJfhg;Gf; fUjp fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;;j mikg;gld; fl;lg;gl;l fl;blq;fs;
midj;Jk; ngUk;ghYk; ,];yhkpaHfshy; fl;lg;gl;lit. ,e;jf;
Nfhl;ilfspd; Kbtpy; nfhj;jsq;fisAk; fl;bapUf;fpwhHfs;. ,j;jifa
mikg;Gila gy Nfhl;ilfs; ,d;wsTk; gad;ghl;bw;F chpajhf cs;sd.
Mq;fpNyaHfs; gy Nfhl;ilfis ,bj;Jj; jiu kl;lkhf;fp tpl;lhHfs;.
Mq;fpNyaHfs; jq;fSf;Fr; rhjfkhf ,Uf;ff;$ba murHfspd;
Nfhl;ilfis kl;Lk; mtHfs; ,bf;fhky; ghJfhj;jhHfs;. jq;fis vjpHj;j
murHfspd; Nfhl;ilfisj; jfHj;;J mtHfSf;F ve;j tUkhdKk; tuhj
mstpw;Fr; rpijj;J tpl;lhHfs;. xU rpy Nfhl;ilfisj; jq;fspd; INuhg;gpa
Kiwg;gb gyg;gLj;jpdhHfs;. mj;jifa Nfhl;ilfisj; jq;fspd; ghJfhg;Gg;
gilia epWj;Jtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpdhHfs;. jQ;rhT+H> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp> kJiu>
ghisaq;Nfhl;il Nghd;w CHfspy; fhzg;glf; $ba Nfhl;ilfis
mtHfspd; gilfis epWj;j Mf;fpukpj;Jf; nfhz;lhHfs;.

,e;jf; Nfhl;ilfs; ngUk;ghYk; ethg;Gfspd; muz;kidfis xj;Jf;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it gue;J tphpe;j gFjpfis caHe;j RtHfshy;
tisj;Jf; fl;ba Nfhl;ilfs;. ,q;Fs;s muz;kidfs; ,];yhkpa fl;llf;
fiyapd; tbitf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,e;jf; Nfhl;ilfisj; Jg;ghf;fpfisf;
nfhz;Lk;> Nflak;> ths;> Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;Lk; myq;fhpj;Js;shHfs;.
Rthpd; Nkw;gFjpapy; G+khiy Njhuzq;fs; Nghd;w mikg;Gld;

230
nrJf;fpapUf;fpwhHfs;. fjT> rd;dy;fSf;F Nky; <l;bfisg; Nghd;W
mikj;Jf; fl;bapUf;fpwhHfs;. Mdhy; ,itnay;yhk; rpjpykile;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;nghOJ ehl;il Msf;$ba Ml;rpahsHfs; Nfhl;il>
nfhj;jsq;fisf; fz;L nghwhikg;gl;L ,tw;iwnay;yhk; ghJfhf;fhky;
gioa murhl;rpfis kf;fspd; kdjpy; ,Ue;J mopf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjw;fhfNt mtw;iw Ntz;Lnkd;Nw mopj;J tpl;lhHfs;. ,t;tsT nghpa
Nfhl;ilfspy; tho;e;j murHfs; rhjhuz ,y;yq;fspy; tho;fpwhHfs;.
fk;gPukhf> Mlk;gukhf ,Ue;j Nfhl;ilfs; ,g;nghOJ vspikahdjhf
,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;jf; Nfhl;ilfSf;Fs; vjphpfs; Eioa Kbahj mstpw;Fg;
ghJfhg;ghdjhf mike;Js;sd. ,jDila ntspg;Gwr;RtHfspy; myq;fhuk;
,y;yhky; cl;Gwr; RtHfspy; mjpfkhd myq;fhuq;fSld; mike;Js;sd. XH
Ma;thsH GJf;Nfhl;ilapy; cs;s njhz;ilkhd; Nfhl;ilf;Fs; nrd;w NghJ

mthpd; MHtj;ijj; J}z;lf; $bait vitAk; ,y;iy vdf;$wpAs;shH”61.

