Institutional Impact of

the Spanish Rule

 The Process of Spanish Entry and the Eventual
Colonization of the Islands
RELIGION
(Introduction
of Catholic
Christianity)

COMMUNITY POLITICAL
MEMBERSHIP FORM
HISPANI-
(Marriage into (Feudalism;
ZATION
the local principalia frailocracy;
Process
families) “Captaincy general”)

MOTIVES
FOR ENTRY
(Searching for
new trade routes)
 Hispanizing the Indios
 Sword
– Cruelty, threatening Filipinos to
obey the Spanish rules

 Cross
– Religion/Catholicism
– Different missionaries that came to
evangelical work in the Philippines
– i.e. Franciscan, Jesuits, Dominican etc.
Political Institutions

 1524 -All Spanish possessions were

controlled by Royal and Supreme
Council of the Indies.

 1565-1821 – Philippines was

captaincy-general administered by the
Spanish king through vice royalty of
Nueva España (Mexico)
Political Institutions

 1863 –Ministerio de Ultramar

supplanted the Consejo de las Indias

Seat of power – Manila (Intramuros

Political Institutions

Central Government

Alcaldia or Prov’l Government*

Ayuntamiento or City Government
Pueblo or Local Government
Barangay or Barrio
Political Insitutions

King of Spain

Governor General

Corregidores Alcalde Mayor

Gobernadorcillo

Cabeza de Barangay
Political Institutions

Governor General
∞ headed the Central Government
by the appointment of the king
∞ Vice Royal patron over religious
affairs
Political System

∞ As Captain –general, he was the

Commander-in-Chief of the
Colonial Armed Forces
∞ President of the real audiencia
∞ As vice-real patron, he had the
prerogative to nominate
priests to ecclesiastical positions
and control the finances of the
missions
Political System
Alcalde Mayor/Corregidor (Civil
Governor)
∞ Headed the provincial government
∞ Exercised executive and judicial
power
∞ Indulto de commercio –a
privilege of alcaldes to engage in
trade between 1751- 1844
Political System
Alcalde Mayor/Corregidor (Civil
Governor)
∞ Other prerogatives: judge,
inspector of encomiendas, chief of
police, tribute collector

Merchant governor to municipal judge

Political System

Alcaldes en Ordinario (Mayor & V

Mayor
∞ headed the city government
Political System

Gobernadorcillo (town mayor)

∞ Chief executive and chief judge
∞ Could be an Indio
∞ Elected at the beginning of the
year
Political System
Barangay
Cabeza de Barangay
∞ Collected taxes and tributes from
the constituents
∞ Was forced to mortgage their properties
to the state at the beginning of 3-year
term to ensure that the taxes will be
collected and remitted
Political System
Guardia Civil
∞ a group of native police led by Spanish
Officers
∞ Organized in 1867 to deal with the
outlaws
∞ Became the most feared instrument of
summary arrest of persons denounced
by friars as filibusteros (enemies of the
state)
The Royal Audiencia
 The first royal audiencia was
created in 1583 in order to assist
the governor-general and to
protect the people from the
abuse of the officials.
 It was composed of the
governor-general as the
president , three justices, a
prosecuting attorney and other
officials.
Residencia
 It is the judicial review of a
residenciado (one judged)
conducted at the end of his
term of office, supervised by a
juez de residencia
 Visita
 This differed from the residencia
in that it was conducted
clandestinely by a visitador-
general sent form Spain and
might occur anytime w/in the
official’s term, without any
previous notice.
Amalgamation of the Church
and State

 Filipino laborantes (reformers) as well

as revolucionarios pointed out
disgusting features of church meddling
in city government and press
censorship.
 March 1, 1888 in Manila – first and
only open anti-friar demonstration
against the intolerable church abuses
took place led by Doroteo Cortes,
aided secretly by Marcelo H. del
Pilar and Ramos Ishikawa.

 Malolos Constitution 1898 –

separation of the church and state

 Article 218, newly passed Penal Code

vouching for right of petition and
assembly.
 Marcelo H del Pilar called the
situation in the Philippines la
soberania monacal (monastic
supremacy

 No wonder why early revolts

emerged in areas where friar
haciendas thrived – Laguna,
Bulacan, Cavite, Morong, Manila
 Reduccion (resettlement)
– Presented by Fr. Juan de Plasencia
(Franciscan friar)
– Collecting/ gathering scattered Filipinos
together into a settlement (reduccion) “

 1580, Franciscan established pueblos

(missionary residence near the settlement)
– People are asked to build their houses near
the church and convents
– Make soul-winning easy for the missionaries
– “civilizing” device to make Filipinos law-
abiding
– Tamed the reluctant Filipinos
Enticing Unbaptized Indios

