Background Readings

Name: S.S.Hewagama
Index No: EN16543010
Project: Mini Inverter
Research Paper 10
“Topologies of Single-Phase Inverters for Small Distributed Power Generators: An Overview”
Conclusion
This paper discuss how single phase inverters implemented for small scale power distributing
generators. This basically have DC to AC conversion. And this have to ensure quality and proper
protection systems. This is discussing the inverter type with low cost high efficiency and suitable
for wide range of input voltage.The global electricity consumption is increasing day by day. The
demand cannot supply by nonrenewable sources itself. Common converter topologies are buck
or buck boost converters. The PWM is used in inverters in voltage step up and different
frequency levels. Normally in high power applications full bridge inverters are used. For bulky
and heavy line of frequency transformer applications. This paper discuss development in both
single stage and multi stage topologies in single phase power circuits. A single stage inverter is
known as that the inverter have one stage of power converting process for step up the low voltge
DC input. This is modulating the sin load. With which switching frequency topologies can be
grouped.

 four switch
 six switch

The inverter has more than of a single conversion and use in electrical isolation is known multi
stage inverters.
Four Switch topology

Two input DC sources are used. And 2 boost SC to DC converters placed in parallel. Each
converter is producing unipolar sin output and it is DC biased one. Phases are 180 of each other.
Then output gain across load is very similar to pure sinusoidal signal. Dual fly back inverter is
suggested .Two different directional fly back converters are used and they are connected in
parallel.

Multi stage inverter -DC-DC-AC Topologies

When combining boost DC – DC converter with buck inverter we can forma 2 stage one. These
are usually used in small wind plants. In first stage an uprising DC voltage is gained with an
acceptable ripple. In second stage PWM with high frequency is used to produce AC wave output.
This system can be used for grid connected PV systems.
Research Paper 11
“Multicarrier PWM Strategies for Multilevel Inverters”
Conclusion
In this paper discuss the solutions with analytical data for PWM techniques for multi-level
inverters. Diode clamped inverters are discussed and similar like phase shift carriers. For hybrid
inverters the hybrid PWM technique is proposed. When operations in high DC bus voltages
multilevel inverters are used. This method reduce the voltage harmonic at output. When in diode
clamped inverter single bus of DC is separated into different voltage levels using string
capacitors. Diodes and matrix of semiconductor switches ensure the phase leg that is on output to
switch according in voltage. PWM method is using. The single phase inverter need a DC supply
and must be derived from with low frequency, multi winding transformer. In hybrid inverter
topology series of cascades bridges are used. And switching devices are different with DC bus
voltage. IGBT s and IGCTs are used in bridge. This method have the ability in decrease the
switch count and very effective in natural switching speed. The voltage block nature is varies
according to the type of power electronic device is used. Modulation control is very essential in
this type. Carrier based PWM technique is used. The triangular carriers are used in diode
clamped inverter and frequency, amplitude bands are limited to a defined range. After that single
sin reference wave is compared with the carrier mentioned carrier wave to check the output
voltage for the inverter. Each carrier is phase shifted in 180 and defined as alternative phase
opposition disposition. When carrier is exceed the sin reference in 0 point they are out of 180
phase shift this is called phase opposition disposition.

When all carriers are in same phase they are in phase disposition condition. These are also equal
to in nature in three level converters. Phase disposition is very good in line to line sensing
because it has less energy between in harmonics of sidebands. And also this will not cancel out
the line.

;
Research Paper 12
“Multilevel Inverters for Electric Vehicle Applications”
Conclusion
This paper discuss how multi-level inverters are used for vehicle applications in electrical
vehicles, hybrid electrical vehicles.Here also mentioned about diode clamped and cascaded H
bridge inverters. These can modulate sin voltage with fundamental frequency switching. This
discus control methods of cascaded inverter in electrical vehicle applications. (Motor drives).

The multilevel inverters are voltage source inverters that reach the maximum power level
without use of transformer. These can be applied to high voltage vehicle drives when output
voltage is low and low total harmonic distortion. This system always check tolerance level of DC
voltage. And use in hybrid electric vehicle drives. Output waveforms are integration of steps of
voltage levels. If more steps are available the total harmonic distortion is reduced.

The cascaded inverter is used for electrical vehicle purposes. It consist low voltage battery, less
than 50 V and this is isolated by a switching device. This can be applied for large type VA rated
drives basically use in 230V and 460V.suggested inverter run in high efficiency. Low voltage
switching mechanisms are present.
References
 Xue, Y., Chang, L., Kjaer, S.B., Bordonau, J. and Shimizu, T., 2004. Topologies of single-phase inverters
for small distributed power generators: an overview. IEEE transactions on Power Electronics, 19(5),
pp.1305-1314.

 Meynard, T.A. and Foch, H., 1992, June. Multi-level conversion: high voltage choppers and voltage-source
inverters. In PESC'92 Record. 23rd Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference (pp. 397-403).
IEEE.

 Tolbert, L.M., Peng, F.Z. and Habetler, T.G., 1998, October. Multilevel inverters for electric vehicle
applications. In Power Electronics in Transportation (Cat. No. 98TH8349) (pp. 79-84). IEEE.