jkpoHfspd; gz;ghl;ilg; Gyg;gLj;Jk; fl;blf;fiyapd; xU gphpT

Nfhl;ilfshFk;. ,e;jg; gz;ghl;bd; ,Ug;ig Mq;fpNyaHfs; mopf;f Kw;gl;ldH.

mjpypUe;J kPz;L kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;ag;glNtz;Lk; vd;w tUj;jj;ijAk; kly;fs;

gjpT nra;jpUf;fpd;wd.

jkpo;ehl;by; kf;fs; kdjpy; ciwe;Js;s gz;ghl;Lj; njhd;kf; fijfshd

,uhkhazk;> ghujf; fijfs; Xtpaq;fshfTk;> rpw;gq;fshfTk; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;s rpw;gq;fs; vy;yhk; nray;gLfpd;w KiwapNyNa

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. tptrhaj; njhopy; vd;gJ kf;fspd; tho;tpy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;

kWcw;gj;jp gz;;zf;$ba njhopiyr; rhHe;jjhFk;. tptrhaj; njhopy; njhlHghd

rpw;gq;fSk;> Xtpaq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kWcw;gj;jp nra;Ak; tptrhaj; njhopy;

Nghd;w kdpj tho;f;ifapYk; eilngWfpd;w kWcw;gj;jpKiw gw;wp rpw;gq;fSk;>

Xtpaq;fSk; cs;sikia kly;fs; tpthpf;fpd;wd. ,uz;LNk jkpoHfspd;

tsikg; gz;ghl;ilf; (Fertility) Fwpg;git.

“,e;jf; NfhGuq;fspy; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;s rpw;gq;fs; kpf mofhf

cs;sd. ,t;tif rpw;gq;fs; vy;yhk; tptrha Ntiyfs; nra;af; $ba

231
cUtq;fshf cs;sd. ,tHfSila fw;gidj; jpwd; rw;W Vkhw;wk;
juf;$bajhf cs;sJ. Nfhtpy; NfhGuq;fspy; mike;Js;s rpw;gq;fs;
nghUsw;wjhf cs;sd. Mdhy; ghHg;gjw;F kpfTk; mofhf cs;sd.
,tw;wpYs;s cUtq;fs; Ntbf;ifahd mikg;Gilajhf cs;sd. kw;Wk;
,tHfSila nja;tq;fspd; fhk> fhjy; fhl;rpfSk; nja;tq;fshf
tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. midj;J cUtq;fSk;> VjhtJ xU nraiyr; nra;J
nfhz;bUg;gJ Nghd;w Njhw;wj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jf; NfhGuq;fspy;

fhZk; rpiyfSf;Ff; fhtpAk; Vida tz;zq;fSk; G+rg;gl;Ls;sd”62.

fiyfs; vd;gtw;iw ehd;F gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fpwhH gf;jtj;ry ghujp.

1. gbkyHr;rpapay; ghpkhzk;

2. gz;ghl;bapay; ghpkhzk;
3. r%fmikg;G ghpkhzk;

4. gz;ghl;L khw;w ghpkhzk;

gz;ghl;L khw;w ghpkhdk; vd;gJ fiyfs;> rkak;> gz;ghl;L khw;wk;

,itfSf;fpilapNy Vw;gLk; xd;Wf;nfhd;whd Clhl;lk; vd;gjhFk;. jpUkiy

ehaf;f kd;dH fl;ba kPdhl;rpak;kd; Nfhtpypy; ,];yhkpa kjg;gz;ghl;Lr;

rpd;dkhd gpiw jiyfPohf mikf;fg;gl;Lf; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;gz;ghl;L khw;w

ghpkhzj;ij kly; tpthpf;fpwJ.