 Friars utilized Christian rites and rituals

– Colorful, proud processions, songs,
candle-lights
– Saints dressed in elaborate gold, and
silver costumes during Flores de Mayo,
Santacruzan
– Colonial churches and convents made of
stone like solid fortress
 – Lighting of firecrackers, sinakulo (passion
play), moro-moro drama (Christian versus
Muslim conflict)

 Filipinos were baptized and were given

names derived from feast day of
Saints (identification and recording of
population and tax collection)
 Economic Institutions

A. Taxation Without Representation

– Direct (Personal Tribute or Income Tax)
– Indirect (Customs duties and Bandala)
– Monopolies of special crops and items of
spirituous liquors, betel nuts, tobacco,
explosives and opium (rentas estancadas)
Payment scheme of Buwis

 May be paid in cash or in kind

 May be paid partly or wholly
 Payment in kind: palay, tobacco,
chickens, textiles, or even wax and
special regional products
 1570s, tax was 8 reales (1 real = 12.5
cents) or gold etc.
 Tax Exemptions
 Descendants of Filipino chiefly class who served in
the pacification campaigns by conquistadores
– i.e. Carlos Lakandula (Manila); Pedro Mojica
(Cavite); Rajah Tupas (Cebu)
 Laborers of arsenal and artillery yard of Cavite
 Mediquillos (Filipinos who had medical experiences
but had no title)
 Vaccinators and college and university students of
Sto. Tomas, San Jose, San Juan de Letran and San
Carlos (Cebu)
 Bandala
– Quota system
– Annual enforced sale or requisitioning of
goods (depends upon the abundance of
certain good in a region)

 1884, tribute was replaced by the

cedula or personal identity paper
(residence tax)
– Filipinos over 18 years of age was required
to pay
B. Polo y Servicio Personal

 Forced “Community labor”

 Laborers were either Filipinos or Chinese
male mestizos ranging from 16 to 60
years old

 Labor lasts for 40 days until 1884 until it

was reduced to 15 days

 To be exempted from Polo: pay the

falla (1.5 real during the 40-day period)
Negative Effect of Polo

 Upsets village economy

 Forced separation from family and
relocation to different places
 Decimation of male population
 Others are compelled to go to the
mountains instead of working in the
labor pool.
C. Encomiendas: Royal and Private

 Encomendar – “to entrust”

 A grant from the Spanish crown to a
meritorious Spaniard to exercise control
over a specific place including its inhabitants

 It will be recalled that Lavezares gave Juan

de Salcedo a part of Ilocos region as his
encomienda as a reward for his outstanding
performance in the colonization of various
regions
C. Encomiendas: Royal and Private

 Encomendero was duty-bound to defend his

encomienda, keep peace and order, assist
the missionary in teaching Christian gospel.
 Encomendero was granted right of imposing
tribute according to the limit and kind set by
higher authorities.
Two Kinds of Encomiendas

1. Royal or crown – lands reserved for the

crown and included the principal towns
and ports like Bagumbayan

2. Private - granted to the individuals who

served with merit during the conquest and
Pacification campaign
D. Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade
(1565-1815)
 Spanish trading ships that sailed once
or twice per year were across the
Pacific Ocean between Manila in the
Philippines and Acapulco, Mexico

 Benefited only the Spanish governor

and members of consulado (merchants
with consular duties/rights)
Negative Effects of
Galleon Trade
 Neglect of the native industries like
agriculture
 Arrest of population growth of the
Manila-Acapulco trade
 The only Filipino involvement was the
construction of galleons
 It affected the planting/harvesting
schedule of the Filipinos (also affected
cottage industries
Positive Results of
Galleon Trade
 Intercultural exchanges between
Philippines and the Americas
– Virgin of Antipolo (patroness of the
sailors; Maxican-made)
– Mango de Manila, tamarind, rice, carabao
(known in 1737 in Mexico)
– Cockfighting, fireworks, textiles, tuba-
making
 Trade brought to the Philippines:
– Avocado, guava, papaya, pineapple,
horses, cattle
– Moro-moro, moriones, black Nazarene of
Quiapo
– Tiangge, cacao, tamales, tsocolate,
singkamas, sayote
Other Economic Reforms
 Royal Economic Society of Friends of
the Country (1780-1895)
The economic society of friend to the
country was organized in 1781 to help
Gov. Basco in implementing his
economic program.
It was composed of people who have
knowledge in agriculture,
manufacturing, rural development,
education and domestic foreign trade.
 The economic society assisted the
colonial government in encouraging
greater production by giving
Incentives to outstanding producers.
 It provided free training weaving to
interested person.
 Capitals were also given to those
who attended the training programs.
 By the last end of the 19th century,
the economic society became inactive
because the successors of governor
general Basco did not give it the
necessary support.
 Royal Philippine Company

