Kabbalistic Trees (Ilanot) in Italy - Visualizing The Hierarchy of The Heavens

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edited by
Giulio Busi and Silvana Greco

Minister President Director
Alberto Bonisoli Dario Disegni Simonetta Della Seta
Secretary General
Giovanni Panebianco Board of Directors Curator, Registrar
Renzo Gattegna Sharon Reichel
General Director of Museums Massimo Maisto
Antonio Lampis Technical Manager
Massimo Mezzetti for Equipment
Regional Secretary for Daniele Ravenna and Exhibition Staging
Emilia-Romagna Supervisory Board Giulia Gallerani
Corrado Azzollini Fabio Giuliani, Chairman with Elisabetta Mancini
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Mayor Saul Meghnagi
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Paolo Mieli
Mauro Perani
Michele Sarfatti
Amedeo Spagnoletto
President
Noemi Di Segni

MEDAL OF THE PRESIDENT
OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLIC
An Exhibition by
The National Museum
of Italian Judaism
and the Shoah
Under the Patronage of Exhibition Curators Translations

Giulio Busi and Silvana Greco Vicky Franzinetti
Ministero per i beni
e le attività culturali Museum and Exhibition Press Office and Marketing
Regione Emilia-Romagna Design Studio Esseci
Comune di Ferrara Studio GTRF
Unione delle Comunità Giovanni Tortelli Shipping
Ebraiche Italiane Roberto Frassoni Montenovi
Comunità Ebraica di Ferrara Architetti Associati
Insurance
Works and Coordination Assicurazioni Generali
Ferrara, MEIS Management
April 12 – September 15, 2019 Giovanni Tortelli Installation and Supplies
with Francesca Ferlinghetti, Amisura s.r.l.
Erika Oliboni, Davide Piazza Apice Venezia s.r.l.
Permasteelisa Group
Graphic Design, Archi&Media s.r.l.
Reconstructive Drawings, Graphic Report
Re-compositions Bosi Alessandro
Studio GTRF Italvideo Service s.r.l.
Giovanni Tortelli
Roberto Frassoni Technical Assistance
Architetti Associati Andrea Conci
with Daniele De Santis, Rocco
Pagnoni, Alessandro Polo Security Manager
Stefano Bergagnin
Design and Creation of
Multimedia Installations Legal Advice
Umberto Saraceni Maria Letizia Govoni
Amalia Zeffiro
Brand Design
Teikna Design
Claudia Neri
with Elisa Stagnoli

With the support of Lenders Catalogue edited by
Giulio Busi and Silvana Greco
Accademia Carrara, Bergamo
Archivio di Stato di Ferrara With the support of
Archivio di Stato di Firenze Fondazione De Lévy
Archivio di Stato di Modena
Archivio di Stato di Palermo
Archivio di Stato di Pesaro Essays by
e Urbino Guido Bartolucci
Archivio di Stato di Venezia Giulio Busi
Basilica di Sant’Andrea – Donatella Calabi
Diocesi di Mantova Saverio Campanini
Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana J. H. Chajes
Biblioteca Ariostea, Ferrara Andreina Contessa
Biblioteca Civica “Vincenzo Miriam Davide
Joppi”, Udine Silvana Greco
Biblioteca Estense – Gallerie Maria Giuseppina Muzzarelli
Estensi, Modena Mauro Perani
Biblioteca Mediceo- David B. Ruderman
Laurenziana, Florence Angela Scandaliato
Biblioteca Palatina – Salvatore Settis
Complesso Monumentale Giacomo Todeschini
della Pilotta, Parma Francesca Trivellato
Biblioteca Queriniana, Brescia Giuseppe Veltri
Biblioteca Teresiana, Mantova Gianni Venturi
Catedral de Mallorca, Palma Joanna Weinberg
de Mallorca
Civici Musei d’Arte Antica Catalogue of exhibited works by
– Museo della Cattedrale, Giulio Busi
Ferrara
Civici Musei d’Arte Antica –
The exhibition was made Palazzo Schifanoia, Ferrara
possible thanks to the generous Comunità Ebraica di Ferrara
contribution of Ambassador Comunità Ebraica di Vercelli
Giulio Prigioni Direzione Generale Archivi,
MiBAC, Roma
and of: Fondazione Palazzo Bondoni
Norsa Pesaro Family Pastorio, Castiglione delle
Dr. Alessandro Treves Stiviere
Comitato Nazionale per le Galleria Doria Pamphilj,
celebrazioni del centenario della Rome
nascita di Giorgio Bassani Musée d’art et d’histoire du
Judaïsme – long-term loan
from the Musée de Cluny,
Musée National du
Moyen âge, Paris
Museo Diocesano Tridentino,
Trento
Pinacoteca Nazionale di Siena page 2
– Polo Museale della Toscana Job seated on a chair of honor, from
Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – the Rothschild Miscellany, Italy,
Gemäldegalerie c. 1479. Israel Museum, Jerusalem

To the memory of Professor Shlomo Simonsohn z"l (1923–2019),
unparalleled historian of Italian Judaism

Contents
10 Jews, an Italian Story: PROFESSIONS AND TRADES:

A Fascinating New Chapter LIVES LIVED, LIVES IMAGINED
Dario Disegni
74 Female Jewish Lenders
12 Let Us Draw a Lesson in Northeastern Italy
for Today from Our Past Miriam Davide
Simonetta Della Seta
78 The Illuminated Hebrew Manuscript
in Renaissance Italy
INTRODUCTION Mauro Perani
16 The Renaissance Speaks Hebrew 96 Jewish Merchants

Giulio Busi in Renaissance Italy
Francesca Trivellato
SPACES, SCENES, BACKDROPS 102 Jewish Philosophy during

the Renaissance
Giuseppe Veltri
46 Jews in Italy in the Renaissance:
A Sociological Perspective,
108 Mingled Identities: Conversos, Hebraists,
with Ferrarese Examples
and Individual Converts
Silvana Greco
David B. Ruderman
58 Sicilian Jews from the Fourteenth
to the Sixteenth Century
Angela Scandaliato CONFLICTS
64 Venice and the Jews: 116 The Money Lending Benches

A Cosmopolitan Ghetto in the of the Jews, the Christian Bank,
“Centre of the World’s Economy” and Anti-Semitic Stereotypes
Donatella Calabi Giacomo Todeschini
128 Preachers and Jews

Maria Giuseppina Muzzarelli
136 Mantua 1495–1514:

Three “Madonnas of the Jews”
Salvatore Settis

ENCOUNTERS: 235 CATALOGUE OF WORKS
EXPERIENCE, WRITING, ART edited by Giulio Busi
158 Art and Jewish Patronage

in Renaissance Italy 281 Bibliography
Andreina Contessa
170 Kabbalistic Trees (Ilanot) in Italy:

Visualizing the Hierarchy of the Heavens
J. H. Chajes
184 Jews and Christian Hebraists

in Renaissance Italy
Saverio Campanini
196 Kabbalah and Philosophy:

The Conclusiones of Giovanni
Pico della Mirandola
Raphael Ebgi
206 Annius (Giovanni Nanni) of Viterbo

and His Forgeries
Joanna Weinberg
212 Ariosto and the Representation

of Jews in the Literature
of Sixteenth-century Ferrara
Gianni Venturi
218 Christian Thought and the Discovery

of the Jewish Tradition in Renaissance
Italy: From Expectations of Reform
to Suspicions of Heterodoxy
Guido Bartolucci
226 Museum and Exhibition Design