“kJiuapy; ehaf;f kd;dh;fs; tho;e;j muz;kid NfhtpNyhL NrHj;J

kJiu efhpd; ghjpg; gFjpapy; mlq;fpAs;sJ. ,J 18-Mk; E}w;whz;by;

fl;lg;gl;lJ. kpfg;nghpa kz;lgk;> Kw;wk; ,itfNshL ,];ghdpa khspifiag;
Nghd;W fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU %iyapYk; caukhd tl;l tbt khlf;
NfhGuq;fSk; mjd; cr;rpapy; kzpKb Nghd;w kFlKk; itj;Jf;

fl;bapUf;fpwhh;fs;”63.

gbkyHr;rpay; gz;ghL ghpkhzk; vd;gJ rkak;rhHe;j fiy> ,ir> eldk;> ghl;L>

fUtpfs; vd vy;yhtbtq;fspYk;> ,g;nghOJ rkak; rhuhj fiytbtq;fs;

mtw;wpy; Vw;gl;Ltpl;ld. Njtjhrpfs; eldk; rkak; rhHe;jit. rkak; rhuhj

232
rpdpkhg;ghly;fSf;Fhpa eldq;fs; Nfhtpy; tshfq;fspy; MLtijr; rhd;whff;
nfhs;s KbAk;.

r%f mikg;Gg; ghpkhzk; vd;gJ rkak;> fiy vd;w ,uz;Lk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W

nfhz;Ls;s cwitf; $WtjhFk;. jkpoHfspd; fl;blf;fiy KOf;f KOf;f

rkak; rhHe;jjhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;gij Ma;thsH Kd;Ng Fwpj;Js;shH.

ehd;Ftpjkhd gz;ghl;Lg; ghpkhzq;fis ghujp Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhYk; gz;ghl;L

khw;wg;ghpkhzk; NkNy fz;l kly;fspy; gjpe;jpUg;gij Ma;thsH czHfpwhH.

5.9. KbTiu

,NaRrigf; FUf;fspd; kly;fs; czHj;Jk; gz;ghl;L milahsk; vd;Dk;

,j; jiyg;gpd;fo
P >; fPo;f;fz;lit Muhag;gl;Ls;sd. Kjypy; fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk;

ehfhpfk; vd;Dk; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf Vd; gz;ghL vd;Dk; nrhy;iy Ma;thsH

NjHe;njLj;jhH vd;w fUj;J nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; gpd; gz;ghl;bw;F

cs;ehl;ltHfs; kw;Wk; ntspehl;ltHfs; vd;W gyUk; nfhLf;Fk; tiuaiw

jug;gl;Ls;sJ. gz;ghl;bd; tiffs; %d;wpid Ma;thsNu cw;WNehf;fypd;

topahff; fz;lwpe;jtw;iwj; je;Js;shH. gpd; gd;kpag;gz;ghL vt;thW

jkpo;r;#oypy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ> mjd; tiuaiw> tiffs; vd;gijAk;

tpsf;fpAs;shH. mNjNghy; gz;ghl;L milahs ,Ug;G> mopg;G> kPl;LUthf;fk;

ele;Js;sjh> mg;gb ele;jpUe;jhy; vg;gb ele;Js;sJ vd;gdtw;iwAk; kly;fs;

top Muha;e;J fPof

; ;fz;l Muha;r;rp Kbtpw;F tUfpwhH.
jkpo;g; gz;ghL> flTs; topghl;il ikakhf itj;Jf; fl;lg;gl;lJ.

jkpoHfs; filg;gpbf;Fk; rhjp> jpUkzKiw> czT> Mil Nghd;wit flTs;

tFj;Jf;nfhLj;jhH vd;W Ma;thsH mwpatUfpwhH. rhjhuzkhfNt jkpoHfs;

tpjpf;nfhs;iffSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;ff;$batHfs;. ehd; ,d;W ,g;gb

,Uf;fpNwd; vd;why; mJ ,d;W vLf;fg;gl;l Kbty;y> khwhf vd;Nwh flTs; vd;

jiyapy; ,g;gbnay;yhk; elf;Fnkd;W vOjpaJjhd; vd;W jkpoHfSf;Fr;

rhjhuzkhf elf;Fk; epfo;itAk; flTNshL ,izj;J ‘mtdpd;wp mZTk;

mirahJ’ vd;gd Nghd;w gonkhopfisr; nrhy;yp epahag;gLj;Jfpd;whHfs;.