– Created by Charles III on March 10,

1785
– Unite the Americans and Asian
commerce
– Exclusive monopoly of bringing to Manila,
not only Philippines but also Chinese and
Indian goods shipping them to Spain via
Cape of Good Hope
– Netted gain of 10 Million and more out of
8 Million capital stock
– Deteriorated the Manila-Acapulco trade
 The royal company of the Philippines was established by
a Spanish decree in march 1785 in order to develop and
promote direct trade between colony and Spain and to
develop the natural resources of the country.
 The major problem of the royal company was the
incompetent officers.
 This resulted in poor management and the company got
big monetary losses another problem which led to the
decline of the company was lack of cooperation from the
Spanish leaders in Manila who had been used to earning
big profits in the old galleon trade. The company was
finally abolished in 1834.
Infrastructure, Telecommunications
and Public Utilities

 Ferocarril de Manila -120 miles Dagupan

 Campaña de los Tranvias de Filipinas
(Manila 1885) was established by Jacobo
Zobel de Zangrouiz and Adolofo Bayo-
transport system
 Calesa, caretela
 Puente Colgante –Quezon bridge; first
suspension brigde designed by Gustav Eiffel
 Weekly sailing of ships (Manila-Hongkong)

 Monthly sailing of ships (Manila-Barcelona)

 Telephone (1872)- 170 clients

 Telegraph (1872)

 Public lighting system (coconut oil fuelled)

 1893- electricista de Manila

Educational Transformation
 The pre-Spanish system of education
underwent major changes during the
Spanish colonization.
 The tribal tutors were replaced by the
Spanish Missionaries. Education was
religion-oriented.
 It was for the elite, especially in the early
years of Spanish colonization.
Educational Transformation

 Charles V’s decree of July 17, 1550

– Indios in all Spanish dominion were to be
taught the conqueror’s language
– Spanish missionaries educate children to
later on help in the spread of Christian
doctrines and customs.
– Education was a strategy of making indios
ready (chiefly class) to be gobernadorcillios
or cabeza de baranggay
Educational Transformation

 La Letra Con Sangre Entra (Spare the

Rod Spoil the Child
 The Colegio de Niños founded on
1596 was established primarily to
cater to the children of the ruling
class in preparation for
Christianization, and also their
future jobs as gobernadorcillo
and cabeza de barangay.
 Boys Colleges and Secondary Class
– Earliest was established by the Society of
Jesus (Jesuits)
– Colegio Maximo de San Ignacio (1589
became a university (1621)
 Priesthood
 General secondary education

 Curriculum included Latin, Philosophy, Canon and

Civil law, and rhetoric
– Colegio of San Idelfonso (University of San
Carlos- Cebu)
– College of San Jose – 13 students in 1601
– College of the Immaculate Conception
(Ateneo de Manila University)
 Grew out of Escuela Pia for poor boys in 1817;
founded by Jesuits; It was converted to Ateneo
Municipal de Manila in 1865

– Escuela Normal de Maestros de Manila

(1865-1901)
 First normal school to train male teachers fo
primary schools established by the decree of
1863
 Order of Preachers (Dominicans)
– Colegio de Nuestras Señora del Santisimo
Rosario in 1611 was converted in
Dominican University in 1645, presently
University of Santo Tomas
 Medicineand pharmacy (1871; notary public
(1878); philosophy and letters (1896)
– Seminario de Niños Huerfanos de San
Pedro y San Pablo
 Orphaned Spanish children
 Oldest secondary school

 Presently Colegio de San Juan de Letran

 Girl’s Schools
– First boarding schools and oldest schools for
girls were : Colegio of Santa Potenciana
(1591-1864) and Colegio of Santa Isabel
(1632); these were originally founded for
orphaned children of Spaniards
– Beaterios – exclusive school for daughters of
the upper-class Spaniards
 Beaterio de la Campania de Jesus in 1684
(Religious of the Virgin Mary)
 Santa Catalina de Sena (1696)
 San Sebastian de Calumpang in 1719 (Sta. Rita
College)
 Santa Rita de Pasig (1740)
 Santa Rosa (1750)
 Educational Decree in 1863
– Free-compulsory publicly-supported system of
primary schools
– Establishment of men’s normal school to
prepare future teachers
– Each town had at least two schools (one for
boys and one for girls)
– Daily classes except Sundays and holidays; 5.5
hours in morning and afternoon; starts at 7:00-
10:00 in the morning and 2:30 to 5:00 in the
afternoon
– Subjects taught were: Christian doctrine,
geography and history of Spain, agriculture,
music, and Spanish language
– Pupils were forbidden to speak their own
dialects
– Education was free only for poor pupils whose
parents’ income were certified by the parish
priest and gobernadorcillo; wealthy parents pay
moderate sum monthly.
 Defects of Educational System according
to Rizal:
– Educational authorities could not provide
simple books on morality, geography and
history of the Philippines written in local
language.
– Lack of school building, parish house
became permanent school which should be
temporary.
– Children were not motivated to study
because of humiliation they receive like
beaten in front of their companions
– Pupils are not encouraged by any prize of
rewards.
 Social Transformation