Studio GTRF
Giovanni Tortelli Roberto Frassoni
Architetti Associati

Kabbalistic Trees (Ilanot) in Italy:
Visualizing the Hierarchy of the Heavens
J. H. Chajes
The image of the Renaissance in scholarship has changed remarkably over the last
generations. The seminal works of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries cast it
as the precocious precursor of the rational, disenchanted outlook associated with moder-
nity. From the mid-century, however, scholars increasingly turned their attention to the
magical and mystical pursuits of the leading exponents and architects of the Renaissance,
pursuits that were no less dear to them than their concomitant commitments to the ad-
vancement of Humanism—and that were often profoundly intertwined with them. Thus,
for example, Pico della Mirandola’s 1486 De hominis dignitate, the “manifesto of the Re-
naissance,” was revealed in Brian Copenhaver’s well-known study to be deeply indebted to
the kabbalistic sources that Pico passionately studied (Copenhaver 2002). Pico’s kabbalistic
oeuvre has been systematically examined by Giulio Busi, who has also published critical
editions of the Latin translations prepared for him by Flavius Mithridates. Of particular
relevance to the current essay is the edition and commentary of the so-called “Great Parch-
ment” (The Great Parchment 2004). Just as key Christian figures of the Renaissance took
great interest in the Kabbalah, often studying privately with their local rabbis or engaging
the services of Jews who had converted to Christianity to assist with the gathering, trans-
lation, and study of this esoteric lore, many Italian Jews quite naturally identified with
the project of the Renaissance writ large. The “Renaissance style” literary productions of
Italian rabbis—which continued well into the seventeenth century, long after the historical
period is generally considered to have come to an end—has been extensively treated by so-
cial, intellectual, and art historians too numerous to mention. Like their counterparts spe-
cializing in Christian Renaissance culture, these scholars of Jewish culture first focused on
“secular” expressions of this sensibility before embracing a more complex picture in which
“rationalism” and Kabbalah were no longer cast as being in opposition to one another, but
indeed frequently concurrent.
If the historical picture of the “Hebrew-speaking Renaissance” is now richly drawn,
having attended to most fields of Jewish creativity, there remains at least one genre that has
only recently received scholarly attention: that known as ilanot. Ilanot, the plural form of
the Hebrew word ilan (tree), is a genre borne of the wedding of schema and medium. In its
classical form, it is an arboreal diagram inscribed on a parchment sheet. By the sixteenth
century, Guillaume Postel and Moses Cordovero articulated such a generic conception of
these artifacts, but literary evidence reveals that this designation had already been in use
for generations. If the generic term ilanot was a metonym for such a map of God on parch-
ment by sometime in the fifteenth century, its arrival displaced an earlier metonym for
these artifacts: yeriot (singular yeriah), meaning (parchment) sheet (Chajes 2019).
170 ENCOUNTERS: EXPERIENCE, WRITING, ART
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Ilanot are literally maps of God, which in a kabbalistic context means that they pro-
vide diagrammatic visualizations of the sefirot—the divine categories at the heart of this
tradition. Given the generic appellation, the arboreal schema is, not surprisingly, domi-
nant. Unlike the Porphyrian Trees associated with this figure, which made their debut in
medieval natural philosophy in the eponymous commentary of Aristotle’s Categories as
a useful means of visualizing the scale of being, the kabbalistic tree is fully ontologized:
it is understood, to borrow Gershom Scholem’s phrase, as the true “mystical shape of the
Godhead.”
The use of the arboreal schema to represent the structure of the divine did not be-
gin, however, with such dedicated parchments. The earliest extant kabbalistic manuscripts,
copied in Rome in the late thirteenth century, include a number of diagrams (Busi 2005,
pp. 125–36) among which a tree figure that looks rather more like Darwin’s famous tree
than Porphyry’s. Early kabbalistic diagrams in codices that represent the sefirotic structure
are generally modest from a graphical-aesthetic point of view, adumbrating or schema-
tizing the arboreal form. The names of the sefirot are arrayed to suggest the tree, but the
medallions and channels we commonly associate with the schema are omitted. These dia-
grams often accompany discussions of the “correct” structure of the Godhead, and present
divergent views of the sefirotic constellation as found in the works of the early kabbalists.
It is not apparent that the authors of these early treatises regarded such diagrams as
trees, despite their frequent use of arboreal metaphors in the adjacent texts. In fact, the tree
was one of the two dominant metaphors for the shape of the divine in classical Kabbalah,
the other being the human body. In the seminal thirteenth-century introduction to the
sefirot, Sha‘arei orah (Gates of Light), by the Spanish kabbalist Joseph Giqatilla (extant only
in manuscripts from the fourteenth century and later), we thus find him drawing a “form”
(tzurah) of the sefirot that could rightly be classified as an arboreal diagram, but which
he clearly meant to suggest the human form. It is truly a “stick figure,” as, for instance, in
a mid-sixteenth-century Italian manuscript now preserved in the Bibliothèque nationale
de France in Paris (MS hébr. 822, fol. 94r). There was no need to choose between the two
metaphors, of course. The rabbinic tradition had for centuries insisted on the conflation,
intentionally misreading Deuteronomy 20:19 as “man is like the tree of the field.” I sus-
pect that the rich mythologomena associated with the tree in Jewish tradition—from the
Tree of Life of Genesis, to the “Tree that is All” of the foundational kabbalistic Bahir of
twelfth-century Provençal provenance, as well as the scientific prestige of the Porphyrian
Tree, ultimately conspired to bring kabbalists to effect the conflation of metaphor and
schema. And if these trends began with the emergence of Kabbalah in Provençe and Spain,
Kabbalistic Trees (Ilanot) in Italy: Visualizing the Hierarchy of the Heavens 171

and ultimately led to the production of ilanot wherever there were kabbalists, it is clear
that the development and full flowering of this genre took place on Italian soil from the
fourteenth to the sixteenth century and beyond.
Although no parchment-sheet ilanot have been found from the fourteenth century,
we know they were in use—and in Italy. In that century, the Italian kabbalist Reuben Sar-
fatti composed the texts for two such artifacts. They have survived, almost exclusively, in
text-only copies (The Great Parchment 2004, pp. 23–27). Known as “Commentary on the
Great Parchment” and “Commentary on the Lesser Parchment,” these works, as they have
reached us, were copied from the ilanot (referred to still as yeriot) of which they were orig-
inally an integral component. Sarfatti’s textual compositions were devoted to introducing
the sefirot to those beginning the study of the Kabbalah. It was a commonplace of the time
to refer to such introductions as “commentaries” on the sefirot, and the genre proved to
be immensely popular. Gershom Scholem devoted an early publication to listing, cata-
logue-style, no less than 134 such treatises (Scholem 1933–34). As basic research on ilanot
has advanced, the close connection between these two genres has become clear: in many
cases, the texts we find inscribed in and around the sefirotic trees of ilan parchments can
be identified with one of the “commentaries” in Scholem’s catalogue. It is not always clear
whether an ilan—as “iconotext” combining text and image—came first, or whether an ex-
isting text was subsequently re-presented by the maker of an ilan. Either way, the intimacy
of these genres is highly significant and illuminates a central function of the ilanot of the
era. Rather than representing kabbalistic knowledge in the linear mode of pure textuality,
the ilan inscribes it in loco. Organized in and around the diagram, this knowledge is layered
and patterned to reveal complex but ordered fields of meaning. Spatializing information
is also critical to its recollection, a mnemonic function that we now know, thanks to the
studies of Mary Carruthers and Lina Bolzoni among others, to be no less about generative
creativity than about storage and retrieval. Using an ilan was thus an invitation to prac-
tice Kabbalah in a manner that combined textual study, visualization, and some form of
mental manipulation or movement as suggested by the diagrammatic shape or structure.
Pedagogy and theurgy thus went hand in hand. The medium may also have lent a certain
performative impetus of its own, as parchment sheets (scrolls or rotuli) were, by this pe-
riod, reserved exclusively for ritual use among Jews: Torah scrolls, phylacteries, doorpost
scrolls (mezuzot), scrolls of Esther. One did not merely study a parchment but perform it.
Sarfatti’s “Commentary on the Great Parchment” provides a fine example. It was
listed by Scholem in his catalogue of sefirotic introductions (Scholem 1933–34, no. 28 and
no. 52, under different titles). It was also studied by Giovanni Pico della Mirandola in the
Latin translation prepared for him by Flavius Mithridates, again strictly as a text. These
texts (Hebrew, Latin, and even a new English translation) were published not long ago in
a critical edition produced under the direction of Giulio Busi—the pioneer of the study of
“visual Kabbalah.” Busi rightly noted the connection of a very amateurish sketch found in a
manuscript now preserved in the Biblioteca Palatina in Parma (MS parm. 2419, fols 2v–3r),
as related to such a parchment, but this sketch contains little beyond basic captions. Only
one fact escaped the attention of these preeminent scholars: the existence of a 1606 copy of
a much older ilan that included Sarfatti’s complete Hebrew text. The old, Italian ilan had
been acquired by Cardinal Giles of Viterbo early in the sixteenth century. It would subse-
quently pass to the library of Caterina de’ Medici, the Italian noblewoman who became
the queen of France. The ilan was in such poor condition and so difficult to read that the
great scholar Isaac Casaubon found it impossible to decipher upon discovering it among