233
,t;thW ,e;ek;gpf;iffspy; Nt&d;wp mJNt gof;ftof;fkhf khwp> gz;ghlhf
khwpapUf;fpwJ vd;gij ,NaRrigf; FUf;fspd; kly;fs; gjpT nra;Js;sd.

jkpoHfspd; jpUkz Kiwapy; ntspg;gLk; gz;ghl;ilg; ghHf;fpwnghOJ

fPo;f;fhZk; Muha;r;rp KbTfis Ma;thsH jUfpwhH. jkpoHfspd; jpUkzk;

mfkzj; jpUkz KiwNa tpUk;gj;jf;f gz;ghLilatHfshf ,Uf;fpwhHfs;.

vy;yhtw;wpYk; rhjpia ,dk; fhZk; Kaw;rpAk; ,tHfspd; gz;ghl;bd; ,ay;gpy;

xd;W vd;gijAk; mwpa tUfpNwhk;. mwpahikapy; mfe;ijAk; ngUkpjKk;

nfhs;gtHfs; jkpoHfs;. Fz;Lr;rl;bf;Fs; Fjpiu Xl;lf;$batHfs; jkpoHfs;.

Vndd;why; fly;topg; gazk;gw;wpa KO tptuKk; njhpe;jpUf;f tpy;iy. gpw rhjp

gz;ghl;il Vw;Wf;nfhs;shj epiyapy;> Kjy; gd;kpag;gz;ghl;L tifahd

cl;fyhr;rhu gd;kpag; gz;ghl;Lf; $iwAk;> gy rhjpapdH NrHe;J thof;$ba

r%f mikg;G vd;gjhy; nkhop> ,dk; fye;j gd;kpa gz;ghl;ilAk;> fUj;jpay;

gpd;Gyj;jpy; vOe;j jpUkzKiwg; gz;ghl;Lf;$iwAk; jkpoHfsplk; ,Ug;gij

,k;kly;thpfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. rhjp vd;w jkpo;r; rKjha milahs

,Ug;igAk; mijj; Jilf;f vLf;Fk; Kaw;rpAk;> Kbahj #oypy; ,Ugf;fKk;

kPl;LUthf;fk; cUthfhj epiyiaAk; ,k;kly;fs; cWjpnra;fpd;wd.

jkpoHfspd; tuNtw;G KiwapypUe;J ntspg;gLk; gz;ghL ekf;F czHj;Jk;

KbTfshtd: jkpoHfspilNa vy;NyhUk; tpae;J Nghw;wf;$ba caH gz;ghlhff;

$WtJ te;jtHfis tuNtw;gJ. tuNtw;Fk;nghOJ ghpRg;nghUl;fisf; nfhLg;gJ

gz;ghl;bd; ,d;ndhU jd;ik. ahiu ahH vq;F vg;gb tuNtw;gJ vd;gijj;

jPHkhdpg;gJ murpaYk;> nghUshjhuKk;> rhjpAk; jhd;. jho;epiyapdH

kiwg;gzpahsHfis mtHfspd; ,y;yj;jpy; Ngha;g; ghHf;fpwhHfs;. ,ilepiyr;

rhjpapdH kiwg;gzpahsHfisj; jq;fs; ,y;yj;jpw;F tur;nrhy;fpwhHfs;.

kiwg;gzpahsHfs; Nkl;bikr; rhjpapdiuj; Njbg;Ngha; ghHf;fpwhHfs;. mit

GNuhfpjHfshd gpuhkzHfNs kiwg;gzpahsHfSf;Fr; re;jdk; nfhLf;fpwhHfs;.

re;jdk; vd;Dk; flTSf;F chpa nghUisj; njhLk; jFjp gpuhkzHf;fd;wp NtW

rhjpahUf;F ,y;iy vd rhjpiaf; nfhz;lhLk; gz;ghl;L ,ay;igAk; ,k;kly;

ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

234
 jkpoHfspd; jpUtpohf;fs; czHj;Jk; gz;ghLfs; gw;wpa KbTfs;
fPo;tUgit. jdpkdpj epiyapYk;> r%fmstpYk; jskhw;wKk;> epiykhw;wKk;

jpUtpohf;fs; %yk; jkpo; kf;fs; milfpwhHfs; vDk; gz;ghl;L milahsk;

,k;kly;fs; top fhzKbfpwJ.

rhjpa gbepiy vd;Dk; ,Ug;G jw;fhypfkhfj; jpUtpohf;fhyq;fspy;

ePf;fg;gl;L jiyfPo; khw;wkhfp kPl;LUthf;fk; ngw;W kPz;Lk; jq;fspd; gioa

,Ug;G epiyf;Fr; nry;tijAk; ,j;jpUtpohf;fis tpthpf;Fk; kly;fs; top

mwpaKbfpwJ.
jpUg;gazk; vd;gJ jkpoHfspd; tho;tpy; ,d;wpaikahjJ. ,j;jpUr;nryT
czHj;Jk; gz;ghl;L KbTfSk; ek;ik tpag;gpy; Mo;j;Jfpd;wd.

,j;jpUg;gazj;jhy; gazpfs; rpy gyd;fisAk; ngWfpwhHfs;. ahj;jpiu nry;Yk;

midtUk; kw;w epiyfspypUe;J tpLgl;L ahj;jphpfHfs; vd;Dk; xNu jFjpiag;

ngWfpwhHfs;. rhjp NtWghL> Mz; ngz; vd;w ghy;NtWghL Nghd;w gpw

NtWghLfs; ,y;yhky; fpuhkq;fisr; NrHe;jtHfshf ,Ue;jhYk; ,uz;lwf;

fye;JtpLfpwhHfs;. ,ay;G tho;f;ifapd; ,Ug;ghd (rhjp> ghy; NtWghL) ,Ug;G

Jilf;fg;gl;L jw;fhypfkhd nrhHf;f czHT ngWjiy kPl;LUthf;fk;

nra;af;$ba gz;ghl;Lr; nraiyf; FUkhHfspd; kly;fs; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
gd;kpa gz;ghl;ba fyg;ig> jkpoff; fl;blf;fiyapy; fye;jpUg;gijf;

FUkhHfspd; kly;fspy; mtjhdpj;jpUf;fpd;wd. gpw ehl;ltHfSk;> murHfSk;>

jkpofj;jpd; mUfpy; mike;j gpw nkhop kd;dHfSk; gilnaLj;J ntw;wpngw;W

jkpofj;ij Mz;bUf;fpwhHfs;. mjdhy; mtHfSf;Nf chpa ghuk;ghpakhd

fl;blf;fiyg; gz;ghl;ilj; jkpo;ehl;Lf; NfhGu gpw fl;blq;fspYk;

mikj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. FUkhHfs; gpnuQ;R ehl;ilr; rhHe;jtHfshf ,Ue;jjhy;

Nfhtpypd; NfhGuq;fs; vfpg;jpa gpukPLfis epidtpw;Ff; nfhz;LtUfpd;wd. ,it

gd;kpa gd;Kf gz;ghl;Lf; fyg;Gg;ngw;witahf jkpoff; Nfhtpy;fisf;

FUkhHfisg; ghHf;Fk;gbr; nra;jd. Jk;ky; NghLk; rhjhuz kdpj epfo;tpYk;

jkpohpd; gz;ghL vg;gb %lek;gpf;ifNahL ntspg;gLfpd;wd vd;gijAk; kly;fs;

gjpT nra;Js;sd.

235
 Milfs; mzpfyd;fs; mzpAk; kdhPjpapyhd gz;ghf;fk; jq;fspd; gjtp
nghUshjhuj; jFjpiaAk; Gyg;gLj;Jk; vd ek;Gk; gz;G jkpo; kf;fsplk;

,Ue;jij kly;fs; njhptpf;fpd;wd.

gd;kpa gz;ghl;Lf;fyg;G ,Uf;Fk; #oiyj; jkpo; kf;fs; mzpAk; Mil

mzpfyd;fspypUe;J njhpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk; vd;gJk; kly;fs; top ngwg;gLfpwJ.