 Adoption of Hispanic names

– Decreed by Governor Narciso Claveria in
1849
– Rizal, Del Pilar or Luna
– Some indigenous surnames were retained:
Mabini, Malantic, Dandan and Panganiban
– Became basis for statistic and tax collection
The Claveria Decree - Why Filipinos
have Spanish Surnames

1. basis for the statistics of the country

2. guarantee the collection of taxes, the
regular performance of personal
services, and the receipt of payment for
exemptions.
3. information of the movement of the
population
The Claveria Decree - Why Filipinos
have Spanish Surnames

Natives of Spanish, indigenous, or Chinese

origin who already have a surname may
retain it and pass it on to their
descendant.
The Claveria Decree - Why Filipinos
have Spanish Surnames

Children whose fathers are dead shall be

given the surname of the paternal
grandfather, and in the absence of this, the
surnames of the brothers or relatives of
their father, thus avoiding unnecessary
multiplicity and ensuring that those of the
same family branch shall have the same
surname
The Claveria Decree - Why Filipinos
have Spanish Surnames

The children of unknown fathers shall be

given the surname of the mother, and if this
is also unknown, the surname of the
guardian, or baptismal sponsor, or of the
parish priest in case the sponsor does not
allow it.
The Claveria Decree - Why Filipinos
have Spanish Surnames

To avoid confusion which might result to the

prejudice of those who with their surnames
inherited from His Majesty certain benefits,
the names of Lacandola and Raja Matanda
shall not be adopted except by those who
have a just title to possess them
The Claveria Decree - Why Filipinos
have Spanish Surnames

Families who can prove that they have kept

for four generations their surname, even
though it may be the name of a saint, but
not those like de la Cruz, de los Santos, and
some others which are so numerous that
they would continue producing confusion,
may pass them on to their descendants;
 Bahay-kubo for class pobre persisted
 More affluent ones refined, developed their
homes into bahay-na-bato with azutea (balcony)
 Spanish and Chinese influenced Filipino table
 Adobo, menudo, sarciado, puchero, or mechado
were introduced by Spanish while noodles were
of Chinese influence.
 Dresses like kanggan and bahag were
transformed into barong tagalog or camisa chino
 Peineta as an ornament was introduced by the
Spaniards
 Spanish loan words that filtered into minor and
major languages in the Philippinesdalandan
from naranja; sinegwelas from ciruela.
 Honoring of Saints through fiestas were
influenced by the Spaniards.
 Births or anniversaries of Spanish royalty were
occasions for merry-making
 Compadrazgo (ritual co-parenthood) came with
baptism and marriages. It strengthened kinship
relations.
 Eurasian intermarriage resulted in
mestizos or mixed-bloods which later
on produced leaders of reform and
revolution.

 La Funeraria- first funeral parlor in the

Philippines by Carlos March in Manila
(1883). It advertised European-made
coffins, embalming, “French-style
packing, and tombstones.
 Cultural Transformation
 Baybayin or precolonial syllabic writing
(Alibata) were replaced by Latin alphabet.

 relentlessly destroyed the ancient system

of writings as they believed that these
belongs to the devil

 Development of printing press were used to

facilitate the work for converting Filipinos
into Christianity
2.
3. Food
Sinigang,
pinangat
na isda

Adobo,menudo,
sarciado,
puchero,
mechado
4.
T.H. Pardo de Tavera blamed the
corridos (profane) and the pasyon
and novenas ( religious) as the
roots of ignorantism left by the
Spaniards to the upper and lower
classes of Philippine society
 Filipinos Not Totally
Hispanized
 Filipinos were partially Hispanized but never lost
their Malayan culture –Phelan
 Filipinos were living in great abundance and
prosperity before the Spaniards came –Bonifacio
 Filipinos gradually lost their old traditions- Rizal
 Muslims and other minorities remained unchained
because they resisted conversion – Samuel K.
Tan
Source:

 History of the Filipino People by

Teodoro Agoncillo
 Wikipilipinas.org
 Maharlikansite.blogspot.com