1. Sefirotic tree featuring Sarfatti’s Commentary on
the Great Parchment, copied by James Hepburn,
1606. Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS Hunt. Add. E

the manuscripts that arrived in the Bibliothèque royale of Paris from Caterina’s collection.
Casaubon thus commissioned the skilled Scottish Hebraist James Hepburn to undertake
its reproduction (Grafton and Weinberg 2011). Hepburn was not merely a talented Hebra-
ist, but a fine artist—as his famous “Virga Aurea” engraving, which he printed in Rome in
1616, amply demonstrates. Hepburn’s copy of the old ilan, which includes a colophon in
which he is called “Jacob Hebron,” is today in the collection of the University of Oxford
(Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS Hunt. Add. E.; Neubauer 1886–1908, no. 2429) (see fig. 1).
In addition to Sarfatti’s text, this ilan displays many of the features found in early ila-
not: above the arboreal diagram, a circle suspended with its bottom-half blackened and its
top inscribed with Ein Sof (No End), representing the apophatic divine; the tree of sefirot,
with large, inscribed medallions and channels; drawings of the candelabrum (menorah)
and shewbread table (shulhan); a representation of the Chariot, with the four four-headed
“beasts” (kruvim) carrying the Throne of Glory (Ezekiel 1); and a view of the Garden of
Eden, and its Cherub-guarded gates. The candelabrum and shewbread table, each bear-
ing a long history of symbolic and contemplative meaning, were arrayed to the right and
left of the tree, in accordance with their placement in the southern and northern sides of
the Temple. The Chariot with its four four-headed angelic beasts was the quintessential
marker of the liminal zone between creation and creator; these beasts guarded the gates
2. Sefirotic tree, Candia (Crete), 1451. Vatican

Library, Vatican City, MS Vat. ebr. 530 III

of Eden (Genesis 3, 24) and appeared when the skies opened above Ezekiel’s head to re-
veal the “Heaven of Heavens” (Ezekiel 1)—the latter being the direct inspiration for many
diagrammatic kabbalistic renderings. They also adorned nearly every component of the
Tabernacle—designed to create a portal to the divine—from the tent tapestries to the Ark
of the Covenant. In a glance, therefore, we may already sense how the ilan invited the con-
templative to explore and to integrate the symbolic systems of a variegated body of Jewish
esoteric knowledge, represented in a map-like diagrammatic form.
Without the original parchment for comparison, it is hard to assess whether Hep-
burn was faithful to its aesthetics and merely recreated them, or whether he took the liberty
to embellish as he copied. Hepburn’s ilan is indeed a beauty, with its rich dyes (applied
also in the sefirotic medallions so as to convey their respective color associations), floral
decorative motifs, and cherubic angel figures. Its Throne of Glory recalls the “cabinet-style”
throne chairs of Renaissance Italy, which could be found in the homes of Florentine no-
bility. Giuliano de’ Medici had a particular broad one at his Palazzo Strozzi; more modest
throne chairs resembling the one pictured in the ilan could be found in synagogues as
well. Such a “synagogue throne” from Siena was in the Berliner Kunstgewerbemuseum
at the beginning of the twentieth century (Bode 1902, p. 19). The Throne of Glory may
also be compared to much earlier artifacts, such as the sixth-century Episcopal Throne of
Archbishop Maximianus in Ravenna’s Museo Arcivescovile. Unlike the rest of the figures
of the ilan, the Throne of Glory is rendered to suggest three-dimensionality. The firma-
ment upon which it sits is also drawn as a cube, with diagonals converging underneath it
from each of four corners—a technique used in medieval treatises of geometry to convey
three-dimensionality but indeed unusual to find in kabbalistic works, to say the least (for
a cube represented in two dimensions using the same technique, see, e.g., Gerbert of Au-
rillac, Geometria, c. 980, Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Selden supra 25, fol. 119v; English,
Canterbury?, c. 1200).
It would seem that the basic graphic elements of ilan parchments we have noted were
in place by around 1400. They provided the matrix for any number of texts—from sin-
gular compositions such as Sarfatti’s to eclectic anthological collages. An examination of
the latter reveals not only what was on the bookshelves of the kabbalists who extracted the
passages for inscription in and around the diagrammatic elements, but what they thought
particularly significant in each.
Of course, not all ilanot had the aesthetic ambitions of the Hepburn ilan—which
too may have outstripped its long-lost model in this regard. Few ilan parchments from
before 1500 have reached us, and those that have are truly austere. Like Hepburn’s ilan,
they avail themselves of an entire parchment sheet. Inscribed upon the sheet is a single,
albeit large, arboreal figure that serves to visually organize a commentary on the sefirot.
A Vatican parchment (Vatican Library, MS Vat. ebr. 530 III) is a striking example despite
its visual austerity (see fig. 2). Its top edge cut in a manner that retains something of the
natural contours of the animal skin while suggesting something like a clerestory roof, this
intriguing ilan was drafted in 1451 according to the colophon on its verso. The text arrayed
throughout is a commentary on the sefirot that was listed, in its two very similar forms,
in Scholem’s aforementioned index (Scholem 1933–34, nos. 76 and 115). A version of the
same commentary appears on an ilan recently discovered in the Biblioteca Queriniana of
Brescia (MS L FI 11; see cat. 30 and fig. 3). The schema of the Brescia ilan is somewhat
unusual and clearly expresses a view of the sefirotic structure in which the central Tiferet
is dominant. The “arrowhead” element atop Keter is also distinctive; might it be related to


