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Lesson overview.
In this lesson, we will cover:
● A brief history.
● Networking reference models.
● OSI and TCP/IP comparison.
A brief history.
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is a conceptual model with two major
components. The first main component of the OSI networking reference model is an abstract
model of networking—a seven-layer model. The second is a set of specific protocols, which
allow differing computing systems to communicate with one another despite their different
architectures.
Highlights:
● Early networks could only communicate with like systems.
● The U.S. government desired a robust computer communications system that could
survive disasters.
Highlights:
● The TCP/IP model was published as the U.S. DoD standard in 1982.
● Adopted by the big players beginning in 1984.
● AT&T moved the UNIX implementation to open source in 1989.
OSI reference model.
The OSI reference model was developed a year later than the TCP/IP reference model. The
OSI model was published in 1983 and it defines the relationships between differing protocols
and hardware.
Highlights:
● The OSI model was published in 1983.
● The OSI model defines the relationships between differing protocols and the relationship
between protocols and hardware.
Highlights:
● The physical layer standardizes the electrical signal that networks use; it also defines
cable standards and how bits are placed on the physical media.
● Network cables and hubs are part of Layer 1.
Highlights:
● The data link layer is responsible for identifying the individual nodes; it also introduces
an error correction method known as the FCS.
● Layer 2 is composed of two sub-layers:
○ The LLC layer is mainly responsible for flow control and error correction.
○ The MAC layer is mainly responsible for node addressing.
● Switches and bridges are Layer 2 devices.
Layer 3, the network layer.
Layer 3, the network layer, is responsible for routing functions between networks. It also
identifies networks and nodes on the network. Routers are Layer 3 devices.
Highlights:
● The network layer is responsible for routing functions between networks and it defines
node and network addresses.
● Routers are Layer 3 devices.
Highlights:
● The transport layer is responsible for breaking the data into smaller pieces for the lower
layers and for the actual data transport protocols.
● The two most common Layer 4 protocols are TCP and UDP.
● TCP offers both packet delivery confirmation and error control.
Highlights:
● The session layer is responsible for establishing the initial parameters between two
systems.
● Layer 5 sets up and tears down the communication channels.
Highlights:
● The presentation layer is responsible for taking data and converting it from a machine
dependent language to a machine independent language.
● Layer 6 is also the layer with the main responsibility for encryption between networks.
Highlights:
● The Network interface layer handles electrical signaling, flow control, error detection,
and node addressing.
● This layer maps to Layer 1 and Layer 2 of the OSI reference model.
Internet layer.
The Internet layer handles routing functions and identifies network systems and nodes on those
networks. This layer can be mapped to Layer 3 of the OSI reference model.
Highlights:
● The Internet layer handles routing functions and identifies network systems and nodes.
● This layer maps to Layer 3 of the OSI reference model.
Transport layer.
The Transport layer handles breaking the data into more manageable pieces for the lower
layers. It is also the layer that is responsible for the delivery method—which can be either
reliable or unreliable. When reliable delivery is used, the Transport layer also handles error
correction. This layer maps to Layer 4 of the OSI reference model.
Highlights:
● The Transport layer handles breaking the data into more manageable chunks for lower
layers.
● It is the layer responsible for the delivery method, either reliable or unreliable, and error
correction for reliable delivery.
● This layer maps to Layer 4 of the OSI reference model.
Application layer.
The Application layer handles requests for services from applications. It also handles translation
to machine-independent languages and encryption. Additionally, the Application layer sets up
and tears down communication sessions between systems. This layer maps to the top three
layers of the OSI model (Layer 5, Layer 6, and Layer 7).
Highlights:
● The Application layer handles requests for services from applications, translation to
machine independent languages, and encryption.
● It also sets up and tears down sessions.
● This layer maps to Layer 5, Layer 6, and Layer 7 of the OSI reference model.
Both the OSI and TCP/IP models are references only. It is not mandatory that they be followed.
Each developer and manufacturer determines its own method of implementing the reference
model. While, in theory, there will never be a problem in communication between devices and
systems, it is only a theory.