Goq;FnghUl;fs; vt;thW> ahuhy;> vq;F cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd? mJ

vt;thW> vjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd? vd;w ,uz;L epiyfisg;

Ghpe;Jnfhz;lhy; Goq;FnghUs; gz;ghl;il KOtJk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sKbAk;.

Goq;FnghUl;fis Mz;ngz; vd;w ghy; mbg;gilapy; gFf;fyhk;. Mz;fistplg;

ngz;fs; vspikahd Ntiyiar; nra;gtHfs;> vspikahd fUtpfis kl;LNk

gad;gLj;jf;$batHfs;. rhjp mLf;fpd; thpirapy; fPNo nry;yr;nry;y ngz;fspd;

gzp mjpfkhfpf;nfhz;Nl nry;fpwJ.

ngz;fspd; Goq;FnghUs;fis <l;Ltjw;fhd %y epyq;fs; ehl;bw;Fs;NsNa

mike;Js;sd. mjpf typik Ntz;lhj vspikahd NtiyfisNa ngz;fs;

nra;af;$ba Kiwapy; mg;Goq;F nghUs;fs; mikfpd;wd. ngz;fs; Goq;Fk;

nghUs;fs; ngUk;ghYk; ePiu mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl mikfpd;wd.

gz;ghl;by; nra;Ak; njhopy;fSk; Ntiyg;gfpHTfSk; jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhf

mtutH tpUg;gg;gb nra;atpy;iy> rpe;jpf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;Wk; kf;fs; jhq;fs;

thOk; epyk;> rhjp> rkak;> mz;lk;> gpugQ;rk; Mfpatw;NwhL ClhLk; fUj;J

,ay;Gfisj; jq;fs; tho;tpd; xt;nthUjsj;jpYk; gpujpgypf;fpd;wdH vd;W

GNuhthpd; fUj;ij gf;jtj;ry ghujp nghWj;jpf;fhl;LtijAk; Ma;thsH mwpfpwhH.

tl,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; fl;blf;fiy rkak; kw;Wk; fiyf;$Wfs; vd;W

,uz;ilAk; itj;Jg;ghHj;jhy; rkak; rhHe;j fl;blq;fshf ,Ue;jhYk;$l mit

fiyf;$Wfs; mjpfk; nfhz;lit. mf;fl;blq;fspy; flTisf; fhz;gijtpl

fiyf;$Wfs; fhz;gtHfspd; fz;fSf;F tpUj;jspg;gitahf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

Mf;uhtpy; fl;lg;gl;l jh[;kfhy;> nly;ypapy; fl;lg;gl;l nrq;Nfhl;il>

,uh[];jhdpd; muz;kid Nghd;wit Nkw;$wpa $w;Wf;Fr; rhd;Wfshf

236
tpsq;Ffpd;wd. Mdhy; jkpo;ehl;by; Ntw;Wnkhop rhHe;j kf;fshYk;> murHfshYk;
fl;lg;gl;l fl;blq;fs; $l rkak; rhHe;j gz;ghl;NlhLjhd; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd

vd;gij klyhspfs; gjpTnra;jpUf;fpd;whHfs;. ,J jkpo;g; gz;ghl;by; rkak;

tfpj;j gq;fpid ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. klyhspfs; fpwpj;jtHfs;. ,tHfs; jq;fs;

rkak; fle;J gpw rka topghl;Lj; jsq;fSf;Fr; nry;tjpy;iy@ vd;whYk;

jq;fspd; Xa;T Neuj;jpy; fiyg;gilg;Gisf; fhz;gjpy; Neuj;ijr; nrytplyhk;

vd;w vz;zj;jpy; fiyg;gilg;Gfisg; ghHf;f Kw;gl;lhy; mit midj;Jk;

rkak; rhHe;jitahfNt ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;gij klyhspfs;

czHe;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.