the cut of the parchment found in MS Vat. ebr. 530 III? Neither of the two ilanot embed Ein
Sof in shape of any kind, preferring instead to write of the Infinite in the upper background
space of the parchment.
Not every ilan was committed to parchment. It is at times difficult to tell whether the
more amateurish sketches drawn upon the opening or closing binding pages of old codices
were fashioned by students on the basis of their own readings and for their personal use,
whether they were preliminary studies for what might next be executed on parchment, or if
they were copies quickly made of impressive yeriot. In this regard we may point to the very
old codex that is today housed in Munich’s Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, MS hebr. 119. It is
a small miscellany and the compositions it contains were copied by different hands; one of
the scribes, a certain “Shem Tov son of Jacob the Sefaradi,” left a colophon attesting to his
having created the work for himself in the city of “Modon on the Sea,” today Methoni in
Messenia (Peloponnese, Greece), once under Venetian rule. In 1404, Shem Tov, who wrote
in a Spanish script, left a fascinating rota diagram of the sefirot with permutations of the
Tetragrammaton inscribed around a central medallion in which Tiferet, the central sefirah,
was inscribed. The rest of the miscellany, also dated to the fifteenth century, is written in an
Italian script—and concludes with an arboreal diagram that shows just how established was
the genre by this time. The template that we see in the “Great Parchment” is essentially the
same: a denary tree occupies the large, central space of the double page, flanked on either
side by candelabrum and shewbread table. The lowest sefirah of malkhut, identified with
the most immanent expression of the Godhead, the divine presence called Shekhinah, ap-
pears as if it were docking atop the celestial spheres—the latter represented, not surprisingly,
as concentric circles. By illustrating the created cosmos with this established astronomical
schema, the ilan aligns itself with a prestigious scientific tradition and stakes its claim to
a totalizing knowledge that literally goes beyond it. Arrayed in four squares around the
meeting point between the divine and celestial spheres is the illustration of the Chariot,
here rendered schematically rather than with the representational approach we have seen in
Hepburn’s copy of the Great Parchment. In this rather improvisational sketch—an impres-
sion confirmed by the scribe’s attestations to elements in need of revision—we find texts
written in every conceivable angle, in and around the diagrammatic elements. Among them
are selections from the seminal thirteenth-century Meirat Einayim (Light of the Eyes), and,
most prominently, from the Zohar commentary by the great early Italian kabbalist, Men-
achem Recanati. During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, most Italian kabbalists knew
of the Zohar primarily through Recanati’s commentary—and the Italian ilanot of this era
rarely contain zoharic material that is not borrowed from his popular work..
Although the basic elements of ilanot in these centuries were stable and recurring,
the range of kabbalistic positions on basic questions relating to the layout of the divine to-
pography produced graphic variations. Some of these variations seem to reflect local pref-
erences. To take a very easily discernable example, we may observe the array of the top three
sefirot of any given ilan. In those we have adduced thus far, the arrangement is triangulated.
Spanish kabbalists believed this layout to be the most accurate representation of the struc-
ture of the uppermost sefirot, made in keeping with the zoharic traditions they so revered.
3. Sefirotic tree and comments,

fifteenth century. Biblioteca civica Queriniana,
Brescia (cat. 30)

4.Elijah Hayyim of
Genazzano, Iggeret
hamudot, 1526.
Bibliothèque nationale
de France, Paris,
MS hébr. 857, fol. 9r
5.Sefirotic tree, early

sixteenth century.
Vatican Library,
Vatican City, MS Vat.
ebr. 441, fol. 111v
In the mid-sixteenth century, R. Moses Cordovero, whose name bespeaks his family’s Ibe-
rian origins and whose magnum opus, Pardes Rimmonim, both preserved and codified
kabbalistic opinions in a manner recalling the halakhic oeuvre of his Safedian neighbor R.
Joseph Karo, decided unequivocally in its favor. Cordovero refers to the overall schema as
segolta, segol, segol: the names of particular paratextual symbols used in the cantillation and
vocalization of the Torah that resemble deltas and nablas. The mnemonic had been coined
by the kabbalist R. Judah H · ayyat, a refugee of the 1492 Spanish expulsion, in his Minhat
Yehudah, a work he composed in large measure to assert the authority of Iberian traditions
in his new home, Italy. It seems that among Italian kabbalists, there was a certain preference
for a different configuration of the uppermost sefirot, one in which they were centered one
atop the other. Why? Because the spatial implications of right and left could not possibly
apply to such sublime recesses of divinity—something of a philosophical concern, in keep-
ing with the general character of so much Italian kabbalistic speculation. This tower-like
configuration may be seen in many Italian codices of the period, with examples including
the Iggeret hamudot of R. Elijah Hayyim of Genazzano from the late Quattrocento (Bib-
liothèque nationale de France, Paris, MS hébr. 857, fol. 9r, an Italian manuscript dated
1526. On this work, see Lelli 2002 and fig. 4 above), in the sefirotic diagrams included in
Seder ha-ilan (Order of the Tree), an anonymous Italian work that may be compared to the
emblem books of the period that feature symbolic images and accompanying explanations
(e.g. in Vatican Library, Vatican City, MS Vat. ebr. 441, fols. 110r–117v, an Italian manu-
script dated to the early sixteenth century (see fig. 5). Dr. Eliezer Baumgarten and I are
nearing completion of a critical edition of this work, to be published in the Vatican’s Studi e
testi series). Of particular interest is the arboreal diagram displaying this configuration that
also includes decorative botanical elaboration, something rarely found in kabbalistic trea-
6. Elijah Menahem Halfan, with the assistance

of Abraham Sarfatti, Sefirotic tree, Venice, 1533,
Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence (cat. 29)


tises. As we shall soon see, the grandest of
all Renaissance ilan parchments, the anony-
mous creator of which drew extensively on
Seder ha-ilan, fashioned the dominant cen-
tral figure of the imposing rotulus in this
“Italian” style.
Additional examples of variations
expressing conceptual differences could be
proffered, but let us suffice with two: the
representation of Ein Sof, the Infinite rep-
resented above the sefirotic tree, and what
might be called the overall perspective of a
given ilan. Regarding the former, the black
and white circle was widely used—gener-
ally with black below and white above (as
we have seen in Hepburn’s ilan as well as in
the Iggeret hamudot). A white bottom and
black top might be used as well, however, as
in Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, MS
hebr. 119. These variations suggest differing
conceptions of the relationship between the
sefirot, which for all their sublimity retain
some degree of knowability, and the In-
finite. The issue of perspective was hotly
debated in these centuries as well. Why was
the right side of the divine represented by
the vertical sequence of sefirot on the right
side of the arboreal diagram as we face it?
Would that not imply that they were on the
left of the divine? Would that not throw all
of kabbalistic symbolism, with its clear as-
sociations between right and mercy oppos-
ing left and judgment into disarray? Rather
than enter the thicket of such discussions, a
story will suffice: the aforementioned R. Ju-
dah H·ayyat tells of having seen an ilan that
was the mirror image of the iconic tree. As
if spun 180° on its vertical axis, it expressed
the divine perspective: right and left as dex-
ter and sinister. “And I bear witness that I
saw in an Italian city called Reggio, in the
possession of a man of understanding, an
Sefirotic tree, first half of the sixteenth century.