jkpoHfspd; gz;ghl;ilg; Gyg;gLj;Jk; fl;blf;fiyapd; xU gphpT

Nfhl;ilfshFk;. ,e;jg; gz;ghl;bd; ,Ug;ig Mq;fpNyaHfs; mopf;f Kw;gl;ldH.

mjpypUe;J kPz;L kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;ag;glNtz;Lk; vd;w tUj;jj;ijAk; kly;fs;

gjpTnra;Js;sd.

jkpo;ehl;by; kf;fs; kdjpy; ciwe;Js;s gz;ghl;Lj; njhd;kf;fijfshd

,uhkhazk;> ghujf; fijfs; Xtpaq;fshfTk;> rpw;gq;fshfTk; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;s rpw;gq;fs; vy;yhk; nray;gLfpd;w KiwapNyNa

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. tptrhaj; njhopy; vd;gJ kf;fspd; tho;tpy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;

kWcw;gj;jp gz;zf;$ba njhopiyr; rhHe;jjhFk;. tptrhaj; njhopy; njhlHghd

rpw;gq;fSk;> Xtpaq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kWcw;gj;jp nra;Ak; tptrhaj; njhopy;

Nghd;w kdpj tho;f;ifapYk; eilngWfpd;w kWcw;gj;jp Kiw gw;wpa

rpw;gq;fSk; Xtpaq;fSk; cs;sikia kly;fs; tpthpf;fpd;wd.

237
 Fwpg;Gfs;

1. r. jkpo;r;nry;td;> ‘vJ fyhr;rhuk;?’> g. 8

2. Qh. NjtNeag; ghthzH> ‘gz;ilj; jkpo; ehfhpfKk; gz;ghLk;’> g. 6.
3. Kroeber, A.L., and Kluckhohn, C.(eds) ‘Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts
and Definitions’.
4. gf;jtj;ry ghujp> ‘gz;ghl;L khDltpay;’> g. 152.
5. NkyJ g 152.
6. njh. gukrptk;> ‘topj;jlq;fs;’> g. 31.
7. NkyJ g. 41.
8. jkpo;r;nry;td;> K.E}.> g. 3.
9. NkyJ g. 4.
10. NkyJ g. 22.
11. Qh.NjtNea ghthzH> K.E}> g. 5.
12. nr.itj;jpaypq;fd;> ‘jkpo;g;gz;ghl;L tuyhW’> g. 1.
13. r.jkpo;r;nry;td;> K.E} g. 18.
14. K.G.nlud;]; rhKNty;> ‘gd;Kfg; gz;ghl;baKk;> ,e;jpar; #oYk;’>
milahs cUthf;fKk; milahs NtWghLfSk;> g 37.
15. NkyJ> g 37.
16. NkyJ> g 37.
17. jp.Nfhgpehj;> ‘r%fg;gz;ghl;L milahs cUthf;fq;fSk; ehl;lhH nja;t
topghl;L eltbf;iffSk;’> g. 32.
18. NkyJ> g. 35.
19. NkyJ> gf;. 32-49.
20. xsit R. Jiurhkpg; gps;is> (c.M) ‘GwehD}W’> 216:1-4.
21. NkyJ> ‘GwehD}W’> 189:2.
22. ghpNkyofH> (cM.)> ‘jpUf;Fws;’> F.v. 380.
23. NkyJ> F.v. 1023.
24. xsit R. Jiurhkpg; gps;is> (c.M) ‘Iq;FWE}W’> 110:2-5
25. xsit R. Jiurhkpg; gps;is> (c.M) ‘GwehD}W’> 192:8-16.
26. e.K.Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhH> (c.M)> ‘rpyg;gjpfhuk;’> 23:177-178