7.
Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS Hunt. Add. D

ilan that was drawn in this [inverted] manner. And they told me that a great man had made
it.” No ilan of this sort has reached us, although suggestive “misplacements” of Abraham
(associated with the right but inscribed on the left) and Ishmael (vice-versa) are to be
found, including in the Hepburn ilan.
No review of the Italian ilanot of the Renaissance would be complete with at least a
brief discussion of two other artifacts—one, indeed, a family of manuscripts with some
dozen extant witnesses. The other is a unique ilan crafted in 1533 by R. Elijah Menahem
Halfan, in collaboration with his mentor, R. Abraham Sarfatti. Today in the Biblioteca Med-
icea Laurenziana in Florence (MS Firenze, Bibl. Medicea Laurenziana, Plut. XLIV.18; see
cat. 29 and fig. 6), this ilan was discovered by Isaia Sonne (Sonne 1934) and then described
by Giulio Busi (Busi 2005, pp. 385–86) and by Fabrizio Lelli (Lelli 2008). Let us begin with
this latter scroll. Writ large, Halfan’s ilan has quite a bit in common with Hepburn’s: the
large denary tree dominating its center, the candelabrum and shewbread table (supple-
mented by additional figures in this case), and an even more elaborate representation of
the Garden of Eden. These elements are well-executed, the scene in Eden representing an
attractive, smiling couple on either side of a tree with green leaves and red hanging fruit. In
the background we see a section of the wall that is imagined having surrounded the garden,
albeit with an open door. Approaching the happy couple is a satyr-like creature riding a
dragon, reflecting kabbalistic traditions that cast the biblical snake as the demonic couple
Samael and Lilith. Although neither the divine Chariot nor the celestial spheres are drawn,
two Cherubs (as in Hepburn’s ilan, of the “cherubic” rather than of either the beastly or the
diagrammatic sort)—presumably representing those atop the Ark of the Covenant—are
placed among the other Temple vessels, whereas the central, lower-most inscription de-
clares that “from here and below is the World of the Spheres (galgalim).” Mention should
also be made of the peculiar detail of the replicated but miniaturized arboreal diagram
placed just below the central figure. This diminutive tree seems to represent the sefirot ap-
prehensible by the human mind, as they are separated from the larger tree above them by
an arching biblical inscription: “no person may see Me and live” (Exodus 33:20). Halfan’s
ilan is also densely inscribed with texts. Here again, the text is of the “Commentary on the
Sefirot” genre, and is Halfan’s own, who maintains to have followed the recommendations
of the older Abraham Sarfatti (Scholem 1933–34, no. 10, attributed to Halfan; at no. 119
the text is mistakenly presumed to be anonymous). Halfan’s responsibility for both the tex-
tual and graphic facets of his ilan shows us with unusual clarity the profound convergence
of the two genres of ilanot and sefirot commentaries.
We conclude with the crowning achievement of Italian ilan-making in the Renais-
sance. Sometime in early to mid-sixteenth century, a still unidentified Italian kabbalist
and scribal artist was inspired to create an ilan of unprecedented scale and beauty (Ox-
ford, Bodleian Library, MS Hunt. Add. D). A broad, long parchment rotulus, illuminated,
colorful, and intricately inscribed, it was a masterpiece by any standard. Over its multi-
ple stitched membranes, this great parchment revealed a map of the heavens—and the
“Heaven of Heavens”—stretched out, not like parchment, as in Psalm 104:4, but upon it.
On parchment sheets stitched sequentially to form a long, vertical rotulus, he inscribed
an iconotextual summa: an integrated presentation of the visual and textual Kabbalah as
he knew and understood it, expressed in the exquisite conventions of representation that
reigned in the Renaissance Italy of his day. Its aspirations to pansophy, or universal knowl-
edge, is evident in its dedication of the bottom third of the rotulus to the presentation of a
Ptolemaic scheme of the earth surrounded by the heavenly spheres (fig. 7).

The imposing vertical scroll is lushly filled with hundreds of discrete graphic ele-
ments, diagrammatic schemata, symbolic forms, and decorative embellishments, around
and within which texts are inscribed. Finely wrought, its density is made possible by the
elegant precision of its execution, impressive from afar for its grand scale and, when in-
spected closely, in the details of its minutiae. Although at present we cannot identify its
author, his creation was clearly appreciated, as the many copies that remain with us five
hundred years later attest. Copying this work was anything but a trivial matter: only scribes
with a mastery of their craft—including complex draftsmanship and decorative illustra-
tion—could take on such a commission, and only the wealthiest patrons could have afford-
ed to place an order. Unlike many ilanot, this was most certainly not made by kabbalists
for themselves or their students. This luxury manuscript would have undoubtedly been
commissioned by the individuals and families for whom illuminated festival prayer books,
hagadot, ketubot, and the like were fashioned. Given the interest in Kabbalah in Renaissance
Italy among non-Jewish elites, the acquisition need not have been limited to wealthy Jews
alone. In all likelihood this was the “Tree of Kabbalah” to which Benedetto Blanis, a Floren-
tine Jew of the early seventeenth century, referred in a letter to his patron Don Giovanni
de’ Medici (Goldberg 2011, pp. 120–21):
I am delighted to have so important a Tree of Kabbalah here in Florence, brought from Lippia-
no at my request. I am having it copied on vellum with great diligence, so it will not be inferior
to the original in any way but even better. I hope that this Tree will please Your Most Illustrious
Excellency and that we will be able to enjoy it together.
The Tree was cultural capital: to possess it was literally to possess an all-encompass-
ing picture of the cosmos in an age during which the distinction between a picture and the
thing depicted, the sign and its referent, was often elided. It would have been presumed to
be a powerful talisman as well, the divine structures it represented not being merely sym-
bols but figures of divine reality itself.
Extracted from the schemata within and around which they are inscribed are texts
that add up to over 30,000 words. A careful study of these texts is only now taking place.
Indeed, the brief entry in no. 829 of the Margoliouth Catalogue (Margoliouth 1909–15)
and the poetic lines in Giulio Busi’s pioneering monograph are the only descriptions of the
Tree ever published (Busi 2005, pp. 387–88). Hand-written notes in the archives of Ger-
shom Scholem reveal that the legendary scholar had inspected the exemplars in the British
Library and the Bodleian at the University of Oxford. Scholem wrote that they contain an
“unknown gigantic text” (unbekannter Riesentext) and copied the colophon of MS Or. 6465
from the British Library in London (the note is found in file 92.4 of the Scholem archives,
held by the National Library of Israel in Jerusalem). In this colophon—the only one found
to date on a witness in this manuscript family—the itinerant Polish kabbalist David Dar-
shan takes credit for having drafted the copy while in Modena in 1556.
Until all of the texts have been transcribed and sourced, we must be circumspect in
our characterization of its authorial voice, but still, the Tree seems anything but the work
of a neutral compiler. Its selections and the connective tissue that binds them reveal an
author/editor who chose, introduced, adapted, and integrated a wide range of material—
kabbalistic and scientific, philosophical and magical. In his world, these terms were fluid,
complementary, and overlapping if not homologous. Initial surveying reveals an integra-
tive, synthetic, even encyclopedic work, with selections drawn from the corpus of kabbalis-

tic literature circulating in mid–fourteenth-century Italy, including passages from, among
others, the Bahir, Nachmanides, the ’Iyun circle, Joseph Giqatilla, Ma’arekhet elohut, Me-
nachem Recanati, Abraham Abulafia, and Joseph ben Shalom Ashkenazi. The presence of
Maimonides is also felt. The absence of texts from the zoharic literature (citations from
Recanati aside) and of post-1450 materials more generally, provides a terminus post quem
that is in full accord with the results of preliminary paleographic and aesthetic analysis,
which reinforces the dating of the original to the late fifteenth century.
Just as the creator of the Tree assembled its texts from the corpus at hand, so too its
images. Gazing from afar, two stand out: the large, decadal arboreal diagram that domi-
nates the upper two-thirds of the long parchment, and the formidable representation of
the concentric circles of the Ptolemaic heavens filling its bottom third. For a kabbalist
c. 1500, these were the two authoritative schemata for mapping the structure of the sefirot
and the spheres. The central ilan of the Tree adopts the tower-like array of the three upper-
most sefirot. The image of the lower frame, with its spheres sliced into the twelve divisions
of the zodiac, is in accordance with the Ptolemaic world-picture and would have been
familiar to, and accepted as authoritative by, any scholar of the age.
Taking a closer look at the details of this great parchment, smaller images abound.
There is the “Eye”: atop the highest sefirah, the Infinite God (’Ain Sof) is figured as an open
eye. There are dragons and snakes, bubbling springs and flowing rivers, altars and cande-
labra, and, most surprisingly, rabbis: Rabbi Akiva, one of the “four who entered Pardes,”
pictured to the left of the spheres. Akiva stands tall above the spheres as well, amidst the
Chariot beasts that stand just below the concave, rainbow-like firmament upon which a
pedestal is inscribed, the “figure of the Throne” (dmut ha-kise). Were we looking at a Chris-
tian cosmograph of the spheres—Jesus and the saints might have been pictured above
them in the Empyrean. For our kabbalist, however, the figure of the Divine above the Char-
iot is visualized as the sefirotic tree.
The great Tree was not a huge textual anthology that happened to be inscribed along-
side a myriad of images over a series of parchment sheets. To the contrary, in it, text and
image are thoroughly interwoven. This kind of inseparable wedding of text and image has
been called an “iconotext” by scholars and refers to an artifact in which the two elements
cannot truly be separated. How was one to engage—we can hardly say “read”—with this
ilan? This luxury manuscript is hardly representative of the genre, of course. It can be stud-
ied, navigated thoroughly and methodically, but it was likely perceived more as a talisman
than a textbook. As it represents the totality of the cosmos, it is not necessary that every
part be read and studied, because they convey the idea in its entirety. The sublime is char-
acterized by the very fact that it is too much, too great to grasp.
My research on this topic is supported by the Israel Science Foundation (Grant 1568/18).

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Scientific Committee Organizational Secretariat

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Under the Patronage of Exhibition Curators Translations

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10 Jews, an Italian Story: PROFESSIONS AND TRADES:

16 The Renaissance Speaks Hebrew 96 Jewish Merchants

SPACES, SCENES, BACKDROPS 102 Jewish Philosophy during

64 Venice and the Jews: 116 The Money Lending Benches

128 Preachers and Jews

136 Mantua 1495–1514:

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158 Art and Jewish Patronage

170 Kabbalistic Trees (Ilanot) in Italy:

184 Jews and Christian Hebraists

196 Kabbalah and Philosophy:

206 Annius (Giovanni Nanni) of Viterbo

212 Ariosto and the Representation

218 Christian Thought and the Discovery

226 Museum and Exhibition Design

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170 ENCOUNTERS: EXPERIENCE, WRITING, ART

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2. Seﬁrotic tree, Candia (Crete), 1451. Vatican

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3. Seﬁrotic tree and comments,

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5.Seﬁrotic tree, early

6. Elijah Menahem Halfan, with the assistance

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Seﬁrotic tree, ﬁrst half of the sixteenth century.

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A Journey 2009 da Montefeltro, in Mediterranean Ariosto 1966

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Campanini 2008b Campanini 2018 Carpeggiani 1973

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