238
27. Fr. Betrand Joseph, ‘Lettres de la nouvella Mission du Madure’, Pondicherry,
1838, Vol. I, p.52.
28. Fr.Garnier Louis, ‘Lettres de la nouvelle Mission du Madure’, Cottaichcadou,
1839, Vol.I, p. 181.
29. Fr.Tassis, ‘Lettres de la nouvelle Mission du Madure’, Madurai, 1845, Vol.III,
pp. 275-284.
30. mNg JGth> ,e;jpa kf;fs; gof;ftof;fq;fs;-rlq;Ffs;- epWtdq;fs;> gf;.
202-209.
31. Fr.Suau Pierre, Op. Cit., pp. 13-14.
32. Fr.Suau Pierre, Op. Cit., pp. 13-14.
33. Fr.Guchen Denis, Op. Cit., p. 73.
34. Fr.Guchen Denis, Op. Cit., p. 73.
35. Fr.Garnier Louis, ‘Lettres de la Novelle Mission du Madure’, Soosaiapper
Patanam, 1838,Vol.I,p. 92.
36. Fr.Garnier Louis, ‘Lettres de la Novelle Mission du Madure’, Sattampatty,
1839, Vol.I, p. 29.
37. Fr. Suau Pierre, Op. Cit., p. 26.
38. K.re;jhdk;> ‘jkpoH gz;ghL’> g. 138.
39. ew;wpiz:320>359; GwehD}W: 61> 116> 248> 340> 341; Ky;iyf;fyp 2:57
40. nka;g;ig Gf;f ntUtU Njhw;wj;J
typGdH ahf;if td;fz; atdH... (Ky;iyg;ghl;L> gh.m. 59-61)
41. mfyhf; fhjnyhL gfy; tpisahb
Jizg; GzHe;j kl kq;ifaH
gl;L ePf;fp Jfpy; cLj;Jk; (gl;bdg;ghiy gh.m. 104>106-7)
42. Fr. Suau Pierre, Op. Cit., p.11.
43. Nfhkjp ehafk;> rKjha gz;ghl;L tuyhW> g.341
44. Fr. Suau Pierre, Op. Cit., pp. 20-21.
45. gf;jtj;ry ghujp> K. E}. g. 323
46. NkyJ> g 324.
47. NkyJ> g. 327.
48. Fr. Bertrand Prosper, ‘Lettres de la nouvelle Mission du Marure’, Dindigul,
1846, Vol. III, p. 398.
49. Ibid., p.70.

239
50. Fr.Tassis, ‘Lettres de la nouvelle Mission du Madure’, Madurai, 1845, Vol.III,
pp. 275-284.
51. Fr.Tassis, ‘Lettres de la nouvelle Mission du Madure’, Madurai, 1845, Vol.III,
pp. 275-284.
52. ,e;jpaj; njhlf;f fiyapy; gy;NtW ,dq;fspd; jhf;fk; vd;w jiyg;gpy; -
rH. [hd; khHry; Mw;wpa ciu. (Sir. George Birdwood Memorial Lecture)
53. Fr. Bertrand Joseph, ‘Lettres de la nouvelle Mission du Madure’, Pondicharry,
1838, p. 65.
54. Fr. Suau, Pierre, ‘L’Inde Tamoule’, Paris, 1901, Chap. V, pp. 51-52.
55. Fr. Garnier, Louis, ‘Lettres de la nouvelle Mission du Madure’, Madurai, 1841,
Vol, II, p. 317.
56. Fr. Alexis Canoz, ‘Lettres de la nouvelle Mission du Madure’, Callerithidal,
1841, Vol.II p. 246.
57. Fr. Saint-Cyr, ‘Lettres de la nouvelle Mission du Madure’, Dindigul, 1844, Vol,
III, p. 122.
58. Fr. Suau, Pierre, ‘L’Inde Tamoule’, Paris, 1901, Chap. V, p. 54.
59. Fr. Garnier Louis, ‘Lettres de la nouvelle Mission du Madure’, Madurai, 1841,
Vol, II, p. 317.
60. Fr. Suau, Pierre, Op. Cet., Chap. III, p. 22.
61. Fr. Garnier Louis, ‘Lettres de la nouvelle Mission du Madure’, Cottahacadou,
1839, Vol. 1, p. 180.
62. Fr. Bertrand Joseph, Ibid, pp. 22-23.
63. Fr. Suau, Pierre, Op. Cet., Chap. III, p. 